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32 results for “intra-specific variation”
Raw data from: Inter- and intra-specific variation in mycotoxin tolerance: A study of four Drosophila species
<p>Many mycophagous Drosophila species have adapted to tolerate high concentrations of mycotoxins, an ability not reported in any other eukaryotes. Although an association between mycophagy and mycotoxin tolerance has been established in many Drosophila species, the genetic mechanisms of the tolerance are unknown. This study presents the inter- and intraspecific variation in the mycotoxin tolerance trait. We studied the mycotoxin tolerance in four Drosophila species from four separate clades within the immigrans-tripunctata radiation from two distinct locations. The effect of mycotoxin treatment on 20 isofemale lines per species was studied using seven gross phenotypes: survival to pupation, survival to eclosion, development time to pupation and eclosion, thorax length, fecundity, and longevity. We observed interspecific variation among four species, with D. falleni being the most tolerant, followed by D. recens, D. neotestacea, and D. tripunctata, in that order. The results also revealed geographical variation and intraspecific genetic variation in mycotoxin tolerance. This report provides the foundation for further delineating the genetic mechanisms of the mycotoxin tolerance trait.</p>
Micro-CT scans, whole-test meshes, and internal chamber segments of planktonic foraminifera for three-dimensional analysis of inter- and intra-specific variation in ontogenetic growth trajectories
<p> </p> <p>Here, we release tomographic reconstructions of 42 planktonic foraminifera from plankton tows and sediment traps, along with meshes and shrinkwrap meshes the whole tests and internal meshes of segmented chambers. Shrinkwrap meshes are test meshes that have been modified to close all pores and apertures in the test. Additionally, we have provided sample metadata for each specimen and volumetric measurements for the tests and chambers. This dataset was used in a study of ontogenetic growth in planktonic foraminifera and its variation within and among species.</p> <p> The CT-scans and reconstructions were obtained at Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden, the Netherlands with a Zeiss Xradia 520 Versa micro-CT scanner. The meshes and segments were created at Yale University.</p> <ol> <li>Sample_Metadata.csv: Spreadsheet containing information on the sampling localities and dates for all specimens.</li> <li>Scan_data.csv: Spreadsheet containing metadata for all micro-CT scans including current strength, pixel size, voltage, image height, image width, and the number of images taken.</li> <li>Whole_Test_Measurements.csv: Spreadsheet containing measurements of linear dimensions (axis1, axis2, axis 3), total number of chambers, calcite test volume, calcite test surface area, shrinkwrap volumes, and and shrinkwrap surface areas for all specimens.</li> <li>Chamber_Measurements.csv: Spreadsheet containing measurements of individual internal chamber segments, including position from the final chamber (F-chamber), position from the first chamber (Chamber), volume, and surface area.</li> <li>CT_Scan_Stacks.zip: reconstructed micro-CT image stacks (.tif files) for each specimen.</li> <li>Meshes.zip: Meshes of the test calcite, the shrinkwrap, and the internal chamber segments for each specimen (.stl 3D mesh files). Regular test meshes are named with the format “SampleID.stl”, and shrinkwrap meshes are named “SampleID-WRAP.stl”. Chamber meshes are named “SampleID-CH#.stl” and “SampleID-CH#-Wrap.stl”. Chambers are numbered in relation to their position from the final chamber, with “CH1” being the final chamber and “CH2” being the penultimate chamber.</li> </ol> <p>This data is described and analyzed in the manuscript “Three-Dimensional Analysis of Inter- and Intraspecific Variation in Ontogenetic Growth Trajectories of Planktonic Foraminifera” submitted to the journal <em>Marine Micropaleontology.</em></p>
Intra-specific variation in metal tolerance modulate competition between two marine diatoms
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>This project contains data for the manuscript<i> </i><em>Intra-specific variation in metal tolerance modulate competition between two marine diatoms</em>. The experiments tests how different toxic concentrations of heavy metals modulates competition between an artificially assembled community of Baltic Sea diatoms (four clonal strains each of the two diatom species <i>Skeletonema marinoi</i> (SM) and <i>Thalassiosira baltica</i> (TB). Briefly we use toxic Dose Response curves (DRC) to model how inter and intra specific selection between strains is expected to be modulated under Cadmium, Copper and Silver stress. The stress level was set at the average 50% inhibition concentration (EC50) between all eight strains. Strains were mixed at even biomass based on Relative Chl a Fluorescence Units (RFU) and cultivated semi-continuously to maintain exponential growth. The growth of individual species was measured through microscopy observations and the photosynthetic capacity was monitored using Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) fluorometry. A experimental design flow figure is included as a supplement.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The complete functional set of scripts, statistical analysis, and graphical illustrations in R can be found on github: https://github.com/Bearstar85/Selection_Competition_2021 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
