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139 results for “island radiation”
Reconciling supertramps, great speciators and relict species with the taxon cycle stages of a large island radiation (Aves: Campephagidae)
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: The taxon cycle concept provides a geographically explicit and testable set of hypotheses for exploring the evolutionary processes underlying the distribution of species in space and time. Here, we test taxon cycle predictions within a large avian island radiation, the core Campephagidae and explicitly integrate the concepts of 'supertramps', 'great speciators' and relictualization.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: The Indo-Pacific, Australia, Asia and Africa.</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong>: Corvoid passerine birds.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We constructed a new time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of the core Campephagidae (cuckoo-shrikes, cicadabirds and trillers) using Bayesian phylogenetic methods. Ancestral range estimation methods and diversification rate analyses were used to explore the dispersal and diversification history of the group. We used an extensive dataset on wing morphology and range distributions to test for correlations between evolutionary age of species and dispersal capacity, diversification and distribution, while accounting for phylogenetic non-independence.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The core Campephagidae represents an ecologically homogeneous radiation distributed across the Indo-Pacific, Australia, South-East Asia and Africa. Its members represent a continuum of dispersal abilities; some species are widespread and undifferentiated ('supertramps') or show strong differentiation of local populations ('great speciators'), and a few are endemic to single islands (relicts). We show that older species relative to younger species inhabit fewer and larger islands at higher elevations. The level of intraspecific variation measured as the number of subspecies also decreases with species age, and is highest in 'great speciators' with intermediate levels of dispersal abilities (as per hand-wing index).</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Based on trait correlations with species age, we infer phases of range expansion and contraction over millions of years (taxon cycles), within a single monophyletic group of birds. These observations demonstrate reconciliation of the concepts of 'supertramps', 'great speciators' and relictual paleo-endemics within the temporal stages of the taxon cycle.</p>
Ecological specialization, rather than the island effect, explains morphological diversification in an ancient radiation of geckos
Island colonists are often assumed to experience higher levels of phenotypic diversification than continental taxa. However, empirical evidence has uncovered exceptions to this 'island effect'. Here, we tested this pattern using the geckos of the genus Pristurus from continental Arabia and Africa and the Socotra Archipelago. Using a recently published phylogeny and an extensive morphological dataset, we explore the differences in phenotypic evolution between Socotran and continental taxa. Moreover, we reconstructed ancestral habitat occupancy to examine if ecological specialization is correlated with morphological change, comparing phenotypic disparity and trait evolution between habitats. We found a heterogeneous outcome of island colonization. Namely, only one of the three colonization events resulted in a body size increase. However, in general, Socotran species do not present higher levels or rates of morphological diversification than continental groups. Instead, habitat specialization explains better the body size and shape evolution in Pristurus . Particularly, the colonization of ground habitats appears as the main driver of morphological change, producing the highest disparity and evolutionary rates. Additionally, arboreal species show very similar body size and head proportions. These results reveal a determinant role of ecological mechanisms in morphological evolution and corroborate the complexity of ecomorphological dynamics in continent–island systems.
FIG. 39 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 39. Map of Sulawesi showing localities sampled for shrews. Colored areas enclose localities with known records of members of the Ordinary Group. To maintain clarity of presentation, the widespread Crocidura nigripes is not included.
FIG. 32 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 32. Bivariate plots showing the results of principal components analyses of the two Thick-Tailed Group species using A, five external and B, 12 cranial measurements. Loadings and variance explained are given in tables 10 and 11, respectively.
FIG. 20 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 20. Map of Sulawesi showing localities sampled for shrews. Colored areas enclose localities with known records of members of the Rhoditis Group of Sulawesi Crocidura.
FIG. 10 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 10. Box plots of relative skull measures showing braincase breadth (BB), interorbital width (IOW), and rostral length (RL) divided by condyloincisive length (CIL) and BB divided by IOW for all species of Sulawesi shrew. Plots show the median, 1st and 3rd quartiles, the maximum value within 1.5 × interquartile range (distance between 1st and 3rd quartiles; IQR), the minimum value within 1.5 × IQR, and outliers (black circles). Sample sizes are shown along the x-axis. Species are ordered according to the species groups used in the text (Thick = Thick-Tailed Group).
FIG. 25 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 25. Map of Sulawesi showing localities sampled for shrews. Colored areas enclose localities with known records of members of the Small-Bodied Group of Sulawesi Crocidura.
FIG. 16 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 16. Map of Sulawesi showing localities sampled for shrews. Colored areas enclose localities with known records of members of the Elongata Subgroup. Although we excluded Pinedapa from the estimated geographic ranges, we suspect the two USNM specimens referred to Crocidura elongata by Miller and Hollister (1921) from this site represent C. microelongata.
