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58 results for “intraguild predation”
Preferential cannibalism as a key stabilizing mechanism of intraguild predation systems with trophic polymorphic predators
<p><span>Theory predicts intraguild predation (IGP) to be unstable despite its ubiquity in nature, prompting exploration of stabilizing mechanisms of IGP. One of the many ways IGP manifests is through inducible trophic polymorphisms in the intraguild (IG) predator, where a resource-eating predator morph competes with the intraguild (IG) prey for the shared resource while a top predator morph consumes the IG prey. Cannibalism is common in this type of system due to the top predator morph's specialization on the trophic level below it, which includes the resource-eating predator morph. Here, we explore the consequences of inducible trophic polymorphisms in cannibal predators for IGP stability using an IGP model with and without cannibalism. We employ linear stability analysis and identify regions of coexistence based on the top predator morph's preference for conspecifics vs. heterospecifics and the IG prey's competitive ability relative to the resource-eating morph. Our findings reveal preferential cannibalism (i.e. the preferential consumption of conspecifics) stabilizes the system when the IG prey and resource-eating morph have similar competitive abilities for the shared resource. Though original IGP theory finds the IG prey must be a superior resource competitor as a general criterion for coexistence, this is not typically the case when the predator has an inducible trophic polymorphism and the resource-eating morph is specialized in resource acquisition. Preferential cannibalism may therefore be a key stabilizing mechanism in IGP systems with a cannibalistic, trophic polymorphic IG predators, providing further insight into what general mechanisms stabilize the pervasive IGP interaction.</span></p>
Figure 5 in Reciprocal intraguild predation between Neoseiulus barkeri and Amblyseius swirskii (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae): Does experience affect anti-intraguild predation behaviors?
Figure 5. Survival of ten IG predator larvae of either A. swirskii (above) or N. barkeri (below) in choice experiments with naïve or experienced IG prey females of N. barkeri and A. swirskii, respectively.
Figure 4 in Reciprocal intraguild predation between Neoseiulus barkeri and Amblyseius swirskii (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae): Does experience affect anti-intraguild predation behaviors?
Figure 4. Total oviposition and proportion of eggs laid by experienced or naïve IG prey females N. barkeri (a, b) and A. swirskii (c, d) in risky (black bars) and safe (white bars) patches.
Figure 3 in Reciprocal intraguild predation between Neoseiulus barkeri and Amblyseius swirskii (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae): Does experience affect anti-intraguild predation behaviors?
Figure 3. Effect of experience on patch choice behavior of N. barkeri and A. swirskii IG prey females within choice experiments. Shown are mean fractions (± SE) for residence frequency of either experienced or naïve females in risky patches with IG predator cues and juveniles (black bars) or in safe patches with only spider mites (white bars).
Figure 2 in Reciprocal intraguild predation between Neoseiulus barkeri and Amblyseius swirskii (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae): Does experience affect anti-intraguild predation behaviors?
Figure 2. Comparative survival to adulthood of 20 IG prey eggs of either N. barkeri (black bar, n = 25) or A. swirskii (grey bar, n = 25) on arenas with 5 IG predator females of A. swirskii or N. barkeri, respectively.
Figure 1 in Reciprocal intraguild predation between Neoseiulus barkeri and Amblyseius swirskii (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae): Does experience affect anti-intraguild predation behaviors?
Figure 1. Survival to adulthood (mean number ± SE) of 20 IG prey eggs of either N. barkeri (a) or A. swirskii (b) on arenas with only spider mites (control arenas, white bars) or with spider mites and 5 IG predator females (risky arenas, black and grey bars).
Figure 6 in Reciprocal intraguild predation between Neoseiulus barkeri and Amblyseius swirskii (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae): Does experience affect anti-intraguild predation behaviors?
Figure 6. Comparative survivorship of ten IG predator larvae of either A. swirskii or N. barkeri in choice experiments with experienced or naïve IG prey females of N. barkeri or A. swirskii, respectively.
Figure 3 in Predatory capacity and intraguild interaction between aphidophagous predators in the control of rose bush aphids
Figure 3 Time spent by Hippodamia convergens (Coccinellidae) in each behavioral category evaluated in the presence and absence of prey and another predator (Chrysoperla externa – Chrysopidae), during 60 minutes. Temperature of 25±1°C, relative humidity of 70±10% and 12-hour photophase. Average time (%) followed by the same letters do not differ from each other by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's Test p<0.05.
