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Figure 3 in Diversity of cellulolytic and xylanolytic fungi associated with the digestive tract of aquatic insect larvae in streams of the Amazon Forest and Cerrado in Brazil
Figure 3. Percentage of fungal isolates from the DT of Stenochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) from trunks in Amazon Forest (A), trunks in Cerrado (B) and leaves in Cerrado (C) producers and non-producers of xylanase (Xyl) and cellulase (CMCase).
Figure 2 in Diversity of cellulolytic and xylanolytic fungi associated with the digestive tract of aquatic insect larvae in streams of the Amazon Forest and Cerrado in Brazil
Figure 2. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the physicochemical parameters of the streams sampled in the Amazon Forest - Amazonas (A) and Cerrado - Tocantins (T) in the north of Brazil.
Figure 1 in Diversity of cellulolytic and xylanolytic fungi associated with the digestive tract of aquatic insect larvae in streams of the Amazon Forest and Cerrado in Brazil
Figure 1. Map of the sampling sites of Stenochironomus (Diptera:Chironomidae) in low-order streams in the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve in the state of Amazonas (Amazon Forest Biome) and at the Lajeado State Park (LSP) in the state of Tocantins, (Cerrado Biome) Brazil.
Рис. 3. Platarctia ornata: 1–4 — имаго, виΑ сверху (1, 2 — самцы; 3, 4 — самки); 5–10 — гусеницы сеΑьмого возраста (5, 6 — форма с черными и рыжими воΛосками; 7, 8 — форма с рыжими воΛосками; 9, 10 — форма с черными воΛосками); 11 — кокон; 12–14 — кукоΛка; 15 — неΑавно отроΑившийся самец. 5, 7, 9, 13 — виΑ сбоку; 6, 8, 10, 14 — виΑ сверху; 12 — виΑ снизу. Δанные сбора имаго: 1 — Буреинский заповеΑник, 4 км В корΑона «Новый МеΑвежий», 1400 м наΑ ур. м., 24.06.2014; 2, 3 — Буреинский заповеΑник, корΑон «Новый МеΑвежий», ex pupa 12–13.09.2018; 4 — там же, 4.07.2018 Fig. 3. Platarctia ornata: 1–4 — imago, dorsal view (1, 2 — males; 3, 4 — females); 5–10 — seventh instar larvae (5, 6 — with black and red hairs; 7, 8 — with red hairs; 9, 10 — with black hairs only); 11 — cocoon; 12–14 — pupа; 15 — newly emerged male. 5, 7, 9, 13 — lateral view; 6, 8, 10, 14 — dorsal view; 12 — ventral view. Data labels for imago insects: 1 — Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, 4 km E Novyi Medvezhii cordon, 1400 m above sea level, 24.06.2014; 2, 3 — Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, Novyi Medvezhii cordon, ex pupa 12–13.09.2018; 4 — same location, 4.07.2018 in Moths (Lepidoptera, Macroheterocera, Excluding Geometridae And Noctuidae S.L.) Of The Bureinsky State Nature Reserve And Adjacent Territories (Khabarovsk Krai, Russia)
Рис. 3. Platarctia ornata: 1–4 — имаго, виΑ сверху (1, 2 — самцы; 3, 4 — самки); 5–10 — гусеницы сеΑьмого возраста (5, 6 — форма с черными и рыжими воΛосками; 7, 8 — форма с рыжими воΛосками; 9, 10 — форма с черными воΛосками); 11 — кокон; 12–14 — кукоΛка; 15 — неΑавно отроΑившийся самец. 5, 7, 9, 13 — виΑ сбоку; 6, 8, 10, 14 — виΑ сверху; 12 — виΑ снизу. Δанные сбора имаго: 1 — Буреинский заповеΑник, 4 км В корΑона «Новый МеΑвежий», 1400 м наΑ ур. м., 24.06.2014; 2, 3 — Буреинский заповеΑник, корΑон «Новый МеΑвежий», ex pupa 12–13.09.2018; 4 — там же, 4.07.2018 Fig. 3. Platarctia ornata: 1–4 — imago, dorsal view (1, 2 — males; 3, 4 — females); 5–10 — seventh instar larvae (5, 6 — with black and red hairs; 7, 8 — with red hairs; 9, 10 — with black hairs only); 11 — cocoon; 12–14 — pupа; 15 — newly emerged male. 5, 7, 9, 13 — lateral view; 6, 8, 10, 14 — dorsal view; 12 — ventral view. Data labels for imago insects: 1 — Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, 4 km E Novyi Medvezhii cordon, 1400 m above sea level, 24.06.2014; 2, 3 — Bureinsky State Nature Reserve, Novyi Medvezhii cordon, ex pupa 12–13.09.2018; 4 — same location, 4.07.2018
