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16 results for “interplanetary magnetic field”
Solar and interplanetary magnetic field data analyzed in "Optimal frequency-domain analysis for spacecraft time series: Introducing the missing-data multitaper power spectrum estimator"
<p>This dataset contains simultaneous measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field magnitude <B> and the sun's radio flux at 10.7 cm <F10.7>. <B> measurements come from a series of spacecraft located at the L1 point, while <F10.7> was measured by the ongoing monitoring program by Canada's Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory. Bartels rotation-averaged data were downloaded from NASA's OMNIWeb, https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/ow_data.html. The file contains other solar wind plasma parameters that were not used in the analysis.</p>
Intermittent Lobe Reconnection under Prolonged Northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field Condition: Insights from Cusp Spot Event Observations
<p>SuperDARN is a collection of radars funded by national scientific funding agencies of Australia, Canada, China, France, Italy, Japan, Norway, South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States of America. <br>We would like to thank British Antarctic Survey (https://www.bas.ac.uk/project/superdarn) and the University of Saskatchewanan (https://superdarn.ca) for hosting the SuperDARN data mirrors access. <br>The EISCAT dataset is available from the Madrigal database (http://millstonehill.haystack.mit.edu). <br>We acknowledge the use of DMSP/SSUSI data provided by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov). <br>Additionally, the OMNI dataset is available from the OMNIWeb service online of NASA/GSFC's Space Physics Data Facility's (https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/).</p>
Magnetic field enhancements in the interplanetary solar wind: Diverse processes manifesting a uniform observation type?
<p>Interlaced magnetic flux ropes are a subject of investigation in various space environments, including the solar corona, interplanetary solar wind, and magnetosheath. In this study, we utilize a Hall Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model to replicate these interactions within selected regions. By employing plasma flow to propel two flux ropes of various parameters towards each other, we examine the effect of their relative helicity on the ensuing process. Our simulations, coupled with vector analysis, found the existence of flux ropes with opposing helicity along their axes (counter-helical) in some of the resultant interactions. These findings underscore the need to identify and study counter-helical flux ropes in space. The study presented here contributes new comprehension of space plasma dynamics and new insights into the solar wind in control of space weather.</p>
Model generated open-closed field topology maps produced by ISSI team "Magnetic Open Flux And Solar Wind Structuring Of Interplanetary Space"
<p>Open and closed magnetic field topologies of the solar corona generated using four PFSS based coronal models (EUHFORIA, WSA, MULTI-VP, PSI-PFSS) and one full MHD coronal model (PSSI-MHD) using two different types of HMI-ADAPT magnetic field maps (with and without Active Regions (AR) added retrospectively). The magnetograms used are accessible here <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10211762" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10211762</a> (Henney, Carl. ‘ADAPT Global Solar Magnetic Maps - 2010 Sep 18-20 (w/ & W/o Farside Active Region Input)’. Zenodo, 28 November 2023).</p> <p>These model outputs were generated by the ISSI team "Magnetic Open Flux And Solar Wind Structuring Of Interplanetary Space" and were used for the paper accessible on Arxiv via this link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.04024</p>
Data and Code for "Study of Solar Wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Field Features Associated with Geomagnetic Storms: The Cross Wavelet Approach"
<p>These files are the supplementary information, including dataset, codes and plots for the research work entitled "Study of Solar Wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Field Features Associated with Geomagnetic Storms: The Cross Wavelet Approach".</p>
Derived data for: "Variability of the interplanetary magnetic field as a driver of electromagnetic induction in Mercury's interior"
<p>Derived data for "Variability of the interplanetary magnetic field as a driver of electromagnetic induction in Mercury’s interior", accepted for publication in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics.</p>
The impact of interplanetary magnetic field intensity on the escape of heavy ions from the Martian tail
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
SAKIGAKE INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD DATA V 1.0
The original Data Set Name was MST5IMF. The data was delivered personally by Oyama. The component values indicate a crossing of the neutral sheet. The magnetic field is defined in terms of solar ecliptic coordinates with spacecraft at the center and the x direction positive towards the Sun, the y direction in the ecliptic plane, and the z direction given by a left handed coordinate system. A total force value is also given.
