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Figure 4 in Clonal mechanisms that matter in Agave fourcroydes and A. sisalana invasions in drylands: implications for their management

Figure 4. Mean and standard deviation of rooting rates of Agave fourcroydes and A. sisalana bulbils under experimental plots (greenhouse and natural conditions). Different letters indicate statistical differences (p-values <0.001) between planting conditions for Fisher's exact tests. The lower case letters correspond to the comparisons in the experiment under natural conditions, and the upper case letters refer to those in the greenhouse experiment.

Figure 3 in Clonal mechanisms that matter in Agave fourcroydes and A. sisalana invasions in drylands: implications for their management

Figure 3. Box-and-whisker plots for total aerial bulbil and basal shoot production per reproductive individual registered in Agave fourcroydes and A. sisalana. Box represents median and 25th and 75th percentile levels, crosses are the means, and whiskers are the ranges. N = 30 for each species. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests showed no significant differences between species (U = 403.5 and 449.0, and p-values = 0.492 and 0.986 for bulbil and basal shoot production, respectively). U = U statistic.

Figure 2 in Clonal mechanisms that matter in Agave fourcroydes and A. sisalana invasions in drylands: implications for their management

Figure 2. Flowering, aerial bulbil, and shoot from rhizomes phenology of Agave fourcroydes (AF) and A. sisalana (AS) in the study zone. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed no statistical differences between species in any variable. Mean % floral buds: W = 29.0, p-value = 0.141; Mean % flowers: W = 2.0, p-value = 0.789; Mean % bulbils: W = 49.0, p-value = 0.834; Mean % fallen bulbils: W = 13.0, p-value = 0.083; Mean % new shoots from rhizomes: W = 16.0, p-value = 0.834. W = Wilcoxon statistic.

Figure 1 in Clonal mechanisms that matter in Agave fourcroydes and A. sisalana invasions in drylands: implications for their management

Figure 1. Diagram of a rosette of Agave fourcroydes or A. sisalana showing their clonal ramet types. BS: basal shoots, born directly from the rosette; RS: shoots from rhizomes, and aerial bulbils from floral scapes.

Figure 7 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 7. Heat map showing probability of assignment for 77 individuals sampled from Lake Roosevelt to each population sampled in this study. Potential source populations within the Clark Fork River basin, Coeur d'Alene River basin and recently invaded areas are listed in an upstream to downstream order. While many individuals show an elevated assignment probability to Medicine-Cave Lakes (Coeur d'Alene River basin), 71 of the 77 fish had the highest probability of assignment to populations in the recently invaded waterbodies.

Figure 5 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 5. Heat map showing probability of assignment for 145 individuals sampled from recently invaded areas to potential source populations in the Clark Fork and Coeur d'Alene River basins. Recently invaded areas (y-axis) are listed in upstream (top) to downstream (bottom) order. Source populations within each basin (x-axis) are listed in an upstream (left) to downstream (right) order.

Figure 2 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 2. Sampling locations for northern pike in this study. Grey triangles represent hydroelectric dams that prevent upstream movement of fish. Yellow dots represent northern pike sampling locations.

Figure 4 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 4. Plot of principle coordinates analysis on northern pike genotype data from populations in the Clark Fork River basin (pink dots), Coeur d'Alene-Spokane River basin (yellow dots) and recently invaded areas in eastern Washington (green dots). The percent of variation explained by coordinates 1 and 2 are shown in axes labels.

Figure 6 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 6. STRUCUTRE plot showing population groupings of northern pike captured in recently invaded waterbodies of eastern Washington based on K = 2 populations. Waterbodies are listed in an upstream to downstream order. Nearly all fish captured upstream of Lake Roosevelt belong to one group (red bars). Most individuals captured in Lake Roosevelt belong to a second group (pale green bars), but individuals belonging to the red group are also present in Lake Roosevelt.

Figure 1 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 1. Study area map showing (a) the Columbia River basin and major rivers drainages in this study and (b) waterbodies with populations of northern pike sampled in this study. In (b), black triangles represent hydroelectric dams that prevent upstream movement of fish. Waterbodies in red are primarily located in eastern Washington, USA, and represent the most recently invaded areas.

Figure 3 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 3. Invasion scenarios of northern pike in the Columbia River basin compared using microsatellite data in DIYABC. In all scenarios, the Pend Oreille River was the source of fish in Lake Roosevelt. In Scenario 1 (a), Medicine-Cave Lakes share a common ancestor with Lake Pend Oreille, and Medicine-Cave Lakes were the source of fish to the Pend Oreille River. In Scenario 2 (b), Medicine-Cave Lakes share a common ancestor with Lake Pend Oreille, but Lake Pend Oreille was the source of fish to the Pend Oreille River. In Scenario 3 (c); Medicine-Cave Lakes share a common ancestor and admixture of the two was the source of fish in the Pend Oreille River. In Scenario 4 (d), Lake Pend Oreille shares a common ancestor with an unsampled population. The unsampled population was the source of fish to both Medicine-Cave and the Pend Oreille River. Timelines on the left side of each scenario mark the point of coalescent events; all samples were collected at t0.

Figure 11 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas

Figure 11. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Cymatosaurus sp. A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.

Figure 4 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas

Figure 4. Analysis of the jaw mechanics in Placodus on the basis of the model derived by Druzinsky & Greaves (1979). For further discussion see text. Abbreviations: A, B, location of the mandibular joints; E, location of the apex of the coronoid process; bp, bite point in the centre of the posterior dentary tooth plate; F1, f1, resultant vertical muscle force (F1, acting perpendicular to the plane of the drawing) and fulcrum (f1); F2, f2, adductive component of the resultant muscle force generated by posterodorsally inclined muscles (F2, acting perpendicular to the plane of the drawing), and fulcrum (f2)

Figure 3 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas

Figure 3. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Placodus gigas. A–D, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus.

Figure 12 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas

Figure 12. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Pistosaurus longaevus. A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.

Figure 2 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas

Figure 2. Schematic representation of the trigeminal jaw adductor musculature in extant reptiles (Iguana). A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. D, Schematic representation of a horizontal section through the left jaw adductor musculature compelx at the level of the exit of the trigeminal nerve from the braincase. Abbreviations: ame, m. adductor mandibulae externus; amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames, m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; ami, m. adductor mandibulae internus; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; cid, constrictor internus dorsralis group; lbw, lateral braincase wall; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; qap, quadrate aponeurosis; uta, upper temporal arch; V1, profundus branch of trigeminal nerve; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.

Figure 9 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas

Figure 9. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Nothosaurus mirabilis. A–D, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.

Figure 10 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas

Figure 10. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Corosauruus alcovensis (skull reconstruction after Storrs, 1991 fig. 8). Superficial view of jaw addductor musculature. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis.

Figure 1 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas

Figure 1. The phylogenetic relationships of Triassic stem-group Sauropterygia (see text, and Rieppel, 2000a for further discussion).

Figure 8 in Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas

Figure 8. Hypothetical reconstruction of the jaw adductor musculature in Simosaurus gaillardoti. A–C, Successively deeper layers of dissection. Abbreviations: amem, m. adductor mandibulae externus medialis; amep, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; ames-1b, 1b-portion of m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; amp, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; bo.ap, bodenaponeurosis; dm, depressor mandibulae; m.ps, m. pseudotemporalis; m.pt, m. pterygoideus; V2, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve.