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8 results for “intimidation”
Supplementary material for: L. Coltofean-Arizancu, B. Gaydarska, S. Plutniak, L. Mary, M. Hlad, I. Algrain, B. Pasquini, S. Vandevelde, E. Stamataki, P. Janežič, B. Wouters, A. Sengeløv. "Harassment, Assault, Bullying and Intimidation (HABI) in Archaeology: Europe-wide Survey", DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2023.58
<p>Supplementary material for: L. Coltofean-Arizancu, B. Gaydarska, S. Plutniak, L. Mary, M. Hlad, I. Algrain, B. Pasquini, S. Vandevelde, E. Stamataki, P. Janežič, B. Wouter, A. Sengeløv. “Harassment, Assault, Bullying and Intimidation (HABI) in Archaeology: Europe-wide Survey”, <em>Antiquity</em>. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2023.58">10.15184/aqy.2023.58</a>.</p>
Data from: What makes eyespots intimidating? - the importance of pairedness
Background: Many butterflies possess striking structures called eyespots on their wings, and several studies have sought to understand the selective forces that have shaped their evolution. Work over the last decade has shown that a major function of eyespots is their ability to reduce predation by being intimidating to attacking predators. Two competing hypotheses seek to explain the cause of intimidation, one suggesting 'eye-mimicry' and the other their 'conspicuousness' as the reason. There is an on-going debate about which of these better explains the effectiveness of eyespots against predation. We undertook a series of indoor experiments to understand the relative importance of conspicuousness and eye-mimicry, and therefore how predator perception may have influenced the evolution of eyespots. We conducted choice tests where artificial paper models mimicking Junonia almana butterflies were presented to chickens and their preference of attack recorded. Results: We first established that birds avoided models with a pair of eyespots. However, contrary to previous, outdoor experiments, we found that the total area of eyespots did not affect their effectiveness. Non-eye-like, fan shaped patterns derived from eyespots were found to be just as effective as eye-like circular patterns. Furthermore, we did not find a significant effect of symmetry of patterns, again in discordance with previous work. However, across all experiments, models with a pair of patterns, symmetric or asymmetric, eyelike or non-eye-like, suffered from fewer attacks compared with other models. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of pairedness of eyespots, and supports the hypothesis that two is a biologically significant number that is important in prey–predator signalling. We discuss the implications of our results for the understanding of eyespot evolution.
Figs 12–14 in New Palaeontinidae (Cicadomorpha) from the Triassic of Central Asia: the earliest intimidating eyespots in Hemiptera
Figs 12–14. Intimidating eyespots: 12–13 — Papiliontina dracomima sp.n., Madygen, Triassic: 12 — reconstruction of the holotype with spread forewings (photomontage); 13 – forewing (costal margin looking down); 14 — Spirama retorta (Clerck, 1764) (Erebidae), female, India, recent; image by Vinayaraj, 2013, licence CC BY-SA 3.0. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirama#/media/File:Spirama_retorta_13.jpg Рис. 12–14. УстраШаюЩие глаЗчатые пЯтна: 12–13 — Papiliontina dracomima sp.n., Мадыген, триас: 12 — реконструкциЯ голотипа с отведенными в стороны передними крылЬЯми (фотомонтаж); 13 – переднее крыло (косталЬный край обраЩен вниЗ); 14 — Spirama retorta (Clerck, 1764) (Erebidae), самка, ИндиЯ, современнаЯ; фото Vinayaraj, 2013, licence CC BY-SA 3.0. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirama#/media/File:Spirama_retorta_13.jpg
Increasing Reporting of Intimidation of Medical Students With Simulation
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03184142. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Data from: What makes eyespots intimidating? - the importance of pairedness
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Data from: Resemblance to the enemy's eyes underlies the intimidating effect of eyespots
Eyespots of some prey are known to deter predators, but the reason for this response has not yet been established, and thus the taxonomically widespread occurrence of this color pattern has remained an evolutionary conundrum. Two alternative hypotheses propose that (1) the eyelike appearance of the pattern falsely indicates the presence of the predator's own enemy or (2) predators are hardwired to be cautious toward conspicuous prey. Earlier research has pertained mainly to eyespots in butterflies. Here we tested the hypothesis that eyespots resemble eyes by utilizing the lateral position of eyes in fishes. This allowed us to produce eyelike displays that did not have the round appearance of eyespots. Our study indicates that eye mimicry is an important factor evoking hesitation in predators. Moreover, we present direct evidence that this is because predators associate eyelike displays with the threat posed by their own enemies.
Data from: Resemblance to the enemy's eyes underlies the intimidating effect of eyespots
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figs 8–11 in New Palaeontinidae (Cicadomorpha) from the Triassic of Central Asia: the earliest intimidating eyespots in Hemiptera
Figs 8–11. Papiliontina spp., Madygen, Triassic, venation: 8–9 — P. dracomima sp.n.: 8 —forewing; 9 — hind wing; 10 — P. spectans sp.n., forewing; 11 — P. machaon sp.n., forewing. Scale bars: 1 cm. Рис. 8–11. Papiliontina spp., Мадыген, триас, жилкование: 8–9 — P. dracomima sp.n.: 8 — переднее крыло; 9 — Заднее крыло; 10 — P. spectans sp.n., переднее крыло; 11 — P. machaon sp.n., переднее крыло. Длина масШтабных линеек: 1 см.
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