OMNI, Combined Solar Wind Plasma Moments and Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) Time-Shifted to the Nose of the Earth's Bow Shock, plus Geomagnetic Indices, 5 min Data
Near-Earth Heliospheric Data, OMNI, Definitive Multispacecraft Interplanetary Parameters Data, 5 min averagedAdditional information for all parameters are available from OMNI Data Documentation: https://omniweb..sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/HROdocum.htmlNew data may be accesible via the Space Physics Data Facility, SPDF, OMNIWeb Service: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow_min.htmlThe Modified (Level-3) High Resolution OMNI data files are made in the same format as the OMNI files based on SWE Key Parameter data. There are a few differences between old and new high resolution OMNI data sets:* 1) In the newly modified Level-3 OMNI data files, we used the Wind SWE plasma definitive data rather than the Wind SWE plasma KP-despiked data. Using the definitive data give us possibility to include the Alpha/Proton Density Ratio and to use more accurate plasma parameters. However, the time coverage in the new OMNI data was decreased by from 2% to 10%. See the data description at https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/high_res_omni/modified/. For detail comparison 1 min SWE definitive and cross-normalized SWE Key Parameter data sets, see https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftpbrowser/wind_pla_def_kp_norm.html.* 2) To keep the number of words and the record lengths the same as in the old OMNI high resolution data set, we replaced the PCN Index (word #45) in the ASCII records with the new Alpha/Proton Density Ratio parameter.* 3) The latest date for these new data is usually behind of the OMNI based on SWE_KP data.Modifications:* 1) Conversion to ISTP/IACG CDFs via SKTEditor, February 2000* 2) Time tags in CDAWeb version were modified to use the CDAWeb convention of having mid-average time tags rather than OMNI original convention of start-of-average time tags, March 2005
OMNI, Combined Solar Wind Plasma Moments and Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) Time-Shifted to the Nose of the Earth's Bow Shock, plus Geomagnetic Indices, 1 min Data
Near-Earth Heliospheric Data, OMNI, Definitive Multispacecraft Interplanetary Parameters Data, 1 min averagedAdditional information for all parameters are available from OMNI Data Documentation: https://omniweb..sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/html/HROdocum.htmlNew data may be accesible via the Space Physics Data Facility, SPDF, OMNIWeb Service: https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ow_min.htmlThe Modified (Level-3) High Resolution OMNI data files are made in the same format as the OMNI files based on SWE Key Parameter data. There are a few differences between old and new high resolution OMNI data sets:* 1) In the newly modified Level-3 OMNI data files, we used the Wind SWE plasma definitive data rather than the Wind SWE plasma KP-despiked data. Using the definitive data give us possibility to include the Alpha/Proton Density Ratio and to use more accurate plasma parameters. However, the time coverage in the new OMNI data was decreased by from 2% to 10%. See the data description at https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni/high_res_omni/modified/. For detail comparison 1 min SWE definitive and cross-normalized SWE Key Parameter data sets, see https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftpbrowser/wind_pla_def_kp_norm.html.* 2) To keep the number of words and the record lengths the same as in the old OMNI high resolution data set, we replaced the PCN Index (word #45) in the ASCII records with the new Alpha/Proton Density Ratio parameter.* 3) The latest date for these new data is usually behind of the OMNI based on SWE_KP data.Modifications:* 1) Conversion to ISTP/IACG CDFs via SKTEditor, February 2000* 2) Time tags in CDAWeb version were modified to use the CDAWeb convention of having mid-average time tags rather than OMNI original convention of start-of-average time tags, March 2005
