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60 results for “incipient speciation”
Figure 4. A-B in Incipient speciation within the Namalycastis abiuma (Annelida: Nereididae) species group from southern India revealed by combined morphological and molecular data
Figure 4. A-B shows the two equally parsimonious trees recovered from the phylogenetic analysis based on the COI dataset (length: 153, CI: 0.896, RI: 0.935). Specimens pertaining to the N. abiuma species group are indicated in bold font, and morphotype (M1-M6) and haplotype (H1- H4) numbers, as referred to in text, are denoted. Bootstrap support values above 50% are shown at each node. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to change.
Figure 1 in Incipient speciation within the Namalycastis abiuma (Annelida: Nereididae) species group from southern India revealed by combined morphological and molecular data
Figure 1. Map of the collection localities for the specimens of the Namalycastis abiuma species group.
Figure 3 in Incipient speciation within the Namalycastis abiuma (Annelida: Nereididae) species group from southern India revealed by combined morphological and molecular data
Figure 3. Neighbour joining tree derived from the COI dataset. Specimens pertaining to the N. abiuma species group are indicated in bold font, and morphotype (M1-M6) and haplotype (H1-H4) numbers, as referred to in text, are denoted by the brackets
Figure 2 in Incipient speciation within the Namalycastis abiuma (Annelida: Nereididae) species group from southern India revealed by combined morphological and molecular data
Figure 2. Selected morphological characters of the various N. abiuma species group morphotypes (M1-M6). A, M1, jaws with 11 teeth; B, M3, jaws with 10 teeth; C, M2, jaws with 9 teeth; D, M5 and M6 jaws with 8 teeth; E, M5, specimen with eyes absent; F, specimen with merged eyes; G-H, M5, specimens with three eyes; I, M5, specimen with faded eyes; J, M4, specimen with the longer tentacular cirri, indicative of species group 2 (see text); K, M4, specimen with relatively wider parapodium; L-M, M6, specimens showing three acicula; N, multi-incised pygidium.
Data from: Caught in the act: Incipient speciation at the southern limit of Viburnum in the Central Andes
<p>A fundamental objective of evolutionary biology is to understand the origin of independently evolving species. Phylogenetic studies of species radiations rarely are able to document ongoing speciation; instead, modes of speciation, entailing geographic separation and/or ecological differentiation, are posited retrospectively. The Oreinotinus clade of <em>Viburnum </em>has radiated recently from north to south through the cloud forests of Mexico and Central America to the Central Andes. Our analyses support a hypothesis of incipient speciation in Oreinotinus at the southern edge of its geographic range, from central Peru to northern Argentina. Although several species and infraspecific taxa of have been recognized in this area, multiple lines of evidence and analytical approaches (including analyses of phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure, leaf morphology, and climatic envelopes) favor the recognition of just a single species, V. seemenii. We show that what has previously been recognized as <em>V. seemenii </em>f. <em>minor </em>has recently occupied the drier Tucuman-Bolivian forest region from Samaipata in Bolivia to Salta in northern Argentina. Plants in these populations form a well-supported clade with a distinctive genetic signature and they have evolved smaller, narrower leaves. We interpret this as the beginning of a within-species divergence process that has elsewhere in the neotropics resulted repeatedly in Viburnum species with a particular set of leaf ecomorphs. Specifically, the southern populations are in the process of evolving the small, glabrous, and entire leaf ecomorph that has evolved in four other montane areas of endemism. As predicted based on our studies of leaf ecomorphs in Chiapas, Mexico, these southern populations experience generally drier conditions, with large diurnal temperature fluctuations. In a central portion of the range of <em>V. seemenii</em>, characterized by wetter climatic conditions, we also document what may be the initial differentiation of the leaf ecomorph with larger, pubescent, and toothy leaves. The emergence of these ecomorphs thus appears to be driven by adaptation to subtly different climatic conditions in separate geographic regions, as opposed to parapatric differentiation along elevational gradients as suggested by Viburnum species distributions in other parts of the neotropics.</p>
Fig. 7 in Incipient sympatric speciation via host race formation in Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 7 Myrmica species composition on syntopic sampling sites of spring and summer arion in the Aggtelek Karst region of Hungary. The area of pie-charts is proportional to the number of nests and pitfall traps at that site
Fig. 5 in Incipient sympatric speciation via host race formation in Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 5 Differences in Wolbachia infestation between the spring and the summer type of P. arion: a differences between the spring and the summer-type specimens from Korlát hill in the Wolbachia quantity on 1% agarose gel; b box-plots showing the difference in infestation levels as
Fig. 2 in Incipient sympatric speciation via host race formation in Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 2 Unrooted neighbour joining tree based on a pairwise FST matrix. The abbreviations are the same as in Suppl. Table S1. The letter 'T' in the sample codes refers to spring arion, the letter 'N' indicates summer arion
Molecular signatures of resource competition: Clonal interference favors ecological diversification and can lead to incipient speciation
