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573 results for “immune function”
Data from: Telomere length declines with age, but relates to immune function independent of age in a wild passerine
<p><span>Telomere length (TL) shortens with age but telomere dynamics can relate to fitness components independent of age. Immune function often relates to such fitness components and can also interact with telomeres. Studying the link between TL and immune function may therefore help us understand telomere-fitness associations. We assessed the relationships between erythrocyte TL and four immune indices (haptoglobin, natural antibodies, complement activity, heterophil-lymphocyte ratio; n=477-589), from known-aged individuals of a wild passerine (<em>Malurus coronatus</em>). As expected, we find that TL significantly declined with age. To verify whether associations between TL and immune function were independent of parallel age-related changes (e.g. immunosenescence), we statistically controlled for sampling age, and used within-subject centring of TL to separate relationships within or between individuals. We found that TL positively predicted complement activity at the between-individual level (individuals with longer average TL had higher complement activity), but no other immune indices. In contrast, age predicted levels of natural antibodies and heterophil-lymphocyte ratio, allowing inference that respective associations between TL and age with immune indices are independent. Any links existing between TL and fitness are therefore unlikely to be strongly mediated by innate immune function, while TL and immune indices appear independent expressions of individual heterogeneity.</span></p>
Dataset - Targeted social immunity is associated with a pathogen-specific erosion of individual immune function in the black garden ant
<p>Datasets and code used to generate the figures. Files sorted by figure panel number. <a href="../api/records/12820609/draft/files/Videos_grooming_.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Videos_grooming_.zip</a> contains the original videos used for the grooming analysis. </p>
Immune checkpoint molecule TIGIT regulates kidney T cell functions and mediates acute kidney injury
<p>This dataset includes the single cell RNA-seq data associated with the publication listed in the title (abstract below).<br> <br> CellRanger.zip contains the raw transcript counts as produced by CellRanger. There is one folder per sample. The samples are indicated by the folder name (e.g. KO_Ctrl). <br> <br> We have also included .h5ad files that contain of cells that passed quality control, as described in the manuscript.<br> <br> adTIGIT_raw_031422.h5ad contains all passing cells and the raw counts, as well as cell annotations ('celltype')<br> <br> adTIGIT_Tonly_091421.h5ad contains only T cells, .X contains the normalized data and T-cell sub-type ('cluster').<br> <br> Abstract: T cells mediate pathologic and reparative processes during acute kidney injury (AKI) but exact mechanisms regulating kidney T cell functions are unclear. This study identified upregulation of the novel immune checkpoint molecule, TIGIT, on mouse and human kidney T cells following AKI. TIGIT-expressing kidney T cells produced proinflammatory cytokines and had effector and central memory phenotype. Kidney Tregs were predominantly TIGIT+ and reduced after ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. TIGIT deficient mice had protection from both ischemic and nephrotoxic AKI. Single cell RNA sequencing led to discovery of possible downstream targets of TIGIT. TIGIT mediates AKI pathophysiology, is a promising target for developing AKI therapy, and is being increasingly studied in human cancer therapy trials.</p>
Targeted social immunity is associated with a pathogen-specific erosion of individual immune function in ants - dataset
<p>Complete dataset of quantitative data and R scripts used to generate the figures and statistics of the publication, sorted by figure panel number. Information about data structure are including in the scripts. </p>
More than just a pretty face? The relationship between immune function and perceived facial attractiveness
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Data from: Telomere length declines with age, but relates to immune function independent of age in a wild passerine
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Data from: Multiple sclerosis-associated changes in the composition and immune functions of spore-forming bacteria
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Elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase endogenous immune function in a specialist herbivore
