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Fig. 3 in Redescription of Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) - a kinorhynch tolerant to very low salinities

Fig. 3. Light electron micrographs of Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954. A–G, J. Neotype, ♂ (SMNH 157575). H. ♀ (SMNH 157577d). I. ♀ (SMNH 157577a). A. Ventral overview. B. Segments 1–3, dorsal view. C. Segments 1–3, ventral view. D. Segments 6–8, dorsal view. E. Segments 3–5, ventral view. F. Segments 8–9, dorsal view. G. Segments 8–9, ventral view. H–I. Segments 10–11, ventral view. J. Segment 10–11, ventral view. Abbreviations: ldtu, laterodorsal tube; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvac, lateroventral acicular spine; lvtu, lateroventral tube; mdac, middorsal acicular spine; pdgco1, paradorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; pe, penile spines; pmvf, partial midventral fissure; sdtu, subdorsal tube; sltu, sublateral tube; si, sieve plate; te, tergal extension; vltu, ventrolateral tube; vmgco1, ventromedial glandular cell outlet type 1.

Fig. 4 in Redescription of Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) - a kinorhynch tolerant to very low salinities

Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs of Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954. A. ♀, laterodorsal overview. B. ♀, segments 1–3, dorsal view, note the absence of subdorsal tubes. C. ♂, segment 1, ventrolateral view. D. ♂, segments 1–3, laterodorsal view, note the presence of subdorsal tubes. E. ♂, segments 2–3, ventral view. F. ♂, segments 4–5, sublateral view. G. ♂, details of segments 9, showing sublateral sieve plates and middorsal cuticular scar (arrow, inset). H. ♀, segment 11, lateral view. I. ♂, segments 10–11, subdorsal view. (* marks additional ldtu found in this specimen only). J. ♂, segment 11, ventrolateral view. Note that lateral terminal spines are broken off in all specimens. Abbreviations: ldss, laterodorsal sensory spot; ldtu, laterodorsal tube (* marks additional, ldtu found in this specimen only); lvtu, lateroventral tube; mdss, middorsal sensory spot; mlss, midlateral sensory spot; pe, penile spines; pmvf, partial midventral fissure; pt, papillar tuft; sdss, subdorsal sensory spot; sdtu, subdorsal tube; slss, sublateral sensory spot; sltu, sublateral tube; vlss, ventrolateral sensory spot; vltu, ventrolateral tube; vmss, ventromedial sensory spot

Fig. 1 in Redescription of Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) - a kinorhynch tolerant to very low salinities

Fig. 1. Map of the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia, with collecting localities indicated as black rings. Approximate bottom water salinity gradients are indicated with dashed lines (source: Axe & Sahlsten 2001).

Fig. 2 in Redescription of Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) - a kinorhynch tolerant to very low salinities

Fig. 2. Line art illustration of Echinoderes levanderi Karling, 1954. A. ♂, dorsal overview. B. ♂, ventral overview. C. ♂, segments 10–11 with lateral terminal spines drawn to full length, dorsal view. D. ♀, segments 9–11, dorsal view. E. ♀, segments 9–11, ventral view. Abbreviations: ldss, laterodorsal sensory spot; ldtu, laterodorsal tube; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvac, lateroventral acicular spine; lvtu, lateroventral tube; mdac, middorsal acicular spine; mlss, midlateral sensory spot; pdgco1, paradorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; pe, penile spines; sdtu, subdorsal tube; sltu, sublateral tube; si, sieve plate; vlgco1, ventrolateral glandular cell outlet type 1; vltu, ventrolateral tube

Figure 6 in Kinorhynchs from sandy coastal habitats in Turkey, with the description of a new pan-Mediterranean species of Echinoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae)

Figure 6. Light micrographs showing overviews and details of female Echinoderes riedli, NHMD-872891, from Balıkesir, Ayvalık, Turkey. (A) Ventral overview. (B) Segments 1 to 6, dorsal view. (C) Segments 1 to 6, ventral view. (D) Segments 6 to 9, dorsal view. (E) Segments 5 to 9, ventral view. (F) Segments 10 to 11, focusing on tergal extensions. Abbreviations: ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mdgco1, middorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; mds, middorsal spine; pdgco1, paradorsal glandular cell outlet; te, tergal extensions; vlt, ventrolateral tubes.

