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10 results for “intrinsic water use efficiency”
Data from: Salicaceae endophyte inoculation alters stomatal patterning and improves the intrinsic water-use efficiency of Populus trichocarpa after a water-deficit
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Pushing the limits of C3 intrinsic water use efficiency in Mediterranean semiarid steppes: responses of a drought-avoider perennial grass to climate aridification
<ol> <li>Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) reflects the trade-off between photosynthetic carbon gain and water loss through stomatal conductance and is key for understanding dryland plant responses to climate change. <em>Stipa tenacissima</em> is a perennial tussock C<sub>3</sub> grass with an opportunistic, drought-avoiding water use strategy that dominates arid and semiarid steppes across the western Mediterranean region. However, its ecophysiological responses to aridification and woody shrub encroachment, a major land-use change in drylands worldwide, are not well understood.</li> <li>We investigated the variations in leaf stable isotopes (δ<sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>13</sup>C, δ<sup>15</sup>N), nutrient concentrations (N, P, K), and culm water content and isotopic composition (δ<sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>2</sup>H) of paired pure-grass and shrub-encroached <em>S. tenacissima</em> steppes along a 350 km aridity gradient in Spain (10 sites, 160 individuals). </li> <li>Culm water isotopes revealed that <em>S. tenacissima</em> is a shallow-rooted grass that depends heavily on recent rainwater for water uptake, which may render it vulnerable to increasingly irregular rainfall combined with faster topsoil drying under climate warming and aridification. With increasing aridity, <em>S. tenacissima</em> enhanced leaf-level WUEi through more stringent stomatal regulation of plant water flux and carbon assimilation (higher δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>18</sup>O), reaching exceptionally high δ<sup>13</sup>C values (-23 to -21‰) at the most arid steppes. Foliar N concentration was remarkably low across sites regardless of woody shrub encroachment, evidencing severe water and N co-limitation of photosynthesis and productivity. Shrub encroachment decreased leaf P and K but did not affect <em>S. tenacissima</em> water status. Perennial grass cover decreased markedly with both declining winter rainfall and shrub encroachment suggesting population- rather than individual-level responses of <em>S. tenacissima</em> to these changes.</li> <li>The fundamental physiological constraints of photosynthetic C<sub>3</sub> metabolism combined with low foliar N content may hamper the ability of <em>S. tenacissima</em> and other drought-avoider species with shallow roots to achieve further adaptive improvements in WUEi under increasing climatic stress. A drought-avoiding water use strategy based on early stomatal closure and photosynthesis suppression during prolonged rainless periods may thus compromise the capacity of <em>S. tenacissima</em> steppes to maintain perennial grass cover, sustain productivity and cope with ongoing climate aridification at the drier parts of their current distribution. </li> </ol>
Lianas and trees exhibit divergent intrinsic water-use efficiency along elevational gradients in South American and African tropical forests
<p>Elevational gradients provide excellent opportunities to explore long-term morphological and physiological responses of plants to environmental change. We determined the difference in the elevational pattern of foliar carbon isotope composition (<i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C) between lianas and trees, and assessed whether this difference arises from changes in photosynthesis or stomatal conductance. We also explored the pattern of nutrient limitations with the elevation of these two growth forms. We conducted inventories of lianas and trees using standardized techniques along elevational gradients in Ecuador and Rwanda. We determined the values of several foliar traits including <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and chemical traits in dominant liana and tree species. We set up Bayesian linear mixed-effect models to quantify the effects of elevation and these two growth forms, and the difference of the effect of elevation between the two growth forms on each of the foliar traits. We found consistent growth form specific divergences in foliar<i> δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) responses to elevation. While we noted a meaningful increase in foliar <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and C:N with elevation for trees, lianas did not exhibit such a trend. Foliar <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C and C:N remained relatively constant for lianas along the transects. The physiological processes at the basis of foliar carbon isotope fractionation shift differently in lianas and trees along elevation. Lianas operate at relatively constant intrinsic water- and nitrogen- use efficiencies with elevation as opposed to trees. Altogether, the study suggests the existence of a functional divergence of water and nutrient use strategies between lianas and trees along tropical elevational transects.</p>
