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10 results for “iteroparity”
Incorporating effects of age on energy dynamics predicts non-linear maternal allocation patterns in iteroparous animals
<p>Iteroparous parents face a trade-off between allocating current resources to reproduction versus maximizing survival to produce further offspring. Optimal allocation varies across age, and follows a hump-shaped pattern across diverse taxa, including mammals, birds and invertebrates. This non-linear allocation pattern lacks a general theoretical explanation, potentially because most studies focus on offspring number rather than quality and do not incorporate uncertainty or age-dependence in energy intake or costs. Here, we develop a life history model of maternal allocation in iteroparous animals. We identify the optimal allocation strategy in response to stochasticity when energetic costs, feeding success, energy intake, and environmentally-driven mortality risk are age-dependent. As a case study, we use tsetse, a viviparous insect that produces one offspring per reproductive attempt and relies on an uncertain food supply of vertebrate blood. Diverse scenarios generate a hump-shaped allocation: when energetic costs and energy intake increase with age; and also when energy intake decreases, and energetic costs increase or decrease. Feeding success and mortality risk have little influence on age-dependence in allocation. We conclude that ubiquitous evidence for age-dependence in these influential traits can explain the prevalence of non-linear maternal allocation across diverse taxonomic groups.</p>
Incorporating effects of age on energy dynamics predicts non-linear maternal allocation patterns in iteroparous animals
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Data from: Interannual variation in effective number of breeders and estimation of effective population size in long-lived iteroparous lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)
Quantifying interannual variation in effective adult breeding number (Nb) and relationships between Nb, effective population size (Ne), adult census size (N) and population demographic characteristics are important to predict genetic changes in populations of conservation concern. Such relationships are rarely available for long-lived iteroparous species like lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). We estimated annual Nb and generational Ne using genotypes from 12 microsatellite loci for lake sturgeon adults (n = 796) captured during ten spawning seasons and offspring (n = 3925) collected during larval dispersal in a closed population over 8 years. Inbreeding and variance Nb estimated using mean and variance in individual reproductive success derived from genetically identified parentage and using linkage disequilibrium (LD) were similar within and among years (interannual range of Nb across estimators: 41–205). Variance in reproductive success and unequal sex ratios reduced Nb relative to N on average 36.8% and 16.3%, respectively. Interannual variation in Nb/N ratios (0.27–0.86) resulted from stable N and low standardized variance in reproductive success due to high proportions of adults breeding and the species' polygamous mating system, despite a 40-fold difference in annual larval production across years (437–16 417). Results indicated environmental conditions and features of the species' reproductive ecology interact to affect demographic parameters and Nb/N. Estimates of Ne based on three single-sample estimators, including LD, approximate Bayesian computation and sibship assignment, were similar to annual estimates of Nb. Findings have important implications concerning applications of genetic monitoring in conservation planning for lake sturgeon and other species with similar life histories and mating systems.
Data from: The continuum between semelparity and iteroparity: plastic expression of parity in response to season length manipulation in Lobelia inflata.
Background: Semelparity and iteroparity are considered to be distinct and alternative life-history strategies, where semelparity is characterized by a single, fatal reproductive episode, and iteroparity by repeated reproduction throughout life. However, semelparous organisms do not reproduce instantaneously; typically reproduction occurs over an extended time period. If variation in reproductive allocation exists within such a prolonged reproductive episode, semelparity may be considered iteroparity over a shorter time scale.This continuity hypothesis predicts that "semelparous" organisms with relatively low probability of survival after age at first reproduction will exhibit more extreme semelparity than those with high probability of adult survival. This contrasts with the conception of semelparity as a distinct reproductive strategy expressing a discrete, single, bout of reproduction, where reproductive phenotype is expected to be relatively invariant. Here, we manipulate expected season length—and thus expected adult survival—to ask whether Lobelia inflata, a classic "semelparous" plant, exhibits plasticity along a semelparous-iteroparous continuum. Results: Groups of replicated genotypes were manipulated to initiate reproduction at different points in the growing season in each of three years. In lab and field populations alike, the norm of reaction in parity across a season was as predicted by the continuity hypothesis: as individuals bolted later, they showed shorter time to, and smaller size at first reproduction, and multiplied their reproductive organs through branching, thus producing offspring more simultaneously. Conclusions: This work demonstrates that reproductive effort occurs along a semelparous-iteroparous continuum within a "semelparous" organism, and that variation in parity occurs within populations as a result of phenotypic plasticity.
Data from: The continuum between semelparity and iteroparity: plastic expression of parity in response to season length manipulation in Lobelia inflata.
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Data from: Interannual variation in effective number of breeders and estimation of effective population size in long-lived iteroparous lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)
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Data from: Co-inheritance of sea age at maturity and iteroparity in the Atlantic salmon vgll3 genomic region
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Data from: Retention of ancestral genetic variation across life-stages of an endangered, long-lived iteroparous fish
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Data from: Effective number of breeders, effective population size and their relationship with census size in an iteroparous species, Salvelinus fontinalis
Effective number of breeders, Nb, effective population size, Ne, iteroparity, small population size, brook trout, age at maturation Abstract: The relationship between the effective number of breeders (Nb) and the generational effective size (Ne) has rarely been examined empirically in species with overlapping generations and iteroparity. Based on a suite of 11 microsatellite markers we examine the relationship between Nb, Ne, and census population size (Nc) in 14 brook trout (Salvelinus fontanels) populations inhabiting 12 small streams in Nova Scotia and sampled at least twice between 2009 and 2015. Unbiased estimates of Nb obtained with individuals of a single cohort, adjusted on the basis of age at first maturation (α) and adult life span (AL) were from 1.66 to 0.24 times the average estimates of Ne obtained with random samples of individuals of mixed ages [i.e., N ̂(b(adj2))/〖mean(N ̂ (e(mixed ages)))]. In turn, these differences led to adjusted Ne estimates that were from nearly 5 to 0.7 times the estimates derived from mixed aged individuals. These differences translate into the same range of variation in the ratio of effective to census population size (N ̂_(e(adj2))N ̂_c) within populations. Adopting N ̂(e(adj2)) as the more precise and unbiased estimates, we found that these brook trout populations differ markedly in their effective to census population sizes (range ~0.3 to ~0.001). Using AgeNe we then show that the variance in reproductive success or reproductive skew varied among populations by a factor of 40 from a Vk/k≈5 to 200. These results suggest wide differences in population dynamics likely resulting from differences in productivity affecting the intensity of competition for access to mates or redds and thus, reproductive skew. Understanding the relationship between Ne, Nb and Nc and how these relate to population dynamics and fluctuations in population size are important for the design of robust conservation strategies in small populations with overlapping generations and iteroparity.
Data from: Effective number of breeders, effective population size and their relationship with census size in an iteroparous species, Salvelinus fontinalis
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