Figure 7 in Kinorhynchs from sandy coastal habitats in Turkey, with the description of a new pan-Mediterranean species of Echinoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae)

Figure 7. Light micrographs showing overviews and details of (A–E, G–I) male Echinoderes sp. from Muğla, NHMD-872893, and (F) male paratype of Echinoderes charlotteae, ZMUC KIN-870, from the Gulf of Mexico. (A) Ventral overview. (B) Segments 1 to 5, dorsal view. (C) Segments 1 to 5, ventral view. (D) Segments 4 to 8, dorsal view. (E–F) Segment 8, ventral view, comparison of tube positions in (E) Echinoderes sp. and (F) E. charlotteae. (G) Segments 8 to 10, dorsal view. (H) Segments 10 to 11, dorsal view. (I) Segments 10 to 11, ventral view. Abbreviations: lat, lateral accessory tube; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mdgco1, middorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; mds, middorsal spine; pdgco1, paradorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; pdss, paradorsal sensory spot; pe, penile spine; sdgco2, subdorsal glandular cell outlet type 2; slgco2, sublateral glandular cell outlet type 2; slt, sublateral tube; te, tergal extensions; vlt, ventrolateral tubes.

Figure 3 in Kinorhynchs from sandy coastal habitats in Turkey, with the description of a new pan-Mediterranean species of Echinoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae)

Figure 3. Diagram of mouth cone (grey area), introvert and placids in Echinoderes shahmaranae sp. nov., showing distribution of inner oral styles (full circles), outer oral styles (diamonds), primary scalids (triangles), spinoscalids (fat open circles), and trichoscalids (stars), with positions of trichoscalid plates and placids indicated. Table shows the scalid arrangement by sector; single-lined boxes mark quincunxes, double- lined boxes mark "double diamonds".

Figure 4 in Kinorhynchs from sandy coastal habitats in Turkey, with the description of a new pan-Mediterranean species of Echinoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae)

Figure 4. Light micrographs showing overviews and details of (A–H) male holotype, NHMD-872854, and (I) female paratype, NHMD- 872856, of Echinoderes shahmaranae sp. nov. from Fethiye, Turkey. (A) Ventral overview. (B) Segments 1 to 3, dorsal view. (C) Segments 1 to 3, ventral view. (D) Segments 4 to 8, dorsal view. (E) Segment 5, ventral view. (F) Segments 6 to 8, ventral view. (G) Segments 8 to 10, dorsal view. (H) Detail of segments 10 to 11, dorsal view, showing male sexual dimorphism. (I) Segments 10 to 11, ventral view, showing female sexual dimorphism. Abbreviations: lat, lateral accessory tube; ldt, laterodorsal tube; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mds, middorsal spine; pdgco1, paradorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; pe, penile spine; pvb, paraventral bristles; sdtu, subdorsal tubes; slgco2, sublateral glandular cell outlet type 2; te, tergal extensions; vlt, ventrolateral tubes.

Figure 2 in Kinorhynchs from sandy coastal habitats in Turkey, with the description of a new pan-Mediterranean species of Echinoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae)

Figure 2. Line art illustrations of Echinoderes shahmaranae sp. nov. (A) Female, dorsal view. (B) Female, ventral view. (C) Segments 10 to 11 in male, dorsal view. (D) Segments 10 to 11 in male, ventral view. Abbreviations: lat, lateral accessory tube; ldt, laterodorsal tube; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvs, lateroventral spine; lvt, lateroventral tube; mdgco1, middorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; mds, middorsal spine; mlss, midlateral sensory spot; pdgco1, paradorsal glandular cell outlet type 1; pe, penile spines; pvb, paraventral bristles; sdss, subdorsal sensory spot; sdt, subdorsal tube; slgco1/2, sublateral glandular cell outlet type 1/2; slss, sublateral sensory spot; vlss, ventrolateral sensory spot; vlt, ventrolateral tube; vmss, ventromedial sensory spot.

