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15 results for “kairomone”
Interpreting the smells of predation: How alarm cues and kairomones induce different prey defenses.
1. For phenotypically plastic organisms to produce phenotypes that are well matched to their environment, they must acquire information about their environment. For inducible defences, cues from damaged prey and cues from predators both have the potential to provide important information, yet we know little about the relative importance of these separate sources of information for behavioural and morphological defences. We also do not know the point during a predation event at which kairomones are produced, i.e. whether they are produced constitutively, during prey attack or during prey digestion. 2. We exposed leopard frog tadpoles (Rana pipiens) to nine predator cue treatments involving several combinations of cues from damaged conspecifics or heterospecifics, starved predators, predators only chewing prey, predators only digesting prey or predators chewing and digesting prey. 3. We quantified two behavioural defences. Tadpole hiding behaviour was induced only by cues from crushed tadpoles. Reduced tadpole activity was induced only by cues from predators digesting tadpoles or predators chewing + digesting tadpoles. 4. We also quantified tadpole mass and two size-adjusted morphological traits that are known to be phenotypically plastic. Mass was unaffected by the cue treatments. Relative body length was affected (i.e. there were differences among some treatments), but none of the treatments significantly differed from the no-predator control. Relative tail depth was affected by the treatments and deeper tails were induced only when tadpoles were exposed to cues from predators digesting tadpoles or cues from predators chewing + digesting tadpoles. 5. These results demonstrate that some prey species can discriminate among a diverse set of potential cues from heterospecific prey, conspecific prey and predators. Moreover, the results illustrate that the cues responsible for the full suite of behavioural and morphological defences are not induced by tadpole crushing nor
Damage, digestion, and defense: The roles of alarm cues and kairomones for inducing prey defenses.
Inducible defences are widely used for studying phenotypic plasticity, yet frequently we know little about the cues that induce these defences. For aquatic prey, defences are induced by chemical cues from predators (kairomones) and injured prey (alarm cues). Rarely has anyone determined the separate and combined effects of these cues, particularly across phylogenetically diverse prey types. We examined how tadpoles (Hyla versicolor) altered their defences when 10 different prey were either crushed by hand or consumed by predators. Across all prey types, crushing induced only a subset of the defences induced by consumption. Consuming vs. crushing produced additive responses for behaviour but synergistic responses for morphology and growth. Moreover, we discovered the first extensive evidence that prey responses to different alarm cues depends on prey phylogeny. These results suggest that the amount of information available to the prey affects both the quantitative and qualitative nature of the defended phenotype.
The morphological and life-history data of two Daphnia species under different fish kairomone concentrations
<p><em>Daphnia</em> species can avoid predation by sensing fish kairomones and producing inducible defenses by altering the phenotype. However, the inducible response mechanisms of different <em>Daphnia</em> species to fish kairomones remain unclear. In this study, the morphological and life history strategy of two <em>Daphnia</em> species (<em>Daphnia pulex</em> and <em>Daphnia sinensis</em>) exposed to <em>Aristichthys nobilis</em> kairomones were studied. In the presence of fish kairomones, the two <em>Daphnia</em> species exhibited significantly smaller body length at maturity, smaller body length of offspring at the 10<sup>th</sup> instar, and longer relative tail spine of offspring. Nevertheless, other morphological and life history traits of the two <em>Daphnia</em> species differed. <em>D. pulex</em> showed a significantly longer relative tail spine length and shorter age at maturity after exposure to fish kairomones. The total offspring number of <em>D. sinensis </em>exposed to fish kairomones was significantly higher than that of the control group, whereas that of <em>D. pulex</em> was significantly lower. These results suggest that the inducible mechanisms (e.g., relative tail spine length, age at maturity, and total offspring number) of the two <em>Daphnia </em>species exposed to fish kairomones differ significantly and that the maternal morphological traits can be transferred to the offspring such that they can avoid predation.</p>
Increasing catches of adult moth pests (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in pome fruit with low-intensity LED lights added to sex pheromone / kairomone lure-baited traps.