Figure 2 in Predatory capacity and intraguild interaction between aphidophagous predators in the control of rose bush aphids
Figure 2 Time spent by Chrysoperla externa (Chrysopidae) in each behavioral category evaluated in the presence and absence of prey and another predator (Hippodamia convergens– Coccinellidae),during 60 minutes.Temperature of 25±1°C, relative humidity of 70±10% and 12-hour photophase. Average time (%) followed by the same letters do not differ from each other by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's Test p<0.05
Figure 1 in Predatory capacity and intraguild interaction between aphidophagous predators in the control of rose bush aphids
Figure 1 Survival rate of predators Chrysoperla externa (Chrysopidae) andHippodamia convergens (Coccinellidae) in the presence and absence of Rhodobium posorum and Macrosiphum rosae (Aphididae). Temperature of 25±1°C, relative humidity of 70±10% and 12-hour photophase.
Figures 1–2 in A report of intraguild predation by Orthochirus sp. on Hottentotta tamulus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Maharashtra, India
Figures 1–2: Figure 1. An adult Orthochirus sp. feeding on a juvenile Hottentotta tamulus. Figure 2. Semi-arid grasslands on the fringes of the northern Western Ghats where this behaviour was observed.
Figure 1 in Asymmetric intraguild predation of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on a native Coccinellidae guild
Figure 1 Egg predation response ratio (mean ± se) estimates of 4th instar larvae (L4) and adults showing the predation rates difference between groups with and without an extra food source. Values below one mean that predation rates are higher when an extra food source is absent.
Pattern of seasonal variation in rates of predation between spider families is temporally stable in a food web with widespread intraguild predation
<p>Intraguild predation (IGP) – predation between generalist predators (IGPredator and IGPrey) that potentially compete for a shared prey resource – is a common interaction module in terrestrial food webs. Understanding temporal variation in webs with widespread IGP is relevant to testing food web theory. We investigated temporal constancy in the structure of such a system: the spider-focused food web of the forest floor. Multiplex PCR was used to detect prey DNA in 3,300 adult spiders collected from the floor of a deciduous forest during spring, summer, and fall over four years. Because only spiders were defined as consumers, the web was tripartite, with 11 consumer nodes (spider families) and 22 resource nodes: 11 non-spider arthropod taxa (order- or family-level) and the 11 spider families. Most (99%) spider-spider predation was on spider IGPrey, and ~90% of these interactions were restricted to spider families within the same broadly defined foraging mode (cursorial or web-spinning spiders). Bootstrapped-derived confidence intervals (BCI's) for two indices of web structure, restricted connectance and interaction evenness, overlapped broadly across years and seasons. A third index, % IGPrey (% IGPrey among all prey of spiders), was similar across years (~50%) but varied seasonally, with a summer rate (65%) ~1.8x higher than spring and fall. This seasonal pattern was consistent across years. Our results suggest that extensive spider predation on spider IGPrey that exhibits consistent seasonal variation in frequency, and that occurs primarily within two broadly defined spider-spider interaction pathways, must be incorporated into models of the dynamics of forest-floor food webs. </p>
Pattern of seasonal variation in rates of predation between spider families is temporally stable in a food web with widespread intraguild predation
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Droughts reshape apex predator space use and intraguild overlap
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Preferential cannibalism as a key stabilizing mechanism of intraguild predation systems with trophic polymorphic predators
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Data from: Direct and indirect effect of cannibalism and intraguild predation in the two sibling Harmonia ladybird beetles
<p>In this study, we focused on the direct (i.e. predation) and indirect (i.e. potential threat from coexisting with a larger individual) effects of cannibalism and intraguild predation (IGP) during larval stages of two sibling ladybird beetles. These effects play an important role in the coexistence of the generalist–common Harmonia axyridis and specialist–rare H. yedoensis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Direct predation effect of cannibalism and IGP were asymmetric in the two sibling ladybird beetles; the fourth instar larvae of H. axyridis were better intraguild predators than cannibals, while the reverse was true in the larvae of H. yedoensis. Neither cannibalism nor IGP significantly affected female body weight in either species. Larval H. axyridis surviving exposure to cannibalism or IGP had a reduced number of ovarioles as adults, whereas adult H. yedoensis ovarioles were not affected. For the indirect effects, longer developmental times in males and females and a lower total number of ovarioles in females were detected in H. axyridis. In H. yedoensis, shorter developmental time of males, lighter adult weight and fewer total ovarioles in females were observed. Olfactometer choice experiments clarified that the fourth instar larvae of H. axyridis avoided the first instar conspecific larvae, while those of H. yedoensis were attracted to the odours from H. axyridis and conspecifics. Thus, H. axyridis has an avoidance mechanism only for cannibalism but not for IGP, whereas H. yedoensis does not have any avoidance mechanism. These different behaviours in the direct and indirect effects of cannibalism and IGP observed in the laboratory may play important roles in the coexistence of generalist–common H. axyridis and specialist–rare H. yedoensis in natural conditions, compensating for the large handicap of H. yedoensis at reproductive interference from H. axyridis.</p>
Data from: Fatal attraction? Intraguild facilitation and suppression among predators
Competition and suppression are recognized as dominant forces that structure predator communities. Facilitation via carrion provisioning, however, is a ubiquitous interaction among predators that could offset the strength of suppression. Understanding the relative importance of these positive and negative interactions is necessary to anticipate community-wide responses to apex predator declines and recoveries worldwide. Using state-sponsored wolf (Canis lupus) control in Alaska as a quasi-experiment, we conducted snow track surveys of apex, meso-, and small predators to test for evidence of carnivore cascades (e.g., mesopredator release). We analyzed survey data using an integrative occupancy and structural equation modeling framework to quantify the strengths of hypothesized interaction pathways, and we evaluated fine-scale spatiotemporal responses of non-apex predators to wolf activity clusters identified from radio-collar data. Contrary to the carnivore cascade hypothesis, both meso- and small predator occupancy patterns indicated guild-wide, negative responses of non-apex predators to wolf abundance variations at the landscape scale. At the local scale, however, we observed a near guild-wide, positive response of non-apex predators to localized wolf activity. Local-scale association with apex predators due to scavenging could lead to landscape patterns of mesopredator suppression, suggesting a key link between occupancy patterns and the structure of predator communities at different spatial scales.
