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26 results for “insect damage”
Data from: Enzyme polymorphism, oxygen and injury: a lipidomic analysis of flight-induced oxidative damage in a SDH-polymorphic insect
When active tissues receive insufficient oxygen to meet metabolic demand, succinate accumulates and has two fundamental effects: it causes ischemia-reperfusion injury while also activating the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway (HIF). The Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) possesses a balanced polymorphism in Sdhd, shown previously to affect HIF pathway activation and tracheal morphology and used here to experimentally test the hypothesis that variation in succinate dehydrogenase affects oxidative injury. We stimulated butterflies to fly continuously in a respirometer (3 min duration), which typically caused episodes of exhaustion and recovery, suggesting a potential for cellular injury from hypoxia and reoxygenation in flight muscles. Indeed, flight muscle from butterflies flown on consecutive days had lipidomic profiles similar to rested paraquat-injected butterflies, but distinct from rested untreated butterflies. Many butterflies showed a decline in flight metabolic rate (FMR) on Day 2, and there was a strong inverse relationship between the ratio of Day 2 to Day 1 FMR and the abundance of sodiated adducts of phosphatidylcholines and coenzyme Q (CoQ). This result is consistent with elevation of sodiated lipids caused by disrupted intracellular ion homeostasis in mammalian tissues after hypoxia-reperfusion. Butterflies carrying the Sdhd M allele had higher abundance of lipid markers of cellular damage, but the association was reversed in field-collected butterflies, where focal individuals typically flew for seconds at a time rather than continuously. These results indicate that Glanville fritillary flight muscles can be injured by episodes of high exertion, but injury severity appears to be determined by an interaction between SDH genotype and behavior (prolonged vs. intermittent flight).
Insect root feeders incur negative density-dependent damage across plant species in an alpine meadow
<p>Although herbivores are well known to incur positive density-dependent damage and mortality, thereby likely shaping plant community assembly, the response of belowground root feeders to changes in plant density has seldom been addressed. Locally rare plant species (with lower plant biomass per area) are often smaller with shallower roots than common species (with higher plant biomass per area) in competition-intensive grasslands. Likewise, root feeders are often distributed in the upper soil layers. We hypothesized therefore that root feeders would incur a negative density (biomass) dependent damage across plant species. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the diversity and abundance of plant and root feeder species in an alpine meadow, and determined the diet of the root feeders using metabarcoding. Across all species, root feeder load decreased with increasing aboveground plant biomass, root biomass, and total plant biomass per area, indicating negative density dependence of damage across plant species. Aboveground plant biomass per area increased with increasing individual plant biomass and root depth per area across species, suggesting that rare plant species were smaller in size and had shallower root systems compared to common plant species. Both root biomass per area and root feeder biomass per area decreased with soil depth, but the root feeder biomass decreased disproportionally faster compared to root biomass with increasing root depth. Root feeder load decreased with increasing root depth, but was not correlated with the feeding preference of root feeder species. Moreover, the prediction derived from a random process incorporating vertical distributions of root biomass and root feeder biomass significantly accounted for interspecific variation in root feeder load. In conclusion, the data indicate that root feeders incur negative density-dependent damage across plant species. On this basis, we suggest that manipulative experiments should be conducted to determine the effect of the negative density-dependent damage on plant community structure, and that different types of plant-animal interactions should be concurrently examined to fully understand the effect of plant density on overall herbivore damage across plant species.</p>
Insect herbivore damages on white spruce growing in plantations and naturally regenerated under-canopy forest stands
<p>This data was prepared to compare insect damage on white spruce (<em>Picea glauca</em> (Moench) Voss, Pinaceae) growing in plantations with naturally regenerated trees under mature forest canopies in the boreal forest (Québec, Canada). We selected ten sites in the naturally regenerated forest and small, multispecies plantations and sampled ten young trees (per site) in late summer 2020 and again in early and late summer 2021. We recorded overall rates of damage for galls, damage by spruce budworm (<em>Choristoneura fumiferana</em> (Clemens, 1865)), spruce bud midge, spruce budmoth, spruce gall midge, cooley adelgid, defoliation from sawflies and other caterpillars.</p>
Data from: Extrapolating potential crop damage by insect pests based on land use data: examining inter-regional generality in agricultural landscapes_210907
<p>DamagePrediction_data_2021_210907 Data from: Extrapolating potential crop damage by insect pests based on land use data: examining inter-regional generality in agricultural landscapes</p>
Fig. 1 in Insect incidence and damage on pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) under various nitrogen regimes in Alabama
Fig. 1. Number (log 10) of insects per plot on pearl millet under 4 nitrogen rates.