<p>Raw data of field studies trapping different tortricid pest species with pheromone/kairomone lures and LED lights added to the traps.</p>
Induction of daytime downward migration in a field-derived Daphnia population by the fish kairomone CPS – a mesocosm approach
<p>The fish-borne bile salt 5α-cyprinol sulfate (CPS) has been identified as a kairomone inducing the predator avoidance behavior "diel vertical migration" (DVM) in <em>Daphnia</em> <em>magna</em> in response to fish. Conclusions about the ecological significance of CPS have been derived from laboratory experiments only. Using a mesocosm approach, we investigate whether the role of CPS as a kairomone can be confirmed in the field. We demonstrate that CPS induces downward migration during daytime in a field-derived <em>Daphnia</em> community consisting of <em>D. longispina </em>and<em> D. cucullata </em>and<em> in D. longispina</em> in particular. In the study lake, <em>D. longispina</em> shows a similar pattern of DVM. Quantification of CPS by HPLC-MS confirms that CPS in situ concentrations in the lake are sufficiently high for induction of daytime downward migration of <em>D. longispina</em> in this oligo-mesotrophic lake. Conclusively, we provide evidence for the significance of CPS as a kairomone in freshwater systems.</p>
Data from: Predator kairomones change food web structure and function, regardless of cues from consumed prey
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The morphological and life-history data of two Daphnia species under different fish kairomone concentrations
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Mesocosm experiments validate induction of Daphnia vertical migration by the fish-derived kairomone 5α-cyprinol sulfate
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Data from: Diet-dependent induction of life-history changes in Daphnia: 5α-cyprinol sulfate is not the kairomone
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Data from: Age-based changes in kairomone response mediate task partitioning in stingless bee soldiers (Tetragonisca angustula)
<p>Collective defense is one of the most ubiquitous behaviors performed by social groups. Because of its importance, complex societies may engage a set of defensive specialists, with physical and/or neurological attributes tuned for defense against specific invaders. These strategies must be balanced, however, with the need to flexibly respond to different threat levels and sources. Insect societies rely heavily on olfaction for detecting and communicating in the context of defense. We therefore asked whether threat detection via olfaction is specialized towards invader-specific cues and how this may be integrated into defense task specialization. Colonies of the stingless bee, <em>Tetragonisca angustula</em>, deploy a morphologically distinct sub-caste of larger-bodied workers (soldiers) for colony defense. These soldiers transition between two different guarding tasks as they age, progressing from guarding in a hovering position near the nest entrance to guarding in a standing position on the nest entrance tube. Hovering and standing guards intercept different types of invaders: primarily heterospecific versus conspecific, respectively. We asked whether hovering and standing guarding behaviors were modulated by differential sensitivity to invader-associated olfactory stimuli; then we compared their responses to these cues to those of smaller workers that perform predominantly non-defense tasks. We exposed bees under both field and lab conditions to citral, a kairomone produced by an obligate heterospecific nest robber, primarily intercepted by hovering guards. Consistent with their roles, hovering guards were more likely to move towards citral than were either standing guards or small-bodied bees within a Y-maze. We also presented guards at field nests with dummies of conspecific versus heterospecific invader types, varying whether they included citral odors. Standing guards were more responsive to conspecific intruder scenarios than hovering guards, but heterospecific response differed by presence of citral. Standing and hovering guards responded in similar proportions when citral was absent, but the addition of citral produced a marginally non-significant reduction in standing guard participation. Our results potentially demonstrate differentiated cue-specific responses that correspond to morphological task specialization and age polyethism in these eusocial societies.</p>
Dormant plasticity of rotifer diapausing eggs in relation to predator kairomones
<p>In freshwater ecosystems, dormant strategy of diapausing eggs under predation risk has important ecological implication for zooplanktons. Although kairomones released by predators can induce phenotypic responses of prey, hatching patterns of diapausing eggs in relation to kairomones have received contradictory conclusions in zooplanktons. Maternal effects may also affect hatching strategy of diapausing eggs during predator-prey interactions. We used classical Brachionus calyciflorus–Asplanchna models to determine timing and proportion of diapausing-egg hatchlings in association with parental and embryonic exposure to kairomones. Results obtained from two Brachionus clones supported hypothesis that diapausing eggs could detect Asplanchna kairomones and adjusted hatching patterns. Diapausing eggs showed early and synchronous hatching patterns in environment with kairomones. Data also supported prediction that Brachionus mothers could transmit environmental cues of Asplanchna to diapausing eggs and affect their hatching in relation to kairomones. Compared with diapausing eggs from mothers not exposed to kairomones, diapausing eggs produced by mothers experienced kairomones attained higher hatching rate when they hatched in the same environment either with kairomones or not. Our results suggest that diapausing eggs of B. calyciflorus possess dormant plasticity to defend against predation from Asplanchna, which may be influenced by maternal effects during asexual or sexual life cycles.</p>
Dormant plasticity of rotifer diapausing eggs in relation to predator kairomones
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Data from: Age-based changes in kairomone response mediate task partitioning in stingless bee soldiers (Tetragonisca angustula)
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Data from: Acidification and γ-aminobutyric acid independently alter kairomone-induced behaviour
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Expression analysis of kairomone responsive genes in Daphnia pulex
GEO Series GSE63275. Daphnia pulex. 12 samples. Type: Expression profiling by genome tiling array.
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