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69 results for “interspecific competition”
Factors determining distributions of rainforest Drosophila shift from interspecific competition to high temperature with decreasing elevation (original datasets)
<p>This repository provides the data for the manuscript "Factors determining distributions of rainforest Drosophila shift from interspecific competition to high temperature with decreasing elevation"</p> <p>We investigated thermal tolerances and interspecific competition as causes of species turnover in the nine most abundant species of <em>Drosophila</em> along elevational gradients in the Australian Wet Tropics. Specifically, we 1) analyzed the distribution patterns of the studies <em>Drosophila</em> species; 2) fitted thermal performance curves; 3) tested the correlation between multiple thermal traits and distribution patterns; 4) fitted the Beverton-Holt model to describe the single-generation intra- and inter-specific competition effect; 5) examined the long-term effect of competition and temperature on the population size of a pair of Drosophila species.</p> <p>More details are provided in the README file.</p>
Code and sequence data pertaining to: A phylogenomic perspective on interspecific competition
<p>Evolutionary processes may have substantial impacts on community assembly, but evidence for phylogenetic relatedness as a determinant of interspecific interaction strength remains mixed. In this perspective, we consider a possible role for discordance between gene trees and species trees in the interpretation of phylogenetic signal in studies of community ecology. Modern genomic data show that the evolutionary histories of many taxa are better described by a patchwork of histories that vary along the genome rather than a single species tree. If a subset of genomic loci harbor trait-related genetic variation, then the phylogeny at these loci may be more informative of interspecific trait differences than the genome background. We develop a simple method to detect loci harboring phylogenetic signal and demonstrate its application through a proof of principle analysis of Penicillium genomes and pairwise interaction strength. Our results show that phylogenetic signal that may be masked genome-wide could be detectable using phylogenomic techniques and may provide a window into the genetic basis for interspecific interactions.</p>
Fig. 3 in Interspecific competition between two exotic parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of an invasive Bemisia tabaci species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Fig. 3. Mean (± SE) number of progeny produced by Eretmocerus sp. nr. emiratus under all parasitoid release combinations and host plants. Treatment types are abbreviated as follows: Ee, Er. sp. nr. emiratus only; Eb/Ee, Encarsia bimaculata followed by Er. sp. nr. emiratus; Ee/Eb, Er. sp. nr. emiratus followed by En. bimaculata; Ee+Eb, Er. sp. nr. emiratus and En. bimaculata together. Columns with the same lower case letter within each host plant are not significantly different (difflsmeans, P> 0.05).
Fig. 1 in Interspecific competition between two exotic parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of an invasive Bemisia tabaci species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Fig. 1. Mean rates of parasitism (% ± SE) under all parasitoid release combinations and host plants. Treatment types are abbreviated as follows: Eb, Encarsia bimaculata only; Eb/Ee, En. bimaculata followed by Eretmocerus sp. nr. emiratus; Ee, Er. sp. nr. emiratus only; Ee/Eb, Er. sp. nr. emiratus followed by En. bimaculata; Ee+Eb, Er. sp. nr. emiratus and En. bimaculata together. Columns with the same lower case letter within each host plant are not significantly different (difflsmeans, P> 0.05).
Fig. 2 in Interspecific competition between two exotic parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of an invasive Bemisia tabaci species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Fig. 2. Mean (± SE) number of progeny produced by Encarsia bimaculata under all parasitoid release combinations and host plants. Treatment types are abbreviated as follows: Eb, En. bimaculata only; Eb/Ee, En. bimaculata followed by Eretmocerus sp. nr. emiratus; Ee/Eb, Er. sp. nr. emiratus followed by En. bimaculata; Ee+Eb, Er. sp. nr. emiratus and En. bimaculata together. Columns with the same lower case letter within each host plant are not significantly different (difflsmeans, P> 0.05).