MESSENGER Magnetometer (MAG) Interplanetary Magnetic Field, Radial-Tangential-Normal, RTN, Coordinates, High Resolution, 1 s Data
This MESSENGER Magnetic field data set contains cruise-phase magnetic field vectors in RTN coordinates at time resolutions typically of 0.5 s or 1.0 s and sometimes as fine as 0.05 s. The Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging, MESSENGER, mission is designed to study the characteristics and environment of Mercury from orbit. The nominal orbit is planned to have a periapsis of 200 km at 60° N latitude, an apoapsis of 15,193 km, a period of 12 hours, and an inclination of 80°. The periapsis will slowly rise due to solar perturbations to over 400 km at the end of 88 days, one Mercury year, at which point it will be readjusted to a 200 km, 12 hour orbit via a two burn sequence. Data will be collected from orbit for one Earth year, the nominal primary mission was planned to end in March 2012. Specifically, the scientific objectives of the mission are to characterize: * the chemical composition of the surface of Mercury * the geologic history * the nature of the magnetic field * the size and state of the core * the volatile inventory at the poles * the nature of the Hermean exosphere and magnetosphere The MESSENGER mission should also yield: * global composition maps * a 3-D model of the magnetosphere of Mercury * topographic profiles of the northern hemisphere * gravity field to degree and order sixteen * altitude profiles of elemental species * a characterization of the volatiles in permanently shadowed craters at the poles The MESSENGER spacecraft is a squat box (1.27 m ⨯ 1.42 m ⨯ 1.85 m) with a semi-cylindrical thermal shade, roughly 2.5 m tall and 2 m wide, for protection from the Sun and two solar panel wings extending radially about 6 m from tip to tip. Five science instruments are mounted externally on the bottom deck of the main body: the Mercury Dual Imaging System, MDIS, Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer, GRNS, X-ray Spectrometer, XRS, Mercury Laser Altimeter, MLA, and Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer, MASCS. Radio Science, RS, experiments will use the existing communications system. The Energetic Particle and Plasma Spectrometer, EPPS, is mounted on the side and top deck, and the magnetometer, MAG, is at the end of the 3.6 m boom. The Messenger MAG instrument is a miniature three-axis ring-core fluxgate magnetometer with low-noise electronics. It is mounted on a 3.6 m boom in the anti-sunward direction. The MAG has ±1530 and ±51300 nT ranges with 20-bit internal resolution and 17-bit output resolution. The MAG probe samples magnetic field values along the X, Y, and Z axes at a rate of up to 20 samples/s. The rate is commandable and can vary. This data set has 3-axis calibrated samples of the magnetic field in heliospheric RTN coordinates, Br, Bt, Bn, in units of nT. The spacecraft position data in these files are identified by radial distance from the Sun, latitude above the ecliptic plane, and azimuth with respect to the Earth-Sun line in the ecliptic plane. The MESSENGER Magnetometer data are also available from the Planetary Data System, Planetary Plasma Interactions, PDS/PPI, node via the URL; https://pds-ppi.igpp.ucla.edu/search/view/?f=yes&id=pds://PPI/MESS-E_V_H_SW-MAG-3-CDR-CALIBRATED-V1.0/DATA/RTN/. Hovever, the data are listed in plain text, space delimeted ASCII tables. Note that this SPASE Numerical Description only describes the MESSENGER Magnetometer data stored in Common Data Files.
Voyager 2 1.92-s Averaged Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer (MAG) Interplanetary Magnetic Field in CDF Format