Data from: Adhesive latching and legless leaping in small, worm-like insect larvae
Jumping is often achieved using propulsive legs, yet legless leaping has evolved multiple times. We examined the kinematics, energetics, and morphology of long-distance jumps produced by the legless larvae of gall midges (Asphondylia sp.). They store elastic energy by forming their body into a loop and pressurizing part of their body to form a transient leg. They prevent movement during elastic loading by placing two regions covered with microstructures against each other, which likely serve as a newly-described adhesive latch. Once the latch releases, the transient leg launches the body into the air. Their average takeoff speeds (mean: 0.85 m s-1; range: 0.39-1.27 m s-1) and horizontal travel distances (up to 36 times body length or 121 mm) rival those of legged insect jumpers and their mass specific power density (mean: 910 W kg-1; range: 150-2420 W kg-1) indicates the use of elastic energy storage to launch the jump. Based on the forces reported for other microscale adhesive structures, the adhesive latching surfaces are sufficient to oppose the loading forces prior to jumping. Energetic comparisons of insect larval crawling versus jumping indicate that these jumps are orders of magnitude more efficient than would be possible if the animals had crawled an equivalent distance. These discoveries integrate three vibrant areas in engineering and biology - soft robotics, small, high acceleration systems, and adhesive systems - and point toward a rich, and as-yet untapped area of biological diversity of worm-like, small, legless jumpers.
Forest management and the colonization of artificial tree holes by aquatic insect larvae
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Data from: Adhesive latching and legless leaping in small, worm-like insect larvae
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Data from: Do respiratory limitations affect metabolism of insect larvae before moulting: an empirical test at the individual level
Recent data suggest that oxygen limitation may induce moulting in larval insects. This oxygen dependent induction of moulting (ODIM) hypothesis stems from the fact that the tracheal respiratory system of insects grows primarily at moults, whereas tissue mass increases massively between moults. This may result in a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand at the end of each larval instar because oxygen demand of growing tissues exceeds the relatively fixed supply capacity of the respiratory system. The ODIM hypothesis predicts that, within larval instars, respiration and metabolic rates of an individual larva first increase with increasing body mass but eventually level off once the supply capacity of the tracheal system starts to constrain metabolism. Here, we provide the first individual-level test of this key prediction of the ODIM hypothesis. We use a novel methodology where we repeatedly measure respiration and metabolic rates throughout the penultimate- and final-instar larvae in the butterfly Pieris napi. In the penultimate instar, respiration and metabolic rates gradually decelerated along with growth, supporting the ODIM hypothesis. However, respiration and metabolic rates increased linearly during growth in the final instar, contradicting the prediction. Moreover, our data suggest considerable variation among individuals in the association between respiration rate and mass in the final instar. Overall, the results provide partial support for the ODIM hypothesis and suggest that oxygen limitation may emerge gradually within a larval instar. The results also suggest that there may be different moult induction mechanisms in larva-to-larva moults compared to the final metamorphic moult.