Interspecific competition affects the expression of personality-traits in natural populations
<p>Interspecific competition can cause niche partitioning among species in a community and shape an individual’s phenotype, including its behaviour. However, little is known about how interspecific competition affects the expression of animal personality. We investigated whether the occurrence of competing alien grey squirrels (<em>Sciurus carolinensis</em>) altered personality traits in native Eurasian red squirrels (<em>Sciurus vulgaris</em>). We compared personality traits of red squirrels in red-only (no interspecific competition) and red-grey (with interspecific competition) sites, using arena tests. Open Field Test returned repeatable estimates of activity and shyness, Mirror Image Stimulation test of sociability and avoidance of a conspecific. Red squirrels competing with the alien species had higher sociability and slightly lower avoidance than in red-only sites. Moreover, an individual’s probability to survive was not affected by any of the personality traits, but more active females were more likely to wean a litter than shy ones. This relationship was not affected by the presence or absence of the alien competitor. Our findings suggest that the occurrence of certain personality traits in red squirrels was affected by interspecific competition not as a consequence of short-term selection, but more likely as a result of context-related advantages of sociability or avoidance.</p>
Interspecific competition reduces seed dispersal in an annual plant and slows simulated range expansions
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Code and sequence data pertaining to: A phylogenomic perspective on interspecific competition
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Seasonality and interspecific competition shape individual niche variation in co-occurring tetra fish in Neotropical streams
The drivers of intraspecific niche variation and its effects on species interactions are still unclear, especially in species-rich Neotropical environments. Here, we investigated how ecological opportunity and interspecific competition affect the degree of individual trophic specialization and the population niche breadth in tetra fish. We studied the four ecologically similar species (Psalidodon aff. gymnodontus, P. aff. paranae, P. bifasciatus, and Bryconamericus ikaa) in subtropical headwater streams (three sites with two co-occurring species and three sites with only one species). We sampled fish in two contrasting seasons (winter/dry and summer/wet), and quantified their trophic niches using gut content analysis. Psalidodon bifasciatus was the only species distributed over all the sampled streams. We observed seasonal differences in population trophic niche breadth of P. bifasciatus just when this species co-occurred with P. aff. gymnodontus. These findings confirm the complex nature of the effects of interspecific competition, depending, for instance, on the identity of the competitor. The degree of individual specialization of P. bifasciatus was higher in the winter, and it was not influenced by the presence of another species. Conversely, the other two Psalidodon species studied presented greater individual specialization in the summer, when fish consumed a higher proportion of allochthonous items (terrestrial insects and seeds), and there were no effects only for B. ikaa. Herein, our results suggest that seasonality in food-resource availability is a major driver of niche variation and it has the potential to play an important role in how these similar tetra species interact and coexist.
Data from: Competition and coexistence in plant communities: intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition
Theory predicts that intraspecific competition should be stronger than interspecific competition for any pair of stably coexisting species, yet previous literature reviews found little support for this pattern. We screened over 5400 publications and identified 39 studies that quantified phenomenological intraspecific and interspecific interactions in terrestrial plant communities. Of the 67% of species pairs in which both intra- and interspecific effects were negative (competition), intraspecific competition was, on average, four to five-fold stronger than interspecific competition. Of the remaining pairs, 93% featured intraspecific competition and interspecific facilitation, a situation that stabilizes coexistence. The difference between intra- and interspecific effects tended to be larger in observational than experimental data sets, in field than greenhouse studies, and in studies that quantified population growth over the full life cycle rather than single fitness components. Our results imply that processes promoting stable coexistence at local scales are common and consequential across terrestrial plant communities.