FIG. 8. Estimated phylogenetic relationships from a in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 8. Estimated phylogenetic relationships from a maximum likelihood analysis of 983 concatenated ultraconserved elements. Samples from Sulawesi are labeled with the species name, locality, and catalog number. Asterisks indicate type specimens from Miller and Hollister (1921). Ultrafast bootstrap values <95 are shown.
FIG. 7 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 7. Estimated species tree from analysis of 3940 ultraconserved element loci in ASTRAL. Samples from Sulawesi are labeled with the species name, locality, and catalog number. Asterisks indicate type specimens from Miller and Hollister (1921). Local posterior probabilities <0.95 are shown. Tip branch lengths are arbitrary.
FIG. 4 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 4. Maximum-likelihood estimate of the gene tree of Sulawesi Crocidura derived from an alignment of 851 individuals and 1111 characters from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. Bootstrap support is shown along branches. Clades corresponding to species are collapsed for ease of presentation. Tips are labeled with the species name, the number of tips (T), and number of localities (L), as labeled in figure 1, and the maximum intraspecific (MI) Jukes-Cantor distance calculated from a reduced alignment. Two species are paraphyletic and their respective, within-clade MI values are shown separately. For species described by Miller and Hollister (1921), the holotype or paratypes are included for C. elongata, C. lea, and C. rhoditis. Branch lengths between C. nigripes and other taxa are shortened for presentation. See supplementary data S2 for the full tree.
FIG. 43 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 43. Bivariate plots showing the first two axes from principal components analyses of A, five external and B, 12 cranial measurements from Crocidura solita and C. ordinaria, two members of the Ordinary Group. Loadings and variance explained are given in tables 17 and 18, respectively.
FIG. 42 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 42. Box plots showing subtle differences in cranial measurements between Crocidura solita and C. ordinaria, two members of the Ordinary Group. Plots show the median, 1st and 3rd quartiles, the maximum value within 1.5 × interquartile range (distance between 1st and 3rd quartiles; IQR), the minimum value within 1.5 × IQR, and outliers (black circles). Sample sizes are shown along the x-axis. All measurements in mm.
FIG. 37 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 37. Images showing dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and lateral and occlusal views of the dentary of two darkly pigmented members of the Ordinary Group: A, Crocidura musseri, FMNH 213255; and B, C. nigripes, FMNH 210611.
FIG. 36 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 36. Images showing the ventral surface of the right hind foot and dorsal surface of the tail base (approximately 1 cm from rump) and tail tip from two darkly pigmented members of the Ordinary Group: A, Crocidura musseri, FMNH 213267; and B, C. nigripes, LSUMZ 37018. Scale bars apply to all images in panel A and to foot (upper) and tail (lower) in panel B.
FIG. 29 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 29. Images showing the ventral surface of the left hind foot and dorsal surfaces of the tail base (approximately 1 cm from rump) and tail tip from the three members of the Small-Bodied Group that are not from the northern peninsula: A, Crocidura levicula, FMNH 213271; B, C. mediocris, FMNH 210566; and C, C. parva, MVZ 237583. Where two scale bars are present within a panel, the upper applies to the foot and the lower to the tail.
FIG. 31 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 31. Images showing dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and lateral and occlusal views of the dentary of the three members of the Small- Bodied Group that are not from the northern peninsula: A, Crocidura levicula, FMNH 213362; B, C. mediocris, FMNH 210603; and C, C. parva, MVZ 237577.
FIG. 27 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 27. Images showing the ventral surface of the hind foot and dorsal surfaces of the tail base (approximately 1 cm from rump) and tail tip from the three members of the Small-Bodied Group that are from the northern peninsula: A, Crocidura baletei, LSUMZ 36959 (right hind foot); B, C. lea, LSUMZ 38254 (left hind foot); and C, C. tenebrosa, LSUMZ 39268 (right hind foot). Scale bars represent 5 mm. Within each panel, the upper bar applies to the foot and the lower bar corresponds to both tail images.
FIG. 26. Bivariate plots showing A in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 26. Bivariate plots showing A, variation in the condyloincisive length and braincase breadth and B, the first two axes from a principal components analysis of 12 cranial measurements among all members of the Small-Bodied Group. Loadings and variance explained are given in table 9.
FIG. 22 in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation
FIG. 22. Images showing dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and lateral and occlusal views of the dentary from two members of the Rhoditis Group: A, Crocidura rhoditis, LSUMZ 39050 and B, C. pseudorhoditis, LSUMZ 39310.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.