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163 results for “island biogeography”
Data from: The comparative biogeography of Philippine geckos challenges predictions from a paradigm of climate-driven vicariant diversification across an island archipelago
A primary goal of biogeography is to understand how large-scale environmental processes, like climate change, affect diversification. One often-invoked but seldom tested process is the so-called ''species-pump'' model, in which repeated bouts of co-speciation is driven by oscillating climate-induced habitat connectivity cycles. For example, over the past three million years, the landscape of the Philippine Islands has repeatedly coalesced and fragmented due to sea-level changes associated with the glacial cycles. This repeated climate-driven vicariance has been proposed as a model of speciation across evolutionary lineages codistributed throughout the islands. This model predicts speciation times that are temporally clustered around the times when interglacial rises in sea level fragmented the islands. Given the significance and conceptual impact the model has shown, surprisingly few tests of this prediction have been provided. We collected comparative genomic data from 16 pairs of insular gecko populations to test the prediction of temporally clustered divergences. Specifically, we analyze these data in a full-likelihood, Bayesian model-choice framework to test for shared divergence times among the pairs. Our results provide support against the species-pump model prediction in favor of an alternative interpretation, namely that each pair of gecko populations diverged independently. These results suggest the repeated bouts of climate-driven landscape fragmentation has not been an important mechanism of speciation for gekkonid lizards on the Philippine Islands. Interpretations of shared mechanisms of diversification historically have been pervasive in biogeography, often advanced on the basis of taxonomy-based depictions of species distributions. Our results call for possible re-evaluation of other, classic co-diversification studies in a variety of geographic systems.
Figure 2 in A new species of freshwater crab (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Dongyin Island, Matsu, Taiwan, defined by morphological and molecular characters, with notes on its biogeography
Figure 2. Nanhaipotamon dongyinense sp. nov.: (A–F) holotype male (31.3×25.8 mm) (NMNS 4557-001); (G, H) allotype female (26.5×22.2 mm) (NMNS 4557-002). (A) Third maxilliped; (B) male abdomen; (C) left G1, in situ; (D) left G1; (E) left G1, distal segment; (F) left G2; (G) female abdomen; (H) female gonopore.
Figure 3 in A new species of freshwater crab (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Dongyin Island, Matsu, Taiwan, defined by morphological and molecular characters, with notes on its biogeography
Figure 3. (A–C) Dorsal, frontal and ventral views of the fresh-preserved male paratype (CW 36.28 mm) (NMNS 4557-003) of Nanhaipotamon dongyinense sp. nov., Dongyin Island, Matsu, Taiwan; (D) live coloration of the female paratype (CW 29.66 mm) (NMNS 4557-008); (E) habitat; (F) a chimney around the entrance of burrow.
Figure 1 in A new species of freshwater crab (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Dongyin Island, Matsu, Taiwan, defined by morphological and molecular characters, with notes on its biogeography
Figure 1. Collection sites for Nanhaipotamon species used in this study. For locality names see Table I.
Fig. 18 in Ptilophorus purcharti sp. nov., the first ripiphorid from Socotra Island, with an account of the biogeography of the Ptilophorini (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)
Fig. 18. Ptilophorini distributional map. Northern Group - full line, Southern Group - interrupted line, numbers indicate number of known species in the particular range, arrows correspond to supposed expansion events.
Figs. 13–16 in Ptilophorus purcharti sp. nov., the first ripiphorid from Socotra Island, with an account of the biogeography of the Ptilophorini (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)
Figs. 13–16. Setation of antennal rami, Northern Group. 13 – Ptilophorus purcharti sp. nov., 14 – Ptilophorus fischeri (Ménétriés, 1848), 15 – Ptilophorus fallax Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1973, 16 – Toposcopus wrightii LeConte, 1868. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Figs. 10–12 in Ptilophorus purcharti sp. nov., the first ripiphorid from Socotra Island, with an account of the biogeography of the Ptilophorini (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)
Figs. 10–12. Setation of antennal rami, Southern Group, subgroup II. 10 – Ptilophorus sp. 3, Kenya, 11 – Ptilophorus sp. 4, Mozambique, 12 – Ptilophorus sp. 6, Zimbabwe. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Figs. 6–9 in Ptilophorus purcharti sp. nov., the first ripiphorid from Socotra Island, with an account of the biogeography of the Ptilophorini (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)
Figs. 6–9. Setation of antennal rami, Southern Group, subgroup I. 6 – Ptilophorus sp. 1, Australia, 7 – Ptilophorus sp. 2, Botswana, 8 – Ptilophorus sp. 5, Zambia, 9 – Ptilophorus dufourii (Latreille, 1818). Scale bars: 100 μm.
Figs. 1–5 in Ptilophorus purcharti sp. nov., the first ripiphorid from Socotra Island, with an account of the biogeography of the Ptilophorini (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)
Figs. 1–5. Holotype of Ptilophorus purcharti sp. nov. 1 – habitus, dorsal view; 2 – pretarsal claws; 3 – detail of the antennal club; 4 – detail of the head; 5 – internal abdominal segments dorsally: apical part of tergite 8 with erect setae and apical part of aedeagus (medial lobe with parameres); basal part of aedeagus and abdominal segment 9 are not figured.
Fig. 6 in Phylogeography of three endemic birds of Maratua Island, a potential archive of Bornean biogeography
Fig. 6. Borneo map showing possible Pleistocene rainforest refuges (yellow and orange) and the modern distribution of Copsychus stricklandii (orange).