Data from:Quantitative wood anatomical characteristics, basal area increments (BAI) and tree-ring derived intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) for three coniferous tree species in Central Spain
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Pushing the limits of C3 intrinsic water use efficiency in Mediterranean semiarid steppes: responses of a drought-avoider perennial grass to climate aridification
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Lianas and trees exhibit divergent intrinsic water-use efficiency along elevational gradients in South American and African tropical forests
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Data from: Disentangling the effect of competition, CO2 and climate on intrinsic water-use efficiency and tree growth
1. Climate change scenarios forecast rising temperatures for the Mediterranean region, which could enhance vulnerability to drought stress in forest ecosystems. The long-term effects of climate forcing on tree performance can be, however, modulated by other environmental factors, such as competition and rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. 2. We assessed the concomitant effect of competition, climate and CO2 concentrations on the tree-ring δ13C-derived intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and basal area increments (BAI) of species with different drought tolerance: two Mediterranean deciduous species (Quercus faginea Lam. and Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) and one conifer (Pinus sylvestris L.). Additionally, given that competition may be managed to mitigate the effect of increasing drought stress, we further examined the influence of this variable on iWUE and growth using data compiled from the literature, providing the first review on the response of iWUE to competition. 3. Competition had no significant effect on iWUE in any of the three species studied, whereas, as expected, growth rates were significantly higher under low competition levels. This was consistent with the literature review, which showed that shifts in iWUE with competition changes are rare; supporting the hypothesis that leaf-level gas exchange tends to be a homeostatic trait. In the long term, the three species exhibited a significant increasing trend in iWUE due to the combined effect of increased CO2 concentration, climate and age. Growth, however, was mostly affected by competition and climate and in most cases was not enhanced as a result of the increase in iWUE. 4. Synthesis. Regardless of their functional response to drought, trees respond to reduced competition through structural shifts such as increased radial growth rather than leaf-level gas exchange adjustments. CO2 and climate are, therefore, the main drivers of iWUE variability, rather than competition. Thus, if temperature-induced drought becomes limiting, reducing competition for resources may not offset the detrimental effect of increasing drought stress on tree physiology and growth decline may occur without a CO2 fertilization effect.
Data from: Disentangling the effect of competition, CO2 and climate on intrinsic water-use efficiency and tree growth
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Verification of the accuracy of the recent 50 years of tree growth and long-term change in intrinsic water-use efficiency using xylem Δ14C and δ13C in trees in an aseasonal tropical rainforest
<p>Growth analysis based on tree-ring chronology is difficult in trees in aseasonal tropical rain forests, because annual growth rings may be unclear or completely absent. Fortunately, tree growth history recorded in xylem tissue is capable of providing valuable information on the responses of trees and forests to past and present environmental changes, including global warming.</p> <p>We have developed a new technique for aseasonal tropical forest trees which derives their growth rates from xylem Δ<sup>14</sup>C, and verified its accuracy. We also determined, from xylem δ<sup>13</sup>C, the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) in the past 50 years. We analyzed changes in xylem Δ<sup>14</sup>C and δ<sup>13</sup>C in 23 canopy trees of 12 species in 6 families growing in Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia; each stem diameter at breast height (DBH) was recorded 14 times from 1969 to 2011.</p> <p>We found a significant positive relationship between the growth rates determined by <sup>14</sup>C dating and the past DBH data. On the other hand, leaf-internal CO<sub>2</sub> (C<sub>i</sub>) content did not change with increasing atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> (C<sub>a</sub>). Thus, the iWUE increased significantly over the last 50 years in all the families and species tested.</p> <p>This study showed that the simultaneous measurements of xylem Δ<sup>14</sup>C and δ<sup>13</sup>C could reveal a long-term change in tree growth and iWUE during the past 50 years with high accuracy in various species and/or individuals in aseasonal tropical rainforests exhibiting high species diversity.</p>
Verification of the accuracy of the recent 50 years of tree growth and long-term change in intrinsic water-use efficiency using xylem Δ14C and δ13C in trees in an aseasonal tropical rainforest
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