This data set includes the Voyager spacecraft number (1 or 2), the date-time in decimal year (90.00000 is day 1 of 1990), the magnetic field strength, F1, computed from high-resolution magnitudes, the elevation and azimuth angles in heliographic (RTN) coordinates, and the magnetic field strength, F2, computed from 1-hr averages of the components. The vector components of B can be computed from F2 and the two angles. The elevation angle is the latitude angle above or below the solar equatorial plane, and the azimuth angle is in the direction orbital motion around the Sun from the projection of the Sun-to-spacecraft axis into the solar equatorial plane. The Voyager MAG experiment and coordinates are further described in the following publication: Behannon, K.W., M.H. Acuna, L.F. Burlaga, R.P. Lepping, N.F. Ness, and F.M. Neubauer, Magnetic-Field Experiment for Voyager-1 and Voyager-2, Space Sci. Rev., 21 (3), 235-257, 1977. At the time of experiment proposal, it was expected that the required accuracy of the measurements would be 0.1 nT, determined by the combined noise of the sensors and the spacecraft field. The spacecraft magnetic field at the outboard magnetic field sensor, referred to as the primary unit, was expected to be 0.2 nT and highly variable, consistent with current estimates. Hence, the dual magnetometer design (Ness et al., 1971, 1973; Behannon et al., 1977). At distances > 40 AU, the heliospheric magnetic fields are generally much weaker than 0.4 nT; the average magnetic field strength near 40 AU and 85 AU is about 0.15 nT and 0.05 nT, respectively. The use of roll calibrations lasting about 6 hours permits determination of the effective zero levels for the two independent magnetic axes that are perpendicular to the roll axis, which is nearly parallel to the radius vector to the Sun, at intervals of about 3 months. There is no roll calibration for the third magnetic axis. Comparison of the two derived magnetic vectors from the two magnetometers permits validation of the primary magnetometer data with an accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 nT. A discussion of the uncertainties that must be considered when using these data is given in the Appendix of Burlaga et al. (1994) and in Appendix A of Burlaga et al. (2002). References: Behannon, K.W., M.H. Acuna, L.F. Burlaga, R.P. Lepping, N.F. Ness, and F.M. Neubauer, Magnetic-Field Experiment for Voyager-1 and Voyager-2, Space Science Reviews, 21 (3), 235-257, 1977. Burlaga, L.F., Merged interaction regions and large-scale magnetic field fluctuations during 1991 - Voyager-2 observations, J. Geophys. Res., 99 (A10), 19341-19350, 1994. Burlaga, L.F., N.F. Ness, Y.-M. Wang, and N.R. Sheeley, Jr., Heliospheric magnetic field strength and polarity from 1 to 81 AU during the ascending phase of solar cycle 23, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (A11), 1410, 2002. Ness, N., K.W. Behannon, R. Lepping, and K.H. Schatten, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3564, 1971. Ness et al., 1973. Coordinate Systems: Interplanetary magnetic field studies make use of two important coordinate systems, the Heliographic Inertial (HGI) coordinate system and the Heliographic (HG) coordinate system. The HGI coordinate system is used to define the spacecraft's position. The HGI system is defined with its origin at the Sun. There are three orthogonal axes, X(HGI), Y(HGI), and Z(HGI). The Z(HGI) axis points northward along the Sun's spin axis. The X(HGI)-Y(HGI) plane lays in the solar equatorial plane. The intersection of the solar equatorial plane with the ecliptic plane defines a line, the longitude of the ascending node, which is taken to be the X(HGI) axis. The X(HGI) axis drifts slowly with time, approximately one degree per 72 years. The magnetic field orientation is defined in relation to the spacecraft. Drawing a line from the Sun's center (HGI origin) to the spacecraft defines the X axis of the HG coordinate system. The HG coordinate system is defined with its origin centered at the spacecraft. Three orthogonal axes are defined, X(HG), Y(HG), and Z(HG). The X(HG) axis points radially away from the Sun and the Y(HG) axis is parallel to the solar equatorial plane and therefore parallel to the X(HGI)-Y(HGI) plane as well. The Z(HG) axis is chosen to complete the orthonormal triad. An excellent reference guide with diagrams explaining the HGI and HG systems may be found in L.F. Burlaga, MHD Processes in the Outer Heliosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 39, 255-316, 1984.