Fig. 2 in Insect incidence and damage on pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) under various nitrogen regimes in Alabama
Fig. 2. Number (log 10) of different insects per plot on 4 pearl millet genotypes.
Vehicle pollution is associated with elevated insect damage to street trees
<p>1. Vehicle pollution is a pervasive aspect of anthropogenic change across rural and urban habitats. The most common emissions are carbon- or nitrogen-based pollutants that may impact diverse interactions between plants and insect herbivores. However, the effects of vehicle pollution on plant-insect interactions are poorly understood.</p> <p>2. Here, we combine a city-wide experiment across the Sacramento Metropolitan Area and a laboratory experiment to determine how vehicle emissions affect insect herbivory and leaf nutritional quality.</p> <p>3. We demonstrate that leaf damage to a native oak species (Quercus lobata) commonly planted across the western US is substantially elevated on trees exposed to vehicle emissions. In the laboratory, caterpillars preferred leaves from highway-adjacent trees and performed better on leaves from those same trees.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications. Together, our studies demonstrate that the heterogeneity in vehicle emissions across cities may explain highly variable patterns of insect herbivory on street trees. Our results also indicate that trees next to highways are particularly vulnerable to multiple stressors, including insect damage. To combat these effects, urban foresters may consider planting trees that are less susceptible to insect herbivory along heavily traveled roadways.</p>
Insect root feeders incur negative density-dependent damage across plant species in an alpine meadow
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Data from: novel associations among insect herbivores and trees: drivers of occurrence and damage on pines and eucalypts
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Insect herbivore damages on white spruce growing in plantations and naturally regenerated under-canopy forest stands
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Data from: Enzyme polymorphism, oxygen and injury: a lipidomic analysis of flight-induced oxidative damage in a SDH-polymorphic insect
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Vehicle pollution is associated with elevated insect damage to street trees
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Root microbes can improve plant tolerance to insect damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Associational resistance to both insect and pathogen damage in mixed forests is modulated by tree neighbour identity and drought
Tree health declines can be caused by interactions between pests and pathogens and many studies have shown a reduction in their damage in mixed species forests compared to monocultures. Yet few authors have considered tree diversity effects on both groups simultaneously. Moreover, it is unclear whether diversity effects on tree pests and pathogens are robust to changes in abiotic conditions, such as drought. We addressed tree diversity effects on foliar insect herbivory, oak powdery mildew and their interaction under contrasting water regimes in a large-scale tree diversity experiment in SW France. Using an irrigation treatment that alleviated drought conditions, we were able to experimentally assess the effects of tree diversity under contrasting abiotic environments. We surveyed plots along a richness gradient from 1 – 4 tree species, in which a focal study species of oak (Q. robur) was mixed with other oak species (Q. pyrenaica and Q. ilex) and a taller, broadleaved species (Betula pendula). Increasing tree species richness lowered leaf miner abundance, leaf chewer damage and oak powdery mildew infection, consistent with a protective effect of resource dilution. However, richness effects on leaf miners were stronger in irrigated compared to non-irrigated blocks, indicating that environmental conditions can modulate diversity effects. Separate from the effect of tree species richness, the presence of birch in a plot increased damage by leaf chewers and powdery mildew, but lowered leaf miner damage, suggesting additional tree neighbour identity effects potentially linked to modulation of microclimate. We found a negative association between leaf miner abundance and oak powdery mildew, consistent with antagonism between oak damage agents. Overall, our study illustrates the importance of considering both tree diversity and composition (neighbour identity) in designing forests more resistant to pest and pathogen damage.