<p>Microbial ecosystems harbor an astonishing diversity that can persist for long times. To understand how such diversity is structured and maintained, ecological and evolutionary processes need to be integrated at similar timescales. Here, we study a model of resource competition that allows for evolution via de novo mutation, and focus on rapidly adapting asexual populations with large mutational inputs, as typical of many bacteria species. We characterize the adaptation and diversification of an initially maladapted population and show how the eco-evolutionary dynamics are shaped by the interaction between simultaneously emerging lineages – clonal interference. We find that in large populations, more intense clonal interference can foster diversification under sympatry, increasing the probability that phenotypically and genetically distinct clusters coexist. In smaller populations, the accumulation of deleterious and compensatory mutations can push further the diversification process and kick-start speciation. Our findings have implications beyond microbial populations, providing novel insights about the interplay between ecology and evolution in clonal populations.</p>
Molecular signatures of resource competition: Clonal interference favors ecological diversification and can lead to incipient speciation
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Data from: Caught in the act: Incipient speciation at the southern limit of Viburnum in the Central Andes
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Limited genetic parallelism underlies recent, repeated incipient speciation in geographically proximate populations of an Arctic fish (Salvelinus alpinus)
<p>The genetic underpinnings of incipient speciation, including the genomic mechanisms which contribute to morphological and ecological differentiation and reproductive isolation, remain poorly understood. The repeated evolution of consistently, phenotypically distinct morphs of Arctic Charr (<i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>) within the Quaternary period offer an ideal model to study the repeatability of evolution at the genomic level. Sympatric morphs of Arctic Charr are found across this species' circumpolar distribution. However, the specific genetic mechanisms driving this morph differentiation are largely unknown despite the cultural and economic importance of the anadromous morph. We used a newly designed 87k SNP chip to investigate the character and consistency of the genomic differences among sympatric morphs within three recently deglaciated and geographically proximate lakes in Labrador, Canada. We found genetically distinct small and large morph Arctic Charr in all three lakes consistent with resident and anadromous morphs, respectively. A degree of reproductive isolation among sympatric morphs is likely given genome-wide distributions of outlier SNPs and high genome-wide <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub>s. Across all lakes, outlier SNPs were largely non-overlapping suggesting a lack of genetic parallelism driving morph differentiation. Alternatively, several genes and paralogous copies of the same gene consistently differentiated morphs across multiple lakes suggesting their importance to the manifestation of morphs. Our results confirm the utility of Arctic Charr as a model for investigating the predictability of evolution and support the importance of both genetic parallelism and non-parallelism to the incipient speciation of Arctic Charr morphs.</p>
Data from: Divergent male and female mate preferences do not explain incipient speciation between lizard lineages
<p>Diversification in sexual signals is often taken as evidence for the importance of sexual selection in speciation. However, in order for sexual selection to generate reproductive isolation between populations, both signals and mate preferences must diverge together. Furthermore, assortative mating may result from multiple behavioural mechanisms, including female mate preferences, male mate preferences and male-male competition; yet their relative contributions are rarely evaluated. Here, we explored the role of mate preferences and male competitive ability as potential barriers to gene flow between two divergent lineages of the tawny dragon lizard, Ctenophorus decresii, which differ in male throat coloration. We found stronger behavioural barriers to pairings between southern lineage males and northern lineage females than between northern males and southern females, indicating incomplete and asymmetric behavioural isolating barriers. These results were driven by both male and female mate preferences rather than lineage differences in male competitive ability. Intrasexual selection is therefore unlikely to drive the outcome of secondary contact in C. decresii, despite its widely acknowledged importance in lizards. Our results are consistent with the emerging view that although both male and female mate preferences can diverge alongside sexual signals, speciation is rarely driven by divergent sexual selection alone.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Strong premating reproductive isolation drives incipient speciation in Mimulus aurantiacus
Determining which forms of reproductive isolation have the biggest impact on the process of divergence is a major goal of speciation research. These barriers are often divided into those that affect the potential for hybridization (premating isolation), and those that occur after mating (postmating isolation), and much debate has surrounded the relative importance of these categories. Within the species Mimulus aurantiacus, red- and yellow-flowered ecotypes occur in the southwest corner of California, and a hybrid zone occurs where their ranges overlap. We show that premating barriers are exclusively responsible for isolation in this system, with both ecogeographic and pollinator isolation contributing significantly to total isolation. Postmating forms of reproductive isolation have little or no impact on gene flow, indicating that hybrids likely contribute to introgression at neutral loci. Analysis of molecular variation across thousands of RAD-seq markers reveals that the genomes of these taxa are largely undifferentiated. However, structure analysis shows that these taxa are distinguishable genetically, likely due to the impact of loci underlying differentiated adaptive phenotypes. These data exhibit the power of divergent natural selection to maintain highly differentiated phenotypes in the face of gene flow during the early stages of speciation.