Voyager 1 9.6-s Averaged Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer (MAG) Interplanetary Magnetic Field in CDF Format
This data set includes the Voyager spacecraft number (1 or 2), the date-time in decimal year (90.00000 is day 1 of 1990), the magnetic field strength, F1, computed from high-resolution magnitudes, the elevation and azimuth angles in heliographic (RTN) coordinates, and the magnetic field strength, F2, computed from 1-hr averages of the components. The vector components of B can be computed from F2 and the two angles. The elevation angle is the latitude angle above or below the solar equatorial plane, and the azimuth angle is in the direction orbital motion around the Sun from the projection of the Sun-to-spacecraft axis into the solar equatorial plane. The Voyager MAG experiment and coordinates are further described in the following publication: Behannon, K.W., M.H. Acuna, L.F. Burlaga, R.P. Lepping, N.F. Ness, and F.M. Neubauer, Magnetic-Field Experiment for Voyager-1 and Voyager-2, Space Sci. Rev., 21 (3), 235-257, 1977. At the time of experiment proposal, it was expected that the required accuracy of the measurements would be 0.1 nT, determined by the combined noise of the sensors and the spacecraft field. The spacecraft magnetic field at the outboard magnetic field sensor, referred to as the primary unit, was expected to be 0.2 nT and highly variable, consistent with current estimates. Hence, the dual magnetometer design (Ness et al., 1971, 1973; Behannon et al., 1977). At distances > 40 AU, the heliospheric magnetic fields are generally much weaker than 0.4 nT; the average magnetic field strength near 40 AU and 85 AU is about 0.15 nT and 0.05 nT, respectively. The use of roll calibrations lasting about 6 hours permits determination of the effective zero levels for the two independent magnetic axes that are perpendicular to the roll axis, which is nearly parallel to the radius vector to the Sun, at intervals of about 3 months. There is no roll calibration for the third magnetic axis. Comparison of the two derived magnetic vectors from the two magnetometers permits validation of the primary magnetometer data with an accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 nT. A discussion of the uncertainties that must be considered when using these data is given in the Appendix of Burlaga et al. (1994) and in Appendix A of Burlaga et al. (2002). References: Behannon, K.W., M.H. Acuna, L.F. Burlaga, R.P. Lepping, N.F. Ness, and F.M. Neubauer, Magnetic-Field Experiment for Voyager-1 and Voyager-2, Space Science Reviews, 21 (3), 235-257, 1977. Burlaga, L.F., Merged interaction regions and large-scale magnetic field fluctuations during 1991 - Voyager-2 observations, J. Geophys. Res., 99 (A10), 19341-19350, 1994. Burlaga, L.F., N.F. Ness, Y.-M. Wang, and N.R. Sheeley, Jr., Heliospheric magnetic field strength and polarity from 1 to 81 AU during the ascending phase of solar cycle 23, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (A11), 1410, 2002. Ness, N., K.W. Behannon, R. Lepping, and K.H. Schatten, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3564, 1971. Ness et al., 1973. Coordinate Systems: Interplanetary magnetic field studies make use of two important coordinate systems, the Heliographic Inertial (HGI) coordinate system and the Heliographic (HG) coordinate system. The HGI coordinate system is used to define the spacecraft's position. The HGI system is defined with its origin at the Sun. There are three orthogonal axes, X(HGI), Y(HGI), and Z(HGI). The Z(HGI) axis points northward along the Sun's spin axis. The X(HGI)-Y(HGI) plane lays in the solar equatorial plane. The intersection of the solar equatorial plane with the ecliptic plane defines a line, the longitude of the ascending node, which is taken to be the X(HGI) axis. The X(HGI) axis drifts slowly with time, approximately one degree per 72 years. The magnetic field orientation is defined in relation to the spacecraft. Drawing a line from the Sun's center (HGI origin) to the spacecraft defines the X axis of the HG coordinate system. The HG coordinate system is defined with its origin centered at the spacecraft. Three orthogonal axes are defined, X(HG), Y(HG), and Z(HG). The X(HG) axis points radially away from the Sun and the Y(HG) axis is parallel to the solar equatorial plane and therefore parallel to the X(HGI)-Y(HGI) plane as well. The Z(HG) axis is chosen to complete the orthonormal triad. An excellent reference guide with diagrams explaining the HGI and HG systems may be found in L.F. Burlaga, MHD Processes in the Outer Heliosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 39, 255-316, 1984.
SAKIGAKE INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD DATA V 1.0
The original Data Set Name was MST5IMF. The data was delivered personally by Oyama. The component values indicate a crossing of the neutral sheet. The magnetic field is defined in terms of solar ecliptic coordinates with spacecraft at the center and the x direction positive towards the Sun, the y direction in the ecliptic plane, and the z direction given by a left handed coordinate system. A total force value is also given.