<p>1. Animals rely on a balance of endogenous and exogenous sources of immunity to mitigate parasite attack. Understanding how environmental context affects that balance is increasingly urgent under rapid environmental change. In herbivores, immunity is determined, in part, by phytochemistry which is plastic in response to environmental conditions. Monarch butterflies, <i>Danaus plexippus,</i> consistently experience infection by a virulent parasite, <i>Ophryocystis elektroscirrha</i>, and some medicinal milkweed (<i>Asclepias</i>) species, with high concentrations of toxic steroids (cardenolides), provide a potent source of exogenous immunity. 2. We investigated plant-mediated influences of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (eCO<sub>2</sub>) on endogenous immune responses of monarch larvae to infection by <i>O. elektroscirrha</i>. Recently, transcriptomics have revealed that infection by <i>O. elektroscirrha </i>does not alter monarch immune gene regulation in larvae, corroborating that monarchs rely more on exogenous than endogenous immunity. However, monarchs feeding on medicinal milkweed grown under eCO<sub>2</sub> lose tolerance to the parasite, associated with changes in phytochemistry. Whether changes in milkweed phytochemistry induced by eCO<sub>2</sub> alter the balance between exogenous and endogenous sources of immunity remains unknown. 3. We fed monarchs two species of milkweed; <i>A. curassavica</i> (medicinal) and <i>A. incarnata </i>(non-medicinal) grown under ambient CO<sub>2</sub> (aCO2) or eCO<sub>2</sub>. We then measured endogenous immune responses (phenoloxidase activity, hemocyte concentration, and melanization strength), along with foliar chemistry, to assess mechanisms of monarch immunity under future atmospheric conditions. 4. The melanization response of late-instar larvae was reduced on medicinal milkweed in comparison to non-medicinal milkweed. Moreover, the endogenous immune responses of early-instar larvae to infection by <i>O. elektroscirrha</i> were generally lower in larvae reared on foliage from aCO<sub>2</sub> plants and higher in larvae reared on foliage from eCO<sub>2</sub> plants. When grown under eCO<sub>2</sub>, milkweed plants exhibited lower cardenolide concentrations, lower phytochemical diversity, and lower nutritional quality (higher C:N ratios). Together, these results suggest that the loss of exogenous immunity from foliage under eCO<sub>2</sub> results in increased endogenous immune function. 5. Animal populations face multiple threats induced by anthropogenic environmental change. Our results suggest that shifts in the balance between exogenous and endogenous sources of immunity to parasite attack may represent an underappreciated consequence of environmental change. </p>
Data from: Fitness outcomes in relation to individual variation in constitutive innate immune function
<p>Although crucial for host survival when facing persistent parasite pressure, costly immune functions will inevitably compete for resources with other energetically expensive traits such as reproduction. Optimising, but not necessarily maximising, immune function might therefore provide net benefit to overall host fitness. Evidence for associations between fitness and immune function is relatively rare, limiting our potential to understand ultimate fitness costs of immune investment. Here, we assess how measures of constitutive immune function (haptoglobin, natural antibodies, complement activity) relate to subsequent fitness outcomes (survival, reproductive success, dominance acquisition) in a wild passerine (<i>Malurus coronatus</i>). Surprisingly, survival probability was not positively linearly predicted by any immune index. Instead, both low and high values of complement activity (quadratic effect) were associated with higher survival, suggesting that different immune investment strategies might reflect a dynamic disease environment. Positive linear relationships between immune indices and reproductive success suggest that individual heterogeneity overrides potential resource reallocation trade-offs within individuals. Controlling for body condition (size-adjusted body mass) and chronic stress (heterophil-lymphocyte ratio) did not alter our findings in a sample subset with available data. Overall, our results suggest that constitutive immune components have limited net costs for fitness and that variation in immune maintenance relates to individual differences more closely.</p>
Experimental facilitation of heat loss affects work rate and innate immune function in a breeding passerine bird
The capacity to get rid of excess heat produced during hard work is a possible constraint on parental effort during reproduction (heat dissipation limit [HDL] theory). We released hard-working blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) from this constraint by experimentally removing ventral plumage. We then assessed if this changed their reproductive effort (feeding rate and nestling size) and levels of self-maintenance (change in body mass and innate immune function). Feather-clipped females reduced the number of feeding visits and increased levels of constitutive innate immunity compared to unclipped females but did not fledge smaller nestlings. Thus, they increased self-maintenance without compromising current reproductive output. In contrast, feather-clipping did not affect the number of feeding visits or innate immune function in males, despite increased heat loss rate. Our results show that analyses of physiological parameters, such as constitutive innate immune function, can be important when trying to understand sources of variation in investment in self-maintenance versus reproductive effort and that risk of overheating can influence innate immune function during reproduction.