The emergence of ecotypes in a parasitoid wasp: a case of incipient sympatric speciation in Hymenoptera?
<p>Background</p> <p>To understand which reproductive barriers initiate speciation is a major question in evolutionary research. Despite their high species numbers and specific biology, there are only few studies on speciation in Hymenoptera. This study aims to identify very early reproductive barriers in a local, sympatric population of Nasonia vitripennis (Walker 1836), a hymenopterous parasitoid of fly pupae. We studied ecological barriers, sexual barriers, and the reduction in F1-female offspring as a postmating barrier, as well as the population structure using microsatellites.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found considerable inbreeding within female strains and a population structure with either three or five subpopulation clusters defined by microsatellites. In addition, there are two ecotypes, one parasitizing fly pupae in bird nests and the other on carrion. The nest ecotype is mainly formed from one of the microsatellite clusters, the two or four remaining microsatellite clusters form the carrion ecotype. There was slight sexual isolation and a reduction in F1-female offspring between inbreeding strains from the same microsatellite clusters and the same ecotypes. Strains from different microsatellite clusters are separated by a reduction in F1-female offspring. Ecotypes are separated only by ecological barriers.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This is the first demonstration of very early reproductive barriers within a sympatric population of Hymenoptera. It demonstrates that sexual and premating barriers can precede ecological separation. This indicates the complexity of ecotype formation and highlights the general need for more studies within homogenous populations for the identification of the earliest barriers in the speciation process.</p>
Dataset for "Divergent selection and primary gene flow shape incipient speciation of a riparian tree on Hawaii Island"
<p>HawaiiPopulation_Raw.bcf.gz</p> <p>- Unfiltered SNP + INDEL VCF file for Hawaii Island Metrosideros</p> <p> </p> <p>HawaiiPopulation_FILTERED_SNP.bcf.gz</p> <p>- Filtered SNP VCF for Hawaii Island Metrosideros</p> <p> </p> <p>Population_WithOutgroup_Raw.vcf.gz</p> <p>- Unfiltered SNP + INDEL VCF file used in analysis that grouped G<sub>H1</sub>, G<sub>H2</sub>, N subpopulation with the outgroup samples.</p> <p> </p> <p>Population_WithOutgroup_FILTERED_SNP.vcf.gz</p> <p>- Filtered SNP VCF file used in analysis that grouped G<sub>H1</sub>, G<sub>H2</sub>, N subpopulation with the outgroup samples.</p> <p> </p> <p>Population_WithOutgroup.geno.gz</p> <p>- Genotype file generated from the genomic_general from S. Martin and used as input for Dxy and Fst window analysis</p> <p> </p> <p>Popgene_stat*</p> <p>- 5, 10, and 50 kbp windows of calculating pi, Dxy, Fst, Omega, Hscan, and H12 statistics </p> <p> </p> <p>GPHOCS_INPUT.txt</p> <p>- Input data file for GPhoCS analysis</p> <p> </p> <p>GPHOCS_control_*</p> <p>- GPhoCS control file</p> <p> </p> <p>DADI_INPUT*</p> <p>- Input 2D-SFS file for dadi analysis</p>
No evidence for incipient speciation by selfing in North American Arabidopsis lyrata
<p>Self-fertilization inherently restricts gene flow by reducing the fraction of offspring that can be produced by inter-population matings. Therefore, mating system transitions from outcrossing to selfing could result in reproductive isolation between selfing and outcrossing lineages and provide a starting point for speciation. In newly diverged lineages, for example after a transition to selfing, further reproductive isolation can be caused by a variety of prezygotic and postzygotic mechanisms that operate before, during, and after pollination. In animals, prezygotic barriers tend to evolve faster than postzygotic ones. This is not necessarily the case for plants, for which the relative importance of post-mating, post-fertilization, and early acting post-zygotic barriers has been investigated far less. To test whether post-pollination isolation exists between populations of North American <i>Arabidopsis lyrata</i> that differ in breeding (self-incompatible versus self-compatible) and mating system (outcrossing versus selfing), we compared patterns of seed set after crosses made within populations, between populations of the same mating system, and between populations with different mating systems. We found no evidence for post-pollination isolation between plants from selfing populations (self-compatible, low outcrossing rates) and outcrossing populations (self-incompatible, high outcrossing rates) via either prezygotic or early-acting postzygotic mechanisms. Together with the results of other studies indicating the absence of reproductive barriers acting before and during pollination, we conclude that the transition to selfing in this study system has not led to the formation of reproductive barriers between selfing and outcrossing populations of North American <i>A. lyrata</i>.</p>
Data from: Genetic, phenotypic and ecological differentiation suggests incipient speciation in two Charadrius plovers along the Chinese coast
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Data from: Divergent male and female mate preferences do not explain incipient speciation between lizard lineages
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The emergence of ecotypes in a parasitoid wasp: a case of incipient sympatric speciation in Hymenoptera?
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