Voyager 1 1.92-s Averaged Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer (MAG) Interplanetary Magnetic Field in CDF Format
This data set includes the Voyager spacecraft number (1 or 2), the date-time in decimal year (90.00000 is day 1 of 1990), the magnetic field strength, F1, computed from high-resolution magnitudes, the elevation and azimuth angles in heliographic (RTN) coordinates, and the magnetic field strength, F2, computed from 1-hr averages of the components. The vector components of B can be computed from F2 and the two angles. The elevation angle is the latitude angle above or below the solar equatorial plane, and the azimuth angle is in the direction orbital motion around the Sun from the projection of the Sun-to-spacecraft axis into the solar equatorial plane. The Voyager MAG experiment and coordinates are further described in the following publication: Behannon, K.W., M.H. Acuna, L.F. Burlaga, R.P. Lepping, N.F. Ness, and F.M. Neubauer, Magnetic-Field Experiment for Voyager-1 and Voyager-2, Space Sci. Rev., 21 (3), 235-257, 1977. At the time of experiment proposal, it was expected that the required accuracy of the measurements would be 0.1 nT, determined by the combined noise of the sensors and the spacecraft field. The spacecraft magnetic field at the outboard magnetic field sensor, referred to as the primary unit, was expected to be 0.2 nT and highly variable, consistent with current estimates. Hence, the dual magnetometer design (Ness et al., 1971, 1973; Behannon et al., 1977). At distances > 40 AU, the heliospheric magnetic fields are generally much weaker than 0.4 nT; the average magnetic field strength near 40 AU and 85 AU is about 0.15 nT and 0.05 nT, respectively. The use of roll calibrations lasting about 6 hours permits determination of the effective zero levels for the two independent magnetic axes that are perpendicular to the roll axis, which is nearly parallel to the radius vector to the Sun, at intervals of about 3 months. There is no roll calibration for the third magnetic axis. Comparison of the two derived magnetic vectors from the two magnetometers permits validation of the primary magnetometer data with an accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 nT. A discussion of the uncertainties that must be considered when using these data is given in the Appendix of Burlaga et al. (1994) and in Appendix A of Burlaga et al. (2002). References: Behannon, K.W., M.H. Acuna, L.F. Burlaga, R.P. Lepping, N.F. Ness, and F.M. Neubauer, Magnetic-Field Experiment for Voyager-1 and Voyager-2, Space Science Reviews, 21 (3), 235-257, 1977. Burlaga, L.F., Merged interaction regions and large-scale magnetic field fluctuations during 1991 - Voyager-2 observations, J. Geophys. Res., 99 (A10), 19341-19350, 1994. Burlaga, L.F., N.F. Ness, Y.-M. Wang, and N.R. Sheeley, Jr., Heliospheric magnetic field strength and polarity from 1 to 81 AU during the ascending phase of solar cycle 23, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (A11), 1410, 2002. Ness, N., K.W. Behannon, R. Lepping, and K.H. Schatten, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3564, 1971. Ness et al., 1973. Coordinate Systems: Interplanetary magnetic field studies make use of two important coordinate systems, the Heliographic Inertial (HGI) coordinate system and the Heliographic (HG) coordinate system. The HGI coordinate system is used to define the spacecraft's position. The HGI system is defined with its origin at the Sun. There are three orthogonal axes, X(HGI), Y(HGI), and Z(HGI). The Z(HGI) axis points northward along the Sun's spin axis. The X(HGI)-Y(HGI) plane lays in the solar equatorial plane. The intersection of the solar equatorial plane with the ecliptic plane defines a line, the longitude of the ascending node, which is taken to be the X(HGI) axis. The X(HGI) axis drifts slowly with time, approximately one degree per 72 years. The magnetic field orientation is defined in relation to the spacecraft. Drawing a line from the Sun's center (HGI origin) to the spacecraft defines the X axis of the HG coordinate system. The HG coordinate system is defined with its origin centered at the spacecraft. Three orthogonal axes are defined, X(HG), Y(HG), and Z(HG). The X(HG) axis points radially away from the Sun and the Y(HG) axis is parallel to the solar equatorial plane and therefore parallel to the X(HGI)-Y(HGI) plane as well. The Z(HG) axis is chosen to complete the orthonormal triad. An excellent reference guide with diagrams explaining the HGI and HG systems may be found in L.F. Burlaga, MHD Processes in the Outer Heliosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 39, 255-316, 1984.