High functional diversity in deep-sea fish communities and increasing intra-specific trait variation with increasing latitude
<p>Variation in both inter- and intra-specific traits affect community dynamics, yet we know little regarding the relative importance of external environmental filters vs internal biotic interactions that shape the functional space of communities along broad-scale environmental gradients, such as latitude, elevation or depth. We examined changes in several key aspects of functional alpha-diversity for marine fishes along depth and latitude gradients by quantifying intra- and inter-specific richness, dispersion and regularity in functional trait space. We derived eight functional traits related to food acquisition and locomotion, and calculated seven complementary indices of functional diversity for 144 species of marine ray-finned fishes along large-scale depth (50 m – 1200 m) and latitudinal gradients (29° – 51° S) in New Zealand waters. Traits were derived from morphological measurements taken directly from footage obtained using Baited Remote Underwater Stereo-Video systems and museum specimens. We partitioned functional variation into intra- and inter-specific components for the first time using a PERMANOVA approach. We also implemented two tree-based diversity metrics in a functional distance-based context for the first time: namely, the variance in pairwise functional distance, and the variance in nearest-neighbour distance. Functional alpha diversity increased with increasing depth, and decreased with increasing latitude. More specifically, the dispersion and mean nearest-neighbour distances among species in trait space, and intra-specific trait variability all increased with depth, whereas functional hypervolume (richness) was stable across depth. In contrast, functional hypervolume, dispersion and regularity indices all decreased with increasing latitude; however, intra-specific trait variation increased with latitude, suggesting that intra-specific trait variability becomes increasingly important at higher latitudes. These results suggest that competition within and among species are key processes shaping functional multi-dimensional space for fishes in the deep sea. Increasing morphological dissimilarity with increasing depth may facilitate niche partitioning to promote coexistence, whereas abiotic filtering may be the dominant process structuring communities with increasing latitude.</p>
Intra-specific variation in metal tolerance modulate competition between two marine diatoms
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Raw data from: Inter- and intra-specific variation in mycotoxin tolerance: A study of four Drosophila species
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High functional diversity in deep-sea fish communities and increasing intra-specific trait variation with increasing latitude
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Data from: Intra-specific variation in tree growth responses to neighborhood composition and seasonal drought in a tropical forest
<p>1. Functional traits are expected to provide insights into the abiotic and biotic drivers of plant demography. However, successfully linking traits to plant demographic performance likely requires the consideration of important contextual and individual-level information that is often ignored in trait-based ecology.</p> <p>2. Here, we modeled 8 years of growth from 1,138 individual trees from 36 tropical rain forest species. We compared models of tree growth parameterized using individual-level versus species mean trait data. We also compared models that considered regional climatic, local biotic and whole-plant allocation contexts to those that do not.</p> <p>3. Our analyses show that growth models parameterized using individual-level trait information outperformed those that used species mean trait information and that these models often contradicted one another indicating that the common practice of using species mean trait data requires more scrutiny. Additionally, we found that models including climatic, biotic and allocation contexts outperformed those that did not and provide nuanced insights into the drivers of tree growth in a tropical forest.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Here, we have shown that the development of models of tree demographic performance upon the basis of traits can be improved through a consideration of individual-level trait variation as well as phenotypic and climatic contexts. We highlight that our ability to understand the drivers of tree population and community structure and dynamics in current and in future climates will be limited if contextual and individual-level data remains understudied.</p>
Climatic adaptation and phylogenetic history shape the intra-specific variation of CSR strategies in a widespread grass
<p>Data and R script for the paper entitled "Climatic adaptation and phylogenetic history shape the intra-specific variation of CSR strategies in a widespread grass".</p>
Data from: The birth hour of mammals: insights from intra-specific variation in wild blue monkeys