Data from: Forest fire severity affects host plant quality and insect herbivore damage
Climate change models predict increased forest fire occurrence and severity in the near future. Forest fire disturbance affects multiple ecological interactions, but there is little evidence for how naturally-occurring fires affect plant quality and herbivore damage, which is important because plants and herbivorous insects comprisemost of the diversity in natural ecosystems and are responsible for a variety of ecosystem services. We surveyed three fires in the Rocky Mountains to investigate the effects of fire severity on wax currant (Ribes cereum), an important source of food and cover for wildlife in Colorado. We measured plant quality and herbivore damage; we found that fire severity had a significant negative effect on both measures. Notably, high severity fires decreased herbivore damage by about 50%. Furthermore, we found that the effect of fire on insect herbivore damage is mostly direct, but that indirect effects mediated through changes in plant quality are also significant. Our results have important implications for the effects of climate-driven increases in fire severity on plant-insect interactions, illustrating strong direct and weaker indirect negative effects of fire severity in a forest ecosystem.
Data from: Novel associations among insect herbivores and trees: drivers of occurrence and damage on pines and eucalypts
<p><span>List of novel associations beteween insects and pine and eucalypt trees recorded in these study (each row represents a single novel association). We detail characteristics of the insect species involved in each novel association, indicating their order, family, subfamily species, native biogeographic region (Afr: Afrotropic, AP: Austro-Pacific, IM: Indo-Malaya, Nea: Nearctic, Neo: Neotropic, Pal: Palearctic), non-native biogeographic region where it has established, feeding guild (W&PF: wood and phloem feeder, FF: foliage feeder, F&SF: fruit and seed feeders , SF: sap feeder, ShF: shoot feeder), specificity in host use (VP: very polyphagous, P: polyphagous, O: oligophagous, M: monophagous), impact (N: negligible, L-M: low-medium, H: high, LD: lack of data), and the tree condition (L: living, DD: dying or dead, D: exclusively dead). Information not available is indicated as N/A). We also detail the biogeographic region where the novel association was reported, the novel association type (NIET: native insect on exotic trees, EINT: exotic insect on native trees, EIET: exotic insect on exotic trees), the pine and eucalypt novel host involved in the association, and the phylogenetic relatedness between ancient and novel hostts both for pines and eucalypts (SG: same genus, SF: different genera of the same family, DF: different family). Colors were assigned for the<span> </span>insect species involved in: two new association (orange), three new association (yellow), four new association (pink), five new association (green).</span></p>
Resistance mixtures reduce insect herbivory in strawberry (Fragaria vesca) plantings: leaf damage and yield data
<p>The transition towards more sustainable plant protection with reduced pesticide use is difficult, because there is no 'silver bullet' available among non-chemical tools. Integrating several plant protection approaches may thus be needed for efficient pest management. Recently, increasing the genetic diversity of plantations via cultivar mixing has been proposed as a possible method to reduce pest damage. However, previous studies have not addressed either the relative efficiency of exploiting cultivar mixing and intrinsic plant herbivore resistance or the potential utility of combining these approaches to increase cropping security. Here, using a full factorial experiment with 60 woodland strawberry plots, we tested for the relative and combined effect of cultivar mixing and intrinsic plant resistance on herbivore damage and yield. The experiment comprised two levels of diversity ("high" with ten varieties and "low" with two varieties), and three levels of resistance ("resistant" comprising only varieties intrinsically resistant against strawberry leaf beetle <i>Galerucella tenella</i>; "susceptible" with susceptible varieties only; and "resistance mixtures" with 50:50 mixtures of resistant and susceptible varieties). The experiment was carried out over two growing seasons. Use of resistant varieties either alone or intermixed with susceptible varieties in "resistance mixtures" reduced insect herbivory. Interestingly, resistant varieties not only reduced the mean damage in "resistance mixtures" by themselves being less damaged, but also protected intermixed susceptible varieties via associational resistance. The effect of higher genetic diversity was less evident, reducing herbivory only at the highest level of herbivore damage. In general, herbivory was lowest in plots with high diversity that included at least some resistant varieties, and highest in low diversity plots consisting only of susceptible varieties. Despite this, no significant difference in yield (fruit biomass) was found, indicating that strawberry may be relatively tolerant. Our results demonstrate that combined use of high genetic diversity and resistant varieties can help reduce pest damage and provides a useful tool for sustainable food production. "Resistance mixtures" may be particularly useful for sensitive food crops where susceptible varieties are high-yielding that could not be completely replaced by resistant ones.</p>
Resistance mixtures reduce insect herbivory in strawberry (Fragaria vesca) plantings: leaf damage and yield data
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Data from: Forest fire severity affects host plant quality and insect herbivore damage
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Associational resistance to both insect and pathogen damage in mixed forests is modulated by tree neighbour identity and drought
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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