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11 results for “indirect defence”
Effects of soil salinity on the expression of direct and indirect defences in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
<p>Previous studies have reported effects of abiotic factors on herbivore-induced plant defences based on effects on single plant traits. However, plants commonly express multiple defences simultaneously and these traits are often correlated. Thus, a fuller understanding of abiotic-context dependency in plant defence requires measuring multiple traits and addressing their patterns of correlated expression.</p> <p>We evaluated the effects of soil salinity on the induction of direct (phenolic compounds, gossypol gland density) and indirect (volatile organic compounds, extrafloral nectar) defensive traits in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). We asked whether soil salinity affects the induction of these traits, and whether it shapes trait correlations potentially underlying salinity effects on trait induction. We conducted a factorial experiment with 16 cotton genotypes where we manipulated soil salinity and defence induction by applying artificial leaf damage (25% mechanical damage and caterpillar oral secretions) and measured defence levels at different time points post-damage.</p> <p>Leaf damage induced most traits except gossypol gland density, whereas salinity did not have a mean effect (across constitutive and induced levels) on any of the measured traits. Nonetheless, salinity prevented the induction of phenolic compounds (condensed and hydrolysable tannins), and also affected trait correlations. Specifically, phenolic compounds were negatively associated with nectar production only under salinized conditions, an apparent trade-off that presumably affects the induced levels of phenolic compounds. In addition, positive correlations between phenolic compounds and gland density and root biomass observed under control conditions were lost under salinized conditions.</p> <p>By investigating the effects of soil salinity on the expression of multiple direct and indirect defensive traits and their underlying correlations, these findings build toward a better understanding of how abiotic context-dependency shapes plant allocation to and expression of multiple defensive traits.</p>
EXPERIMENTAL GROWTH CONDITIONS AFFECT DIRECT AND INDIRECT DEFENCES IN TWO COTTON SPECIES
<p>The file "R code CHappuis et al. 2023.txt" contains the R code for all the analyses shown in the research article "EXPERIMENTAL GROWTH CONDITIONS AFFECT DIRECT AND INDIRECT DEFENCES IN TWO COTTON SPECIES". The other files contain the raw data used for the analyses.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Effects of soil salinity on the expression of direct and indirect defences in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
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Data from: The simultaneous inducibility of phytochemicals related to plant direct and indirect defences against herbivores is stronger at low elevation
Ecological theory indicates that warmer and more stable climates should result in stronger biotic interactions. Therefore, plant species growing at lower elevations and experiencing greater herbivore pressure, should invest in higher levels of defences than those at higher elevations. Nonetheless, there are a number of studies that have found no effect of elevational gradients on plant defensive traits. Several factors might explain the lack of consistency for the altitude-defence relationships; including 1) the reduction of all defensive traits into one measure of resistance; 2) not considering plant defence as the simultaneous expression of several defensive traits; and 3) not considering the relative influence of biotic (e.g. herbivory) and abiotic (e.g. climate and soil conditions) factors associated with the ecological gradient. Here, we present a comprehensive test of the effects of elevation and its associated biotic and abiotic factors on the individual and simultaneous expression of constitutive direct and indirect defences and their inducibility (i.e. expression of defences after herbivore attack). Specifically, we estimated climatic and soil variables and measured herbivore damage and constitutive and jasmonic acid-induced glucosinolate levels in the leaves as a proxy for direct defences, and volatile emission as a proxy for indirect defences in 16 Cardamine species naturally growing along the steep elevational gradient of the Alps. Within a phylogenetic comparative framework, we found that species growing at lower elevations invested more in the simultaneous inducibility of both direct and indirect defences, whereas species growing at higher elevations invested more in constitutive direct defences. Although we found strong elevation gradients in herbivory and climatic and soil variables, these biotic and abiotic factors only partially explained elevational patterns in plant defences. Synthesis - These results highlight that the complex regulation of multiple defence traits strongly vary across elevational gradients and build towards a better understanding of the multiple mechanisms underlying trait evolution and species interactions along ecological gradients.