Immunization with full-length Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 is safe and elicits functional cytophilic antibodies in a randomized first-in-human trial
<p>This file contains the original data underpinning the article in npj vaccines, in which we describe a phase 1 safety and immunogenicty study on the malaria vaccine candidate MSP1 in humans. The abstract of the article follows:</p> <p>A vaccine remains a priority in the global fight against malaria. Here, we report on a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo and adjuvant-controlled, dose escalation phase 1a safety and immunogenicity clinical trial of full-length <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) in combination with GLA-SE adjuvant. 32 healthy volunteers were vaccinated at least three times with MSP1 plus adjuvant, adjuvant alone or placebo (24:4:4) to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity. MSP1 was safe, well tolerated and immunogenic, with all vaccinees sero-converting independent of the dose. The MSP1-specific IgG and IgM titers persisted above levels found in malaria semi-immune humans for at least six months after the last immunization. The antibodies were variant- and strain-transcending and stimulated respiratory activity in granulocytes. Furthermore, full-length MSP1 induced memory T-cells. Our findings encourage challenge studies as the next step to evaluate the efficacy of full-length MSP1 as a vaccine candidate against falciparum malaria (EudraCT 2016-002463-33).</p>
Comparing raccoon MHC diversity in native and introduced ranges: evidence for the importance of functional immune diversity for adaptation and survival in novel environments.
<p>The adaptive potential of invasive species is related to the genetic <span class="il">diversity</span> of the invader, which is influenced by genetic drift and natural selection. Typically, the genetic <span class="il">diversity</span> of invaders is studied with neutral genetic markers, however, the expectation of reduced <span class="il">diversity</span> has not been consistently supported by empirical studies. Here, we describe and interpret genetic <span class="il">diversity</span> at both neutral microsatellite loci and the immune related <span class="il">MHC</span>-DRB locus of <span class="il">native</span> and invasive populations of <span class="il">raccoon</span> to better understand of how drift and selection impact patterns of genetic <span class="il">diversity</span> during the invasion process. We found that despite the loss of many <span class="il">MHC</span> alleles in comparison with <span class="il">native</span> populations, functional <span class="il">MHC</span> supertypes are preserved in the invasive region. In the <span class="il">native</span> <span class="il">raccoon</span> population the number of supertypes within individuals was higher than expected under a neutral model. The high level of individual functional divergence may facilitate the adaptation to local conditions in the invasive range. These results suggest that selection is driving divergent allele combinations despite drift causing allelic loss. In the invasive populations, we also detected increased population structure at microsatellites compared to the <span class="il">MHC</span> locus, further suggesting that balancing selection is acting on adaptively important regions of the <span class="il">raccoon</span> genome. Finally, we found that alleles known to exhibit resistance to rabies in the <span class="il">native</span> range, Prlo-DRB*4, Prlo-DRB*16 and Prlo-DRB*102, were the most common alleles in the European populations, suggesting directional selection is acting on this locus. Our research shows empirical support for the importance of functional immune <span class="il">diversity</span> for adaptation and survival in novel environments.</p>
Data from: Condition-dependent immune function in a freshwater snail revealed by stable isotopes
<p>Data are saved as a tab-delimited text file (data.txt). Each row represents one snail individual.</p> <p> </p> <p>The file has the following columns:</p> <p>infection - trematode infection (0 = no, 1 = yes)</p> <p>PO_activity - PO-like activity of haemolymph</p> <p>antibacterial_activity - antibacterial activity of haemolymph</p> <p>shell_length - shell length (mm)</p> <p>faeces - amount of produced faeces (mg)</p> <p>d15N_faeces - δ<sup>15</sup>N value of faeces</p> <p>d13C_faeces - δ<sup>13</sup>C value of faeces</p> <p>C:N_faeces - C:N ration of faeces</p> <p>d15N_tissue - δ<sup>15</sup>N value of tissue</p> <p>d13C_tissue - δ<sup>13</sup>C value of tissue</p> <p>C:N_tissue - C:N ration of tissue</p>
Data from: A genome-wide functional genomics approach uncovers genetic determinants of immune phenotypes in type 1 diabetes
<p><strong>Background: </strong>The large inter-individual variability in immune-cell cell composition and function determines immune responses in general and susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases in particular. While much has been learned about the genetic variants relevant for type 1 diabetes (T1D), the pathophysiological mechanisms through which these variations exert their effects remain unknown.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Blood samples were collected from 243 patients with T1D of Dutch descent. We applied genetic association analysis on > 200 immune cell traits and >100 cytokine production profiles in response to stimuli measured to identify genetic determinants of immune function, and compared the results obtained in T1D to healthy controls.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Genetic variants that determine susceptibility to T1D significantly affect T cell composition. Specifically, the CCR5+ regulatory T cells associate with T1D through the CCR region, suggesting a shared genetic regulation. Genome-wide quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping analysis of immune traits revealed 15 genetic loci that influence immune responses in T1D, including 12 that have never been reported in healthy population studies, implying a disease-specific genetic regulation.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study provides new insights into the genetic factors that affect immunological responses in T1D.</p>