Fig. 5 in Phylogeography of three endemic birds of Maratua Island, a potential archive of Bornean biogeography
Fig. 5. ND2 phylogeographic tree and haplotype network of Blacknaped Monarch (Hypothymis azurea) populations. A, Maximum likelihood bootstrap tree. Numbers by branches are bootstrap support (70% and above). B, Haplotype network. Circle size indicates proportion of individuals with a given haplotype, and cross hatches indicate nucleotide changes (larger numbers of changes are noted in square boxes).
Fig. 2 in Phylogeography of three endemic birds of Maratua Island, a potential archive of Bornean biogeography
Fig. 2. Distribution (dark areas) of the three species or species groups whose Maratua populations were examined in this study (Collar, 2005; Fishpool & Tobias, 2005; Coates et al., 2006). In (B), the distribution of Copsychus stricklandii stricklandii in northeast Borneo is indicated in black.
Fig. 3 in Phylogeography of three endemic birds of Maratua Island, a potential archive of Bornean biogeography
Fig. 3. ND2 phylogeographic tree and haplotype network of populations of White-rumped Shama, Copsychus malabaricus (top figure), and White-crowned Shama, C. stricklandii (bottom two figures). A, Maximum likelihood bootstrap tree. Numbers by branches are bootstrap support (70% and above). Labels are specimen numbers; B, Haplotype network. Circle size indicates proportion of individuals with a given haplotype, and cross hatches indicate nucleotide changes (larger numbers of changes are noted in square boxes).
Fig. 1 in Phylogeography of three endemic birds of Maratua Island, a potential archive of Bornean biogeography
Fig. 1. Location of Maratua Island off the east coast of Borneo (inset). Bathymetric contours are, from shallowest to deepest, -40 m, -120 m, and -200 m. Water depth data are from GEBCO One Minute Grid—a global one arc-minute grid; data updated in 2008 (http:// www.gebco.net/data_and_products/gridded_bathymetry_data/). Inset from www.maps-for-free.com.
Data for: Can we ignore trait-dependent colonization and diversification in island biogeography?
<p>The application of state-dependent speciation and extinction (SSE) models to phylogenetic trees has shown an important role for traits in diversification. However, this role remains comparatively unexplored on islands, which can include multiple independent clades resulting from different colonization events. To explore whether assuming no dependence on traits leads to bias in inference on island dynamics, we extend an island biodiversity model, DAISIE (Dynamic Assembly of Islands through Speciation, Immigration and Extinction) to include trait-dependent diversification simulations, and evaluate the robustness of the inference model which ignores this trait-dependence. Our results indicate that when the differences between colonization, extinction and speciation rates between trait states are moderate, the model shows negligible error for a variety of island diversity metrics, suggesting that island diversity dynamics can be accurately estimated without the need to explicitly model trait dependence. We conclude that for many biologically realistic scenarios with trait-dependent diversification and colonization, this simple trait-less inference model is informative and robust to trait effects on colonization, speciation and extinction. Nonetheless, our new simulation model may provide a useful tool for studying patterns of trait variation.</p>
What Darwin couldn't see: Island formation and historical sea levels shape genetic divergence and island biogeography in a coastal marine species
<p>Oceanic islands play a central role in the study of evolution and island biogeography. The Galapagos Islands are one of the most studied oceanic archipelagos but research has almost exclusively focused on terrestrial organisms compared to marine species. Here we used the Galapagos bullhead shark (<em>Heterodontus quoyi</em>) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to examine evolutionary processes and their consequences for genetic divergence and island biogeography in a shallow-water marine species without larval dispersal. The sequential separation of individual islands from a central island cluster gradually established different ocean depths between islands that pose barriers to dispersal in <em>H. quoyi</em>. Isolation-by-resistance analysis suggested that ocean bathymetry and historical sea level fluctuations modified genetic connectivity. These processes resulted in at least three genetic clusters that exhibit low genetic diversity and effective population sizes that scale with island size and the level of geographic isolation. Our results exemplify that island formation and climatic cycles shape genetic divergence and biogeography of coastal marine organisms with limited dispersal comparable to terrestrial taxa. Because similar scenarios exist in oceanic islands around the globe our research provides a new perspective on marine evolution and biogeography with implications for the conservation of island biodiversity.</p>
What Darwin couldn't see: Island formation and historical sea levels shape genetic divergence and island biogeography in a coastal marine species
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Data for: Can we ignore trait-dependent colonization and diversification in island biogeography?
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Data from: The comparative biogeography of Philippine geckos challenges predictions from a paradigm of climate-driven vicariant diversification across an island archipelago
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Data from: Climate change, extinction, and Sky Island biogeography in a montane lizard
Around the world, many species are confined to "Sky Islands," with different populations in isolated patches of montane habitat. How does this pattern arise? One scenario is that montane species were widespread in lowlands when climates were cooler, and were isolated by local extinction caused by warming conditions. This scenario implies that many montane species may be highly susceptible to anthropogenic warming. Here, we test this scenario in a montane lizard (Sceloporus jarrovii) from the Madrean Sky Islands of southeastern Arizona. We combined data from field surveys, climate, population genomics, and physiology. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that this species' current distribution is explained by local extinction caused by past climate change. However, our results for this species differ from simple expectations in several ways: (1) their absence at lower elevations is related to warm winter temperatures, not hot summer temperatures; (2) they appear to exclude a low-elevation congener from higher elevations, not the converse; (3) they are apparently absent from many climatically suitable but low mountain ranges, seemingly "pushed off the top" by climates even warmer than those today; (4) despite the potential for dispersal among ranges during recent glacial periods (~18,000 years ago), populations in different ranges diverged ~4.5–0.5 million years ago and remained largely distinct; and (5) body temperatures are inversely related to climatic temperatures among sites. These results may have implications for many other Sky Island systems. More broadly, we suggest that Sky Island species may be relevant for predicting responses to future warming.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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