<p>While most mammals show birth hour peaks at times of the 24-hour cycle when they are less active, there are exceptions to this general pattern. Such exceptions have been little explored, but may clarify evolutionary reasons for the diel timing of births. We investigated intraspecific variation in birth hour in wild blue monkeys (<i>Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni</i>), a diurnal primate, to identify factors that differentiated daytime vs. nighttime births. Behavioral and life history data from 14 groups over 14 years revealed that 4% of 484 births occurred during the day. Probability of daytime birth varied with mother's age, peaking at 15.7 years. Births whose annual timing deviated most from the population's peak birth months were five times more likely to occur during daytime than those that deviated less. There was no evidence that mother's rank or infant sex influenced birth hour, and mixed evidence that daytime births were more probable in larger groups. Survivorship did not differ significantly for infants born during the day vs. night. Prime-aged mothers may be able to handle the consequences of an unusual birth hour more successfully than mothers with less experience or those weakened by age. Daytime birth may be more advantageous in the off-season because nights are colder at that time of year. These findings are consistent with hypotheses relating birth hour to the risk of losing social protection in group-living animals, but are not consistent with those emphasizing risk of conspecific harassment. Patterns of within-species variation can help in evaluating evolutionary hypotheses for non-random birth hour.</p>
Intra-specific variation in plant associated herbivore communities is phylogenetically structured in Brassicaceae
<p>As a result of co-evolution between plants and herbivores, related plants often interact with similar herbivore communities. Variation in plant-herbivore interactions is determined by variation in underlying functional traits and by ecological and stochastic processes. Hence, typically only a subset of possible interactions is realized on individual plants. We show that insect herbivore communities assembling on individual plants are structured by plant phylogeny among twelve species in two phylogenetic lineages of Brassicaceae. This community sorting to plant phylogeny was retained when splitting the community according to herbivore feeding guilds. Relative abundance of herbivores as well as the size of the community structured community dissimilarity among plant species. Importantly, the amount of intra-specific variation in realized plant-herbivore interactions is also phylogenetically structured. We argue that variability in realized interactions that is not directly structured by plant traits is ecologically relevant and must be considered in the evolution of plant defences.</p>
Intra-specific variation in plant associated herbivore communities is phylogenetically structured in Brassicaceae
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Data from: The birth hour of mammals: insights from intra-specific variation in wild blue monkeys
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Data from: Linking intra-specific trait variation and plant function: seed size mediates performance trade-offs within species
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Data from: Intra-specific variation in tree growth responses to neighborhood composition and seasonal drought in a tropical forest
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Data from: Inter- and intra-specific variation of spider mite susceptibility to fungal infections: implications for the long-term success of biological control
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Spider mites are severe pests of several annual and perennial crops worldwide, often causing important economic damages. As rapid evolution of pesticide resistance in this group hampers the efficiency of chemical control, alternative control strategies, such as the use of entomopathogenic fungi, are being developed. However, while several studies have focused on the evaluation of the control potential of different fungal species and/or isolates as well as their compatibility with other control methods (e.g. predators or chemical pesticides), knowledge on the extent of inter- and intraspecific variation in spider mite susceptibility to fungal infection is as yet incipient. Here, we measured the mortality induced by two generalist fungi, <i>Beauveria </i><i>bassiana </i>and <i>Metarhizium </i><i>brunneum</i>, in 12 spider mite populations belonging to different <i>Tetranychus </i>species: <i>T. evansi</i>, <i>T. ludeni</i>, the green form of <i>T. urticae </i>and the red form of <i>T. urticae</i>, within a full factorial experiment. We found that spider mite species differed in their susceptibility to infection by both fungal species. Moreover, we also found important intraspecific variation for this trait. These results draw caution on the development of single strains as biocontrol agents. Indeed, the high level of intraspecific variation suggests that (a) the one-size-fits-all strategy may fail to control spider-mite populations and (b) hosts resistance to infection may evolve at a rapid pace. Finally, we propose future directions to better understand this system and improve the long-term success of spider mite control strategies based on entomopathogenic fungi.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Radial changes in wood specific gravity of tropical trees: inter- and intra-specific variation during secondary succession