FIGURES 3–5. Caddisfly larvae genus Baripenthus. 3 in Trichoptera — the newest insect order host of temnocephalans (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida) and the description of a new species of Temnocephala from Brazil
FIGURES 3–5. Caddisfly larvae genus Baripenthus. 3. Larva inside the case. Scale bar = 5 mm. 4. Anterior portion of a larva removed from the case, showing the dorsal area of egg deposition. Scale bar = 1 mm. 5. Another specimen removed from the case, dorsal view, showing in higher magnification, a larger number of eggs. Scale bar = 500 µm.
Fig. 9 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva
Fig. 9. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, full view. A. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, nervous system;B. Dorsal view,dorsal cuticle removed, nervous system. abn: abdominal nerve; ag: abdominal ganglion; ce: compound eye; cer: brain; circ: circumoesophageal connectives; ep: epidermis; fgl: frontal ganglion; ne: nervus procurrens; nea: antennal nerve; nel: leg nerve; ol: optic lobes; pgc: postcerebral ganglionic complex; sp*: spiracular anlage.
Fig. 20 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva
Fig. 20. Simplified cladogram of internal relationships in Strepsiptera based on Pohl et al. (2019) showing the derived characters (filled box) of each clade discussed in this study. Schematics show silhouette of parasitic larval stages (top male, bottom female). Illustrations for schematics taken from Pohl et al. (2019) for †Mengea (†Mengeidae),Tröger et al. (2020) for Eoxenos laboulbenei (Mengenillidae), Kirkpatrick (1937) for Corioxenos antestiae (Corioxenidae).The photographs of the secondary larvae of Xenos vesparum (Stylopiformia) were taken from this study.
Fig. 8 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva
Fig. 8. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, full view and cephalothorax. A. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen of the antennae and maxillae, dorsal vessel, dorsoventral muscles of entire body, longitudinal muscles of abdomen; B. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen of the indirect flight muscles, nervous system; C. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen of indirect flight muscles, nervous system. ana*: antennal anlage; ep: epidermis; mx*: maxillary anlage. For designations of muscles see sections Prothorax, Mesothorax, Metathorax, Abdomen.
Fig. 2 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva
Fig. 2. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction.A. Dorsal view, external morphology; B. Lateral view, external morphology; C.Ventral view, external morphology; D. Frontal view, external morphology. I–X: abdominal segments I–X; an: anus; ana*: antennal anlage; ce: compound eyes; fl*: anlage of forelegs; hc: head capsule; hl*: anlage of hindleg; md: mandibles; mdt: mandibular tooth; ml*: anlage of middle legs; mst: mesothorax; mtt: metathorax; mx*: maxillary anlage; osf: functional mouth opening; pt: prothorax; sbhp: segmental border head/prothorax; sbma: segmental border metathorax/abdomen; sbmm: segmental border meso-/metathorax; sbpm: segmental border pro-/mesothorax; sc: sclerotized clasp; ses: labral field; sp*: spiracular anlage; wia*: wing anlage.
Fig. 5 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva
Fig. 5. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, cephalothorax. A. Dorsal view, dorsal cuticle removed, anlagen, nervous system, mandibular muscles, and tracheal system; B. Dorsal view, dorsal cuticle removed, ventral longitudinal muscles; C. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, spiracular muscles and tracheal system; D. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen, dorsal longitudinal muscles, nervous system, and tracheal system. ana*: antennal anlage; ep: epidermis; mx*: maxillary anlage; sp*: spiracular anlage; tr: trachea. For designations of muscles see sections Mandibles, Prothorax, Mesothorax, Metathorax,Tracheal System.
Fig. 13 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva
Fig. 13. Late female secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, lateral and frontal views are shown according to the physiological orientation of the female. A. Dorsal view, external morphology; B. Lateral view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing right, external morphology; C. Ventral view, external morphology; D. Frontal view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing upwards, external morphology. bop*: anlage of the brood opening; ct: cephalothorax; I–X: abdominal segments I–X; md: mandible; mdt: mandibular tooth; mx: maxilla; osf: functional mouth opening; sbhp: segmental border head/ prothorax; sbmm: segmental border meso-/metathorax. sbpm: segmental border pro-/mesothorax; sc: sclerotized clasp; ses: labral field; sp*: spiracular anlage.