Dataset for: Interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth and direct and indirect defences in Quercus ilex
<p>Plant diversity has often been reported to decrease insect herbivory in plants. Of the numerous mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, how plant diversity influences plant defences via effects on growth has received little attention. In addition, plant diversity effects may be contingent on abiotic conditions (e.g., resource and water availability). Here, we used a long-term experiment to explore the interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth, direct (i.e. phenolics) and indirect (i.e. Volatile Organic Compounds – VOCs) defences and leaf herbivory in <em>Quercus ilex</em>. We quantified herbivory by chewing insects, phenolic compounds and VOCs in <em>Q. ilex</em> trees growing in stands differing in tree species composition (<em>Q. ilex</em>, <em>Q. ilex</em> + <em>Betula Pendula</em>, <em>Q. ilex</em> + <em>Pinus pinaster</em> and <em>Q. ilex</em> + <em>B. pendula</em> + <em>P. pinaster</em>) and water availability (irrigated vs control). Both direct and indirect defences were affected by tree species composition, but such changes were not mediated by changes in tree stem diameter. <em>Q. ilex</em> trees growing in stands with <em>P. pinaster</em> had the lowest concentration of both direct and indirect defences. Importantly, the effects of tree species composition on VOCs were exacerbated on irrigated blocks. Despite variation in defences, tree species composition did not affect herbivory in <em>Q. ilex</em>. Accordingly, we did not find any association between defences and insect herbivory. Our results suggest that changes in the micro-environment rather than growth-defence associations may mediate tree diversity effects on defences. In addition, reduced defensive investment in more diverse stands could negatively impact tree resistance masking the beneficial effects of species diversity at reducing insect herbivory.</p>
Data from: The simultaneous inducibility of phytochemicals related to plant direct and indirect defences against herbivores is stronger at low elevation
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Data from: Synergistic effects of direct and indirect defences on herbivore egg survival in a wild crucifer
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Dataset for: Interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth and direct and indirect defences in Quercus ilex
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Data from: Risky roots and careful herbivores: Sustained herbivory by a root-feeding herbivore attenuates indirect plant defences
<p><b>Abstract</b></p> <ol> <li>Aboveground plant tissues produce characteristic blends of volatile compounds in response to insect herbivory. These herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) function in plant defence and mediate foraging decisions by herbivores and their natural enemies. The ecological roles of HIPVs as foraging cues for different trophic levels highlight an important conflict for herbivores that need to locate suitable host plants while avoiding competition and predation. </li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol> <li>Plant roots also emit HIPVs following herbivory, but our understanding of root-produced volatiles and their ecological functions in soil environments remains limited. Moreover, recent studies have documented the effects of temporal dynamics of plant volatile production on ecological interactions, but little is known about how root HIPVs change throughout herbivory or the resulting ecological implications from such changes. </li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol> <li>In this study, we examined the roles of HIPVs from roots of cucumber plants (<i>Cucumis sativus</i>) as foraging cues for a specialist herbivore, striped cucumber beetle (<i>Acalymma vittatum</i>) and its natural enemies, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). We predicted HIPVs from <i>A. vittatum</i>-damaged roots would attract EPNs, while repelling conspecific larvae that avoid competition, induced plant defences, and increased risk of predation by EPNs. To capture the temporal dynamics of root HIPVs, we determined how HIPV-mediated interactions change over time with sustained herbivory. </li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol> <li>Initially (after 24 h), <i>A. vittatum </i>herbivory on <i>C. sativus</i>, or mechanical wounding, induced greater production of root volatiles. These root HIPVs recruited EPNs and repelled foraging <i>A. vittatum </i>larvae, although larval performance was not affected by prior damage. Sustained (7-day) herbivory by larvae reduced HIPVs to levels indistinguishable from undamaged control roots, while mechanically damaged roots continued to produce higher levels of volatiles. Attenuation of HIPVs impaired indirect defence responses of <i>C. sativus</i> by reducing recruitment of EPNs and deterrence of <i>A. vittatum </i>larvae. </li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol> <li><span>These results suggest that root HIPVs function as honest signals that indicate the presence of herbivores, induction of indirect plant defences, and increased risk of predation by natural enemies. However, some herbivores may overcome this line of plant defence by attenuating production of HIPVs and thus altering the outcomes of subsequent interactions among plants, herbivores, and natural enemies.</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Risky roots and careful herbivores: Sustained herbivory by a root-feeding herbivore attenuates indirect plant defences
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Data from: Fitness consequences of indirect plant defence in the annual weed, Sinapis arvensis
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