Intraguild processes drive space-use patterns in a large-bodied marine predator community
<p>Interspecific interactions, including predator-prey, intraguild predation (IGP), and competition, may drive distribution and habitat use of predator communities. However, elucidating the relative importance of these interactions in shaping predator distributions is challenging, especially in marine communities comprising highly mobile species.</p> <p>We used individual-based models (IBMs) to predict the habitat distributions of apex predators, intraguild (IG) prey, and prey. We then used passive acoustic telemetry to test these predictions in a subtropical marine predator community consisting of eight elasmobranch (i.e., shark and ray) species in Bimini, The Bahamas.</p> <p>IBMs predicted that prey and IG prey will preferentially select habitats based on safety over resources (food), with stronger selection for safe habitat by smaller prey. Elasmobranch space-use patterns matched these predictions. Species with predator-prey and asymmetrical IGP (between apex and small mesopredators) interactions showed the clearest spatial separation, followed by asymmetrical IGP among apex and large mesopredators. Competitors showed greater spatial overlap although with finer-scale differences in microhabitat use.</p> <p>Our study suggests space-use patterns in elasmobranchs are at least partially driven by interspecific interactions, with stronger spatial separation occurring where interactions include predator-prey relationships or IGP.</p>
Trait adaptation enhances species coexistence and reduces bistability in an intraguild predation module
<p><span>Disentangling how species coexist in an intraguild predation (IGP) module is a great step towards understanding biodiversity conservation in complex natural food webs. Trait variation enabling </span><span>individual species</span><span> to adjust</span><span> to ambient conditions may facilitate coexistence. However, it is still unclear how </span><span>co-adaptation of </span><span>all species within the IGP module</span><span>, constrained by complex</span><span> trophic </span><span>interactions</span><span> and </span><span>trade-offs among species-specific traits,</span><span> interactively affects species coexistence and population dynamics.</span> <span>We developed an adaptive IGP model allowing prey and predator species to mutually adjust their </span><span>species-specific</span><span> defensive and offensive strategies to each other. We investigated species persistence, the temporal variation of population dynamics, and the occurrence of bistability in IGP models without and with trait adaptation along a gradient of enrichment</span><span> represented by </span><span>carrying capacity of the basal prey for </span><span>different</span><span> widths</span><span> and speeds of trait adaptation within each species</span><span>. </span><span>Results showed that trait adaptation within multiple species greatly enhanced the coexistence of all three species in the module. A larger width of trait adaptation facilitated species coexistence independent of the speed of trait adaptation at lower enrichment levels, while a sufficiently large and fast trait adaptation promoted species coexistence at higher enrichment levels. Within the oscillating regime, increasing the speed of trait adaptation reduced the temporal variability of biomasses of all species. Finally, species co-adaptation strongly reduced the presence of bistability and promoted the attractor with all three species coexisting.</span> <span>These findings resolve the contradiction between the widespread occurrence of IGP in nature and the theoretical predictions that IGP should only occur under restricted conditions and lead to unstable population dynamics, which broadens the mechanisms presumably underlying the maintenance of IGP modules in nature. Generally, this study </span><span>demonstrates</span> <span>a decisive role of mutual adaptation among complex trophic interactions, </span><span>for enhancing interspecific diversity and </span><span>stabilizing </span><span>food web </span><span>dynamics, arising e.g. from </span><span>intraspecific diversity.</span></p>
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