The evolution of immune function in decorated crickets
<p>While dietary macronutrients are known to regulate insect immunity, few studies have examined their evolutionary effects. Here, we evaluate this relationship in the cricket<em> Gryllodes sigillatus</em> by maintaining replicate populations on four diets differing in protein (P) to carbohydrate (C) ratio (P- or C-biased) and nutritional content (low- or high-nutrition) for >37 generations. We split each population into two; one maintained on their evolution diet and the other switched to their ancestral diet. We also maintained populations exclusively on the ancestral diet (baseline). After three generations, we measured three immune parameters in males and females from each population. Immunity was higher on P-biased than C-biased diets and on low- versus high-nutrition diets, although the latter was most likely driven by compensatory feeding. These patterns persisted in populations switched to their ancestral diet, indicating genetic divergence. Crickets evolving on C-biased diets had lower immunity than the baseline, whereas their P-biased counterparts had similar or higher immunity than the baseline, indicating that populations evolved with dietary manipulation. While females exhibited superior immunity for all assays, the sexes showed similar immune changes across diets. Our work highlights the important role that macronutrient intake plays in the evolution of immunity in the sexes.</p>
Thallium(I) exposure perturbs the gut microbiota and metabolic profile as well as the regional immune function of C57BL/6 J mice
<p><span>Intestinal microbes</span><span> regulate the development of diseases induced by environmental exposure. Thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic heavy metal</span><span>, </span><span>and its toxicity is rarely discussed in relation to gut microbes. Herein, we showed that Tl(I) exposure (10 ppm for two weeks) affected the alpha diversity of bacteria in </span><span>the ileum, colon, and </span><span>feces, but had little effect on the beta diversity of bacteria through 16S rRNA sequencing. LEfSe analysis revealed that Tl(I) exposure changed the abundance of intestinal microbiota along the digestive tract. Cecum metabolomic detection and analysis showed that Tl(I) exposure altered the abundance and composition of metabolites. In addition, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that Tl(I) exposure impaired amino acid, lipid, purine metabolism, and G protein-coupled receptor signalling pathways. A consistency test revealed a strong correlation, and a Pearson's correlation analysis showed an extensive interaction, between microorganisms and metabolites. Analysis of the intestinal immunity revealed that Tl(I) exposure suppressed the immune responses, which also had regional differences. These results identify the perturbation of the intestinal microenvironment by Tl exposure and provide a new explanation for Tl toxicity.</span></p>
Data from: Effects of manipulated food availability and seasonality on innate immune function in a passerine
<p>1. The innate immune system is essential for survival, yet many immune traits are highly variable between and within individuals. In recent years, attention has shifted to the role of environmental factors in modulating this variation. A key environmental factor is food availability, which plays a major role in shaping life-histories, and may affect resource allocation to immune function through its effect on nutritional state.</p> <p>2. We developed a technique to permanently increase foraging costs in seed-eating birds, and leveraged this technique to study the effects of food availability on the innate immune system over a three-year period in 230 zebra finches housed in outdoor aviaries. The immune components we studied were haptoglobin, ovotransferrin, nitric oxide, natural antibodies through agglutination, complement-mediated lysis, and killing capacity of <em>Escherichia</em> <em>coli</em> and <em>Candida</em> <em>albicans</em>, covering a broad spectrum of the innate immune system. We explored effects of food availability in conjunction with other potentially important variables: season, age, sex, and manipulated natal brood size.</p> <p>3. Increased foraging costs affected multiple components of the immune system, albeit in a variable way. Nitric oxide and agglutination levels were lower under harsh foraging conditions, while Escherichia coli killing capacity was increased. Agglutination levels also varied seasonally, but only at low foraging costs. <em>C</em>. <em>albicans</em>' killing capacity was lower in winter, and even more so for animals in harsh foraging conditions that were raised in large broods. Effects of food availability on ovotransferrin were also seasonal, and only apparent in males. Haptoglobin levels were independent of foraging costs and season.</p> <p>4. Males had higher levels of immune function than females for 3 of the measured immune traits. Innate immune function was independent of age and manipulated natal brood size.</p> <p>5. Our finding that food availability affects innate immune function suggests that fitness effects of food availability may at least partially be mediated by effects on the immune system. However, food availability effects on innate immunity varied in direction between traits, illustrating the complexity of the immune system and precluding conclusions on the level of disease resistance.</p>
Do changes in body mass alter white blood cell profiles and immune function in Australian cane toads (Rhinella marina)?