Fig. 12 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva
Fig. 12. Late female secondary larva of X. vesparum (Strepsiptera, Xenidae), photomicrography, lateral view is shown according to the physiological orientation of the female. A. Dorsal view, external morphology; B. Lateral view, ventral side (physiological dorsal side) facing right, external morphology; C. Ventral view, external morphology. I–X: abdominal segments I–X; md: mandible; sc: sclerotized clasp; st: stemma; ct: cephalothorax; sp*: spiracular anlage; sbma: segmental border metathorax/abdomen; sbmm: segmental border meso-/metathorax.
Fig. 18 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva
Fig. 18. Late female secondary larva of X. vesparum, histological cross sections.A. Posterior region of head, detailed view of stemmata; B. Posterior metathorax, details of spiracular muscles; C. Abdominal segment II, details of midgut; D. Abdominal segment II, details of birth organs; E. Posterior region of abdominal segment II, details of birth organ; F. Posterior region of double segment IX+X, details of posterior end of midgut; G. Posterior region of double segment IX+X, details of hindgut. abn: abdominal nerve; ag1: abdominal ganglion I; bo*: anlage of birth organs; fb: fat body; hg: hindgut; mg: midgut; oc: oocytes; rm: ring muscles of birth organ; st: stemmata; tr: tracheae. For designations of muscles see sectionTracheal System.
Fig. 7 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva
Fig. 7. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, 3D-reconstruction, cephalothorax, the same scale applies for A, C, and D. A. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen and dorsal vessel; B. Dorsal view, dorsal cuticle removed, epidermis, wing and spiracular anlagen and anlagen of halteres; C. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen, epipharyngeal and pharyngeal muscles, nervous system, digestive tract; D. Lateral view, sagittally sectioned, anlagen of antennae and maxillae, anlagen of thoracic muscles. ana*: antennal anlage; cer: brain; dv: dorsal vessel; ep: epidermis; epp: epidermal pouch; fg: foregut; fl*: anlage of the foreleg; haa*: anlage of a haltere; hl*: anlage of the hindleg; md: mandible; mg: midgut; ml*: anlage of the middle legs mx*: maxillary anlage; nel: leg nerve; os: anatomical mouth opening; pgc: postcerebral ganglionic complex; sp*: spiracular anlage; wia*: wing anlage. For designations of muscles see sections 3.1.2.8, Prothorax, Mesothorax, Metathorax, DigestiveTract.
Fig. 11 in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva
Fig. 11. Late male secondary larva of X. vesparum, histological cross sections. A. Details of musculature of the foregut; B. Details of mandibular muscles and maxillary anlage; C. Details of musculature of the hindgut. fb: fat body; fg: foregut; hg: hindgut; mt: Malpighian tubules; mx*: maxillary anlage; rm: ring muscles of the hindgut. For designations of muscles see sections Mandibles, DigestiveTract.
Fig. 17. Late female secondary larva X. vesparum, histological cross sections. A in Xenos vesparum (Strepsiptera: Xenidae)-A New Insect Model and Its Endoparasitic Secondary Larva
Fig. 17. Late female secondary larva X. vesparum, histological cross sections. A. Anterior region of head; B. Head on level of brain; C. Posterior region of head on the level of the circumesophageal connectives; D. Cephalothorax on the level of the spiracles; E. Anterior region of abdominal segment I; F. Anterior region of abdominal segment II; G. Posterior section of abdominal double segment IX+X. abn: abdominal nerve; bo*: anlage of the birth organs; cer: brain; circ: circumoesophageal connectives; dv: dorsal vessel; ep: epidermis; fb: fat body; fg: foregut; mg: midgut; nea: antennal nerve; neo: optic nerve; ng: Nassonow′s glands; oc: oocytes; ol: optic lobes; pgc: postcerebral ganglionic complex; sp*: anlage of the spiracles; tran: anastomosis of the tracheal system. For designations of muscles see sections Cephalothorax, Mandibles, Abdomen, DigestiveTract.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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