Voyager 2 9.6-s Averaged Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer (MAG) Interplanetary Magnetic Field in CDF Format
This data set includes the Voyager spacecraft number (1 or 2), the date-time in decimal year (90.00000 is day 1 of 1990), the magnetic field strength, F1, computed from high-resolution magnitudes, the elevation and azimuth angles in heliographic (RTN) coordinates, and the magnetic field strength, F2, computed from 1-hr averages of the components. The vector components of B can be computed from F2 and the two angles. The elevation angle is the latitude angle above or below the solar equatorial plane, and the azimuth angle is in the direction orbital motion around the Sun from the projection of the Sun-to-spacecraft axis into the solar equatorial plane. The Voyager MAG experiment and coordinates are further described in the following publication: Behannon, K.W., M.H. Acuna, L.F. Burlaga, R.P. Lepping, N.F. Ness, and F.M. Neubauer, Magnetic-Field Experiment for Voyager-1 and Voyager-2, Space Sci. Rev., 21 (3), 235-257, 1977. At the time of experiment proposal, it was expected that the required accuracy of the measurements would be 0.1 nT, determined by the combined noise of the sensors and the spacecraft field. The spacecraft magnetic field at the outboard magnetic field sensor, referred to as the primary unit, was expected to be 0.2 nT and highly variable, consistent with current estimates. Hence, the dual magnetometer design (Ness et al., 1971, 1973; Behannon et al., 1977). At distances > 40 AU, the heliospheric magnetic fields are generally much weaker than 0.4 nT; the average magnetic field strength near 40 AU and 85 AU is about 0.15 nT and 0.05 nT, respectively. The use of roll calibrations lasting about 6 hours permits determination of the effective zero levels for the two independent magnetic axes that are perpendicular to the roll axis, which is nearly parallel to the radius vector to the Sun, at intervals of about 3 months. There is no roll calibration for the third magnetic axis. Comparison of the two derived magnetic vectors from the two magnetometers permits validation of the primary magnetometer data with an accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 nT. A discussion of the uncertainties that must be considered when using these data is given in the Appendix of Burlaga et al. (1994) and in Appendix A of Burlaga et al. (2002). References: Behannon, K.W., M.H. Acuna, L.F. Burlaga, R.P. Lepping, N.F. Ness, and F.M. Neubauer, Magnetic-Field Experiment for Voyager-1 and Voyager-2, Space Science Reviews, 21 (3), 235-257, 1977. Burlaga, L.F., Merged interaction regions and large-scale magnetic field fluctuations during 1991 - Voyager-2 observations, J. Geophys. Res., 99 (A10), 19341-19350, 1994. Burlaga, L.F., N.F. Ness, Y.-M. Wang, and N.R. Sheeley, Jr., Heliospheric magnetic field strength and polarity from 1 to 81 AU during the ascending phase of solar cycle 23, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (A11), 1410, 2002. Ness, N., K.W. Behannon, R. Lepping, and K.H. Schatten, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3564, 1971. Ness et al., 1973. Coordinate Systems: Interplanetary magnetic field studies make use of two important coordinate systems, the Heliographic Inertial (HGI) coordinate system and the Heliographic (HG) coordinate system. The HGI coordinate system is used to define the spacecraft's position. The HGI system is defined with its origin at the Sun. There are three orthogonal axes, X(HGI), Y(HGI), and Z(HGI). The Z(HGI) axis points northward along the Sun's spin axis. The X(HGI)-Y(HGI) plane lays in the solar equatorial plane. The intersection of the solar equatorial plane with the ecliptic plane defines a line, the longitude of the ascending node, which is taken to be the X(HGI) axis. The X(HGI) axis drifts slowly with time, approximately one degree per 72 years. The magnetic field orientation is defined in relation to the spacecraft. Drawing a line from the Sun's center (HGI origin) to the spacecraft defines the X axis of the HG coordinate system. The HG coordinate system is defined with its origin centered at the spacecraft. Three orthogonal axes are defined, X(HG), Y(HG), and Z(HG). The X(HG) axis points radially away from the Sun and the Y(HG) axis is parallel to the solar equatorial plane and therefore parallel to the X(HGI)-Y(HGI) plane as well. The Z(HG) axis is chosen to complete the orthonormal triad. An excellent reference guide with diagrams explaining the HGI and HG systems may be found in L.F. Burlaga, MHD Processes in the Outer Heliosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 39, 255-316, 1984.
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.