Niche partitioning overrides interspecific competition to determine plant species distributions along a nutrient gradient
<p>Changes in some combination of niche availability, niche overlap and the strength of interspecific interactions are thought to drive changes in plant composition along resource gradients. However, because these processes are difficult to measure in the field, their relative importance in driving compositional change in plant communities remains unclear. In an Australian temperate grassland, we added seeds of three native and three exotic grasses to 1,875 experimental plots in a way that allowed us to simultaneously estimate niche availability, niche overlap and the strength of pairwise interspecific interactions along a gradient of nutrient availability, obtained by adding 0, 5 or 20 g/m<sup>2</sup> each of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium jointly to plots. Niche availability (the proportion of microsites suitable for establishment and growth) was generally low and did not vary in response to nutrient addition. Most species co-occurred along the nutrient gradient by partitioning the available niche space. Where species interacted due to niche overlap, the abundance of one species, the native <em>Chloris</em> <em>truncata</em>, was usually facilitated by other species, with each of the five other species increasing the niche availability to <em>C</em>. <em>truncata</em> under at least one nutrient treatment. <em>Chloris</em> <em>truncata</em> also competitively excluded two species from some but not all sites they could otherwise have occupied. These outcomes did not clearly differ across nutrient treatments. Our results show that fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in establishment microsites can enable species to co-occur via niche partitioning, and competitive exclusion is rare. This finding contributes to an emerging picture that niche partitioning is common and frequently a stronger influence on recruitment outcomes than interspecific competition. The importance of competition in structuring plant communities may be overestimated if recruitment processes are overlooked.</p>
Foraging preferences and interspecific competition generate multimodal complexity-stability relationships in an adaptive food-web framework
<p><span>Ecological theory predicts that complex ecological networks are unstable and are unlikely to persist, despite many empirical studies of such complexity in nature. To resolve real complexity-stability relationships, coupling population dynamics and trait dynamics is considered to be an important way to understand the long-term stability of ecological community assemblages. However, modelling eco-evolutionary dynamics in ecologically realistic networks is still a challenge. Here, we establish an adaptive food web model to evaluate the complexity-stability debate in a mutualist-exploiters-specialist forager-generalist forager system. Our theoretical model predicts that the connectance-stability relationship may show positive monotonic (/), negative monotonic (\), peaked (∩) and double-peaked (oscillatory) patterns. Moreover, the double-peaked pattern is only obtained when both the adaptation intensity and interspecific competition are high, which may explain no complexity-stability relationships revealed in empirical data. Finally, we deduce that foraging adaptation alters positive and/or negative feedback loops to affect the stability of real food webs.</span></p>
Stronger effect of individual species' traits than shading on aquatic plant community productivity and interspecific competition
<p>Competition is one of the major factors structuring plant communities. Species with similar traits generally compete more intensely and have more similar yield than functionally dissimilar species, which often respond differently to environmental change. Little is known about how the interacting species' traits influence the effect of environmental change on interspecific competition. However, theory predicts that environmental change should lead to more asymmetric competition, by favouring the species best adapted to the particular environmental change. Here we used a mesocosm experiment with three common aquatic plant species from the Baltic Sea (Northern Europe), to test how community productivity and competition asymmetry were affected by functional dissimilarity, individual species' traits, and a common stressor: shading. Competition asymmetry was defined as the absolute difference in reductions in yield relative to monocultures of two interacting species. Community productivity decreased and competition asymmetry increased with functional dissimilarity of the interacting species, possibly explained by the traits of the superior species, which had higher specific leaf area, maximum canopy height, and primary production rate than the subordinate species. Community productivity was not affected by shading, contrary to our expectation, while competition asymmetry was higher in shaded than ambient conditions. Individual species yield depended on species identity and species combination. Only the shortest species was negatively affected by shading. Thus, by favouring tall-growing species, shading can alter interspecific competition. Together, these findings suggest that non-random species loss following environmental change can be caused by competitive exclusion, in addition to a direct effect of abiotic filtering.</p>
Effects of reduced precipitation and advanced spring phenology on intra- and interspecific competition between beech, oak and linden saplings
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Data from: Interspecific competition leads to more long-winged morphs in two sympatric cricket species
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Niche partitioning overrides interspecific competition to determine plant species distributions along a nutrient gradient
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Data from: Herbivory can increase plant fitness via reduced interspecific competition – evidence from models and mesocosms
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Data from: Competition and coexistence in plant communities: intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition
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Data from: Brandt’s vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii) affects the dominant position of three gramineous species by altering defense traits and interspecific competition
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Foraging preferences and interspecific competition generate multimodal complexity-stability relationships in an adaptive food-web framework
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