Variation in wood specific gravity (WSG) within and across species of tropical trees is poorly studied in relation to vegetation change during tropical forest succession. We investigated WSG of 91 species in eight long-term plots along a successional chronosequence in northeastern Costa Rica. Radial changes in WSG were described by the rate of change (slope) along the stem radius. Significant radial changes were found in 42 of 74 species, with 37 species exhibiting increases from inner to outer wood, and 5 exhibiting decreases. Radial increases were commonly observed in species with inner WSG below 0.5, whereas radial decreases were observed in species with inner WSG above 0.7. Wood specific gravity weighted by cross-sectional area (wWSG) varied four-fold among species. Species classified as second-growth specialists had lower wWSG, lower inner and outer WSG, and higher slopes than old-growth specialists; successional generalists showed intermediate trait values. Among 18 species sampled in both second- and old-growth forests, 4 species (22%) showed significant variation in wWSG between forest types. Of 33 widely sampled species, seven species (21%) showed a significant effect of stem diameter on wWSG. Second-growth plots had lower stand-level wWSG and more pronounced radial increases than old-growth plots. Individual tree biomass for species with radial increases and low WSG was substantially underestimated when based on unweighted WSG compared to wWSG. Wood specific gravity varied with successional stage at multiple levels: within species, among successional specialist groups, and across plots of varying ages. Radial increases in WSG are common among trees in early and intermediate stages of tropical forest succession. This trait may confer growth advantages early in succession and increased resistance to physical or biotic damage during later successional stages.
FIGURE 2 in Molecular investigation of the intra-specific genetic variation in Plantago ovata Forssk. (Plantaginaceae): An insight into potential ancestral area distribution and probable time of dispersal versus vicariance events
FIGURE 2 Combined RASP and chronological tree of BEAST for P. ovata accessions (The scale numbers are in MY).
FIGURE1 in Molecular investigation of the intra-specific genetic variation in Plantago ovata Forssk. (Plantaginaceae): An insight into potential ancestral area distribution and probable time of dispersal versus vicariance events
FIGURE1 TCS network of the studied P. ovata plants based on ITS sequences showing a higher level of nucleotide replacement within the Asiatic samples (Hatch marks indicate the number of mutations).
Data from: Intra-specific variation in responses to habitat restoration: Could artificial reefs increase spatiotemporal segregation between migratory phenotypes of lake sturgeon?
<p>Habitat restoration is an important tool used to conserve biodiversity and restore species, but its effects are notoriously difficult to predict. Although outcomes of restoration projects are usually assessed using indices of species abundance and diversity, phenotypic differences among individuals within species are likely associated with differing responses to restored habitats. Here, we use lake sturgeon (<span>Acipenser fulvescens</span>) as a case study to illustrate how responses to habitat restoration can differ between phenotypes and potentially lead to unanticipated effects on populations. North America<span>'</span>s St. Clair River supports one of the largest remaining populations of lake sturgeon but has lost much spawning habitat due to its role as a major industrial corridor between the Laurentian Great Lakes Erie and Huron. Two artificial reefs were recently built in the lower and middle segments of the river to increase the available sturgeon spawning habitat. Interestingly, lake sturgeon in the St. Clair River express different migratory phenotypes that may be associated with different likelihoods of colonizing artificial reefs. Acoustic telemetry revealed that artificial reefs were more likely to be used by sturgeon that migrated downstream to overwinter in Lake St. Clair than those that migrated upstream to overwinter in Lake Huron. Furthermore, increasing time spent at the artificial reefs by Lake St. Clair migrants was associated with later arrival to and shorter occupancy of the river<span>'</span>s only natural spawning site, the primary location where the two phenotypes have opportunity to interbreed. Additional research is necessary to determine the ultimate impacts of the artificial reefs on lake sturgeon populations; nevertheless, our study showed phenotype-specific opportunity to colonize restored habitat and a mechanism through which this could lead to changes in gene flow. Our results illustrate the importance of considering intra-specific diversity when planning restoration projects and assessing the effects on populations.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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