<p><span>Variation in food resources can result in dramatic fluctuations in the body condition of animals dependent on those resources. Decreases in body mass can disrupt patterns of energy allocation and impose stress, thereby altering immune function. In this study we investigated links between changes in body mass of captive cane toads (Rhinella marina), their circulating white blood cell populations, and their performance in immune assays. Captive toads that lost weight over a 3-month period had increased levels of monocytes and heterophils and reduced levels of eosinophils. Basophil and lymphocyte levels were unrelated to changes in mass. Because individuals that lost mass had higher heterophil levels but stable lymphocyte levels, the ratio of these cell types was also higher, partially consistent with a stress response. Phagocytic ability of whole blood was higher in toads that lost mass, due to increased circulating levels of phagocytic cells. Other measures of immune performance were unrelated to mass change. These results highlight the challenges faced by invasive species as they expand their range into novel environments which may impose substantial seasonal changes in food availability that were not present in the native range. Individuals facing energy restrictions may shift their immune function towards more economical and general avenues of combating pathogens. </span></p>
A common measure of prey immune function is not constrained by the cascading effects of predators
<p>Simultaneously defending against predators, stymieing competitors, and generating immune responses can impose conflicting demands for host species caught in the entanglement of a food web. Host immunity is not only shaped by direct interactions among species, but also many indirect cascading effects. By reducing competition, predators in particular can affect resource acquisition necessary for hosts to mount energetically costly immune responses. However, identifying the links between predators and host immune responses determined by resource acquisition is a complex affair, because predators can (i) reduce host density and thus competition among hosts, (ii) exert non-consumptive trait-mediated effects on host resource acquisition behavior, and (iii) generate natural selection on host resource acquisition behavior. To examine the relative contributions of these potential predator driven density- and trait-mediated effects on a key aspect of immune function (total phenoloxidase activity, total PO), we conducted mesocosm and field experiments with larval damselflies ( Enallagma signatum ) and their dominant fish predator ( Lepomis macrochirus ). Although we expected to observe declines in total PO activity with increases in damselfly density, we found no relationship between density and total PO activity. We also found no support for the prediction that total PO activity would vary as a result of either non-consumptive trait-mediated effects or selection on damselfly foraging activity underlying resource acquisition. Despite the lack of trait- or densitymediated effects, we did find that total PO activity increased with damselfly prey density among lakes, implying resource limitation for this aspect of immune function. These unexpected results point to the need to better understand the ecological conditions whereby predators and competitors constrain immune functions necessary for species to defend themselves in complex food webs.</p>
Data for: Innate immune function and antioxidant capacity of nestlings of an African raptor co-vary with the level of urbanization around breeding territories
<p>Urban areas provide breeding habitats for many species. However, animals raised in urban environments face challenges such as altered food availability and quality, pollution, and pathogens assemblages. These challenges can affect physiological processes like immune function and antioxidant defences which are important for fitness.</p> <p>Here, we explore how levels of urbanisation influence innate immune function, immune response to a mimicked bacterial infection and antioxidant capacity of nestling Black Sparrowhawks <em>Accipiter melanoleucus</em> in South Africa. We also explore the effect of timing of breeding and rainfall on physiology since both can influence the environmental condition under which nestlings are raised. Finally, because urbanisation can influence immune function indirectly, we use path analyses to explore direct and indirect associations between urbanisation, immune function, and oxidative stress.</p> <p>We obtained measures of innate immunity (haptoglobin, lysis, agglutination and bactericidal capacity), indices of antioxidant capacity (total non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (tAOX), and total glutathione from nestlings from 2015 - 2019. In addition, in 2018 and 2019, we mimicked a bacterial infection by injecting nestlings with lipopolysaccharide and quantified their immune response.</p> <p>Increased urban cover was associated with an increase in lysis and a decrease in tAOX, but not with any of the other physiological parameters. Furthermore, except for agglutination, no physiological parameters were associated with the timing of breeding. Lysis and bactericidal capacity, however, varied consistently with the annual rainfall pattern. Immune response to a mimicked a bacterial infection decreased with urban cover but not with the timing of breeding nor rainfall. Our path analyses suggested indirect associations between urban cover and some immune indices via tAOX but not via the timing of breeding.</p> <p>Our results show that early-life development in an urban environment is associated with variation in immune and antioxidant functions. The direct association between urbanisation and antioxidant capacity and their impact on immune function is likely an important factor mediating the impact of urbanisation on urban-dwelling animals. Future studies should explore how these results are linked to fitness and whether the responses are adaptive for urban-dwelling species.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.