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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Can the botanical azadirachtin replace phased-out soil insecticides in suppressing the soil insect pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ?

Can the botanical  azadirachtin replace phased-out soil insecticides in suppressing the soil insect pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera ? Background Due to recent bans on the use of several soil insecticides and insecticidal seed coatings, soil-dwelling insect pests are increasingly difficult to manage. One example is the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a serious root-feeder of maize (Zea mays). We investigated whether the less problematic botanical azadirachtin, widely used against above-ground insects, could become an option for the control of this soil insect pest. Methods Artificial diet-based bioassays were implemented under standard laboratory conditions to establish lethal dose curves for the pest larvae. Then, potted-plant experiments were implemented in greenhouse to assess feasibility and efficacy of a novel granular formulation of azadirachtin under more natural conditions and in relation to standard insecticides. Results Bioassays in three repetitions revealed a 3-day LD50 of 22.3 µg azadirachtin per ml which corresponded to 0.45 µg per neonate of D. v. virgifera and a 5-day LD50 of 19.3 µg per ml or 0.39 µg per first to second instar larva. No sublethal effects were observed. The three greenhouse experiments revealed that the currently proposed standard dose of a granular formulation of 38 g azadirachtin per hectare for in-furrow application at sowing is not enough to control D. v. virgifera or to prevent root damage.  At 10x standard-dose total pest control was achieved as well as the prevention of most root damage. This was better than the efficacy achieved by cypermethrin-based granules and comparable to tefluthrin- granules, or thiamethoxam seed coatings. The ED50 for suppressing larval populations were estimated at 92 g azadirachtin per ha, for preventing heavy root damage 52 g /ha and for preventing general root damage 220 g /ha. Conclusions There seems clear potential for the development of neem-based botanical soil insecticides for arable crops such as maize. They might become, if doses are increased and more soil insecticides phased out, a promising, safer solution as part of the integrated pest management toolkit against soil insects.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

supplement1 Dragonflies and insecticides

Supplement to deliverable 2.4 "Dragonflies and insecticides" of ACTION, DOI:10.5281/zenodo.5913005.  This file contains data on measurements of insecticides and dragonfly counts.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Data supporting: Combined stress of an insecticide and heatwaves or elevated temperature induce community and food web effects in a Mediterranean freshwater ecosystem

Data used to obtain the results of the research paper entitled: "Combined stress of an insecticide and heatwaves or elevated temperature induce community and food web effects in a Mediterranean freshwater ecosystem", published in the journal "Water Research". The data derives from an outdoor (meso-) cosm experiment in Spain (Imdea Water, Alcala de Henares) in which the transportable temperature and heatwave control device (TENTACLE) was used to investigate the multiple stressors effects of two different climate change scenarios related to temperature (i.e., elevated temperature and reoccurring heatwaves) in combination with the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Analysis of variance for the effect of insecticides as a contact and systemic applications and Analysis of variance for the effect of insecticides tested under field condition

Analysis of variance for the effect of insecticides as a contact and systemic applications and Analysis of variance for the effect of insecticides tested under field condition  The mean number of H. armigera live larvae were transformed into square-root values before the statistical analysis. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for both transformed values under laboratory conditions. Means were compared using Fisher’s least significant differences (LSD) test at P< 0.05. Under field conditions, a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the effects of insecticides and exposure time. The computations were carried out using GenStat (19th Edition, VSN International, UK).

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Cothran, R. D., F. Radarian, and R. A. Relyea. 2011. Altering aquatic food webs with a global insecticide: Arthropod-amphibian links in mesocosms that simulate wetland communities. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 30:893-912.

Pesticides play a critical role in maximizing yields of economically important crops and minimizing the human health threats of disease-carrying pests, but they often have collateral effects on nontarget species. We used a mesocosm study to address how the most commonly used insecticide in the USA, malathion, applied at low, ecologically relevant concentrations (20 and 110 mg/L) affects species interactions in aquatic communities. Unlike many community ecotoxicology studies, our study assessed how malathion affects both consumptive and nonconsumptive effects of predators. We also considered how the vertical distribution of predator cues and malathion (caused by potential stratification) affects species interactions. We found no evidence for vertical stratification of malathion, a result suggesting that exposure to the pesticide was uniform throughout the water column. Malathion was lethal to some primary consumers (cladocerans) at both concentrations and to top predators (dragonflies) at the highest concentration (110 mg/L). These lethal effects initiated density-mediated indirect effects in both cases. Malathion also may have decreased dragonfly foraging efficiency, resulting in increased tadpole survival (trait-mediated indirect effect), which decreased the resources used by tadpoles (periphyton). Collectively, our results show that malathion alters species interactions. However, we suggest that the degree to which pesticides affect aquatic communities will depend strongly on the species composition of communities. Therefore, the community-level consequences of pesticide exposure are likely to vary across the ecological landscape.

openCC (other)Jun 2024View details →

F I G U R E 2 in Assessing the sub-lethal impacts of insecticides on aphid parasitoids through laboratory-based studies

F I G U R E 2 Mummification rate of Aphidius colemani and Aphelinus abdominalis per aphid alive at 5 days after parasitoid introductions. The horizontal black lines represent the mean aphid mummification rate across all replicates, and the blue boxes represent the 95% credible intervals.

F I G U R E 6 in Assessing the sub-lethal impacts of insecticides on aphid parasitoids through laboratory-based studies

F I G U R E 6 The proportion of female F1 Aphelinus abdominalis and Aphidius colemani adults that emerged from females exposed to insecticides. The horizontal black lines represent the mean emergence rate of females across all replicates, and the blue boxes represent the 95% credible intervals.

F I G U R E 1 in Assessing the sub-lethal impacts of insecticides on aphid parasitoids through laboratory-based studies

F I G U R E 1 Mortality for each parasitoid species following exposure to each treatment after 72 h. The horizontal black lines represent the mean mortality across all replicates, and the blue boxes represent the 95% credible intervals.

F I G U R E 5 in Assessing the sub-lethal impacts of insecticides on aphid parasitoids through laboratory-based studies

F I G U R E 5 Reduction in reproductive capacity estimated for Aphelinus abdominalis and Aphidius colemani following insecticide exposure. The horizontal black lines represent the mean reduced reproductive capacity across all replicates, and the orange boxes represent the 95% credible intervals.

F I G U R E 3 in Assessing the sub-lethal impacts of insecticides on aphid parasitoids through laboratory-based studies

F I G U R E 3 Reduction in parasitism capacity estimated for Aphelinus abdominalis and Aphidius colemani following insecticide exposure. The horizontal black lines represent the mean reduced parasitism capacity across all replicates, and the orange boxes represent the 95% credible intervals.

F I G U R E 4 in Assessing the sub-lethal impacts of insecticides on aphid parasitoids through laboratory-based studies

F I G U R E 4 Emergence rates of F1 Aphelinus abdominalis and Aphidius colemani adults following insecticide exposure. The horizontal black lines represent the mean emergence rates across all replicates, and the blue boxes represent the 95% credible intervals.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2016View details →

Fig.1 in The Use of Ciliates (Ciliophora) for Bioassay of the Toxicity of Insecticides

Fig.1. Changesinthespeciesrichnessofsoilciliatesafterapplicationofinsecticides "ConfidorExtra"(A) and "DecisProfi" (B) (exposure time 7days).

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Honeybee optomotor behaviour is impaired by chronic exposure to insecticides

Honeybees use wide&[ndash]field visual motion information to calculate the distance they have flown from the hive, and this information is communicated to conspecifics during the waggle dance. Seed treatment insecticides, including neonicotinoids and novel insecticides like sulfoxaflor, display detrimental effects on wild and managed bees, even when present at sublethal quantities. These effects include deficits in flight navigation and homing ability, resulting in decreased survival of exposed worker bees. Neonicotinoid insecticides disrupt visual motion detection in the locust, resulting in impaired escape behaviours, but it had not previously been shown whether seed treatment insecticides disrupt wide&[ndash]field motion detection in the honeybee. Here, we show that sublethal exposure to two commonly used insecticides, imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid) and sulfoxaflor, results in impaired optomotor behaviour in the honeybee. This behavioural effect correlates with altered stress and detoxification gene expression in the brain. Exposure to sulfoxaflor led to sparse increases in neuronal apoptosis, localized primarily in the optic lobes, however there was no effect of imidacloprid. We propose that exposure to cholinergic insecticides disrupts the honeybee&[nprime]s ability to accurately encode wide&[ndash]field visual motion, resulting in impaired optomotor behaviours. These findings provide a novel explanation for previously described effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on navigation and link these effects to sulfoxaflor for which there is a gap in scientific knowledge. --

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Figure 1 in Integrative analysis in toxicological assessment of the insecticide Malathion in Allium cepa L. system

Figure 1. Rates of alterations found for Allium cepa cells exposed for 48h to distilled water (H O – negative control), 0.5 mg mL-1, 2 d 1.0 mg mL-1 of Malathion and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS – positive control), concerning: (A) anaphase bridge; (B) chromosome loss; (C) chromosome delay; (D) micronuclei index. KW-H = results of Kruskal-Wallis test and p = value of the statistical probability. Letters on the error bars indicate the result of the statistical Mann-Whitney U test.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Figure 3 in Integrative analysis in toxicological assessment of the insecticide Malathion in Allium cepa L. system

Figure 3. Discriminant canonical function, showing the distribution of the centroids e of the groups of the different treatments; 1: treatment submitted to distilled water; 4: positive control with MMS; 2 and 3: groups exposed to Malathion, for 0.5 e 1.0 mg mL-1 concentrations, respectively.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Figure 2 in Integrative analysis in toxicological assessment of the insecticide Malathion in Allium cepa L. system

Figure 2. Mitotic index at the radicular meristematic region of Allium cepa cells, after exposure for 48 hours to distilled water (H Od – negative control), 0.5 mg mL-1, 1.0 mg mL-1 of Malathion 2 and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS – positive control). KW-H = results of Kruskal-Wallis test and p = value of the statistical probability. Letters on the error bars indicate the result of the statistical Mann-Whitney U test.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2017View details →

Figure 1 in Testing the Temporal Limits of Lures and Toxicants for Trapping Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Additional Weathering Studies of Solid Bactrocera and Zeugodacus Male Lures and Associated Insecticidal Strips

Figure 1. Captures of Zeugodacus cucurbitae males in Jackson traps containing toxicants of variable age deployed at Aloun Farm, Oahu, Hawaii. The lures were fresh in all traps and were prepared in Hawaii at the start of the test. Two fresh toxicants were included: naled in liquid CL (bar labelled L) and a DDVP strip with a CL plug (bar labelled P). The DDVP strips weathered in Arizona and Florida were tested during the same 1-day period (December 9–10, 2015). Values represent means (+ 1 SE); 12 traps were deployed per treatment. Bars marked by different letters were significantly different (Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons test).