Figure 8 in Kinorhynchs from sandy coastal habitats in Turkey, with the description of a new pan-Mediterranean species of Echinoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae)

Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs showing overviews and details of Cephalorhyncha flosculosa. (A) Lateral overview. (B) Segment 4, subdorsal view. (C) Segments 6 to 7, ventral view. (D) Segments 1 to 3, ventral view. (E) Segments 4 to 6, dorsal view. (F) Segments 10 to 11, dorsal view. Abbreviations: fl, flosculus; mdf, middorsal fissure; mds, middorsal spine; pdss, paradorsal sensory spot; pmf, partial midventral fissure; sdss, subdorsal sensory spot; vlt, ventrolateral tube; vmss, ventromedial sensory spot.

Figure 10 in Kinorhynchs from sandy coastal habitats in Turkey, with the description of a new pan-Mediterranean species of Echinoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae)

Figure 10. Comparative light micrographs showing paraventral hair patches in selected echinoderids. Species with paraventral cuticular hairs of same length and thickness as hairs posterior rows on tergal plate (A–C): (A) Echinoderes hispanicus, segments 3 to 6. (B) Echinoderes horni, segments 3 to 6. (C) Echinoderes antalyaensis, segments 3 to 7. Species with conspicuously thicker and longer hairs than other cuticular hairs on segment: (D) Echinoderes bispinosus, segments 4 to 6. Paraventral areas with hairs are indicated with dashed squares.

Figure 2 in Echinoderes dujardinii Claparède, 1863 (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida): a new record for the kinorhynch fauna of Turkey

Figure 2. Echinoderes dujardinii, adult male; introvert retracted, anterior end to the left. A, ventral view. Arrows mark the lateral terminal spines. Note the two first segments as cuticular closed rings and the remaining 9 segments with paired sternal plates. B, dorsal view. Cuticular thickenings, or pachycycli, reinforce the anterior edge of every segment (arrows).

Figure 4. Echinoderes dujardinii. Adult female. A in Echinoderes dujardinii Claparède, 1863 (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida): a new record for the kinorhynch fauna of Turkey

Figure 4. Echinoderes dujardinii. Adult female. A, ventral view, segments 1-6. B, dorsal view. Note the dorsal pachycycli and the diatom shells inside the gut.

Figure 3. Echinoderes dujardinii. Adult male. A in Echinoderes dujardinii Claparède, 1863 (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida): a new record for the kinorhynch fauna of Turkey

Figure 3. Echinoderes dujardinii. Adult male. A, Ventral view, segments 1-5. tp, trichoscalid plate; np, neck placid. Arrows mark lateroventral tubes on segments 2 and 5. B, Ventral view, segments 8-11. lts, lateral terminal spine; ps, penile spine; te, tergal extension. Arrows mark lateroventral spines on segments 8 and 9. Arrowheads point to lateral accessory tubes on segment 8. C, Dorsal view, segments 5-9. Arrows mark middorsal spines on segments 4-8. D, Ventral view, segments 5-9. Arrows point to lateroventral spines on segments 6-9. Arrowheads mark lateroventral tube on segment 5 and lateral accessory tube on segment 8.

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Figure 1 in Echinoderes dujardinii Claparède, 1863 (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida): a new record for the kinorhynch fauna of Turkey

Figure 1. Sampling locality.

FIGURE 8 in Description of a new kinorhynch species, Paracentrophyes sanchezae n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico, with differential notes on one additional, yet undescribed species of the genus

FIGURE 8. Scanning electron micrographs showing overviews and details in head and trunk morphology of female Paracentrophyes sp. A. Lateroventral overview. B. Anterior part of segment 1, lateral view. C. Segments 4 and 5, lateral view. D. Segments 5 to 7, lateral view. E. Segments 7 to 9, ventrolateral view. F. Segments 10 to 11 with attached epibionts, ventrolateral view. G. Segments 4 to 8 with attached epibionts, lateroventral view. H. Segments 9 to 11, lateroventral view. Abbreviations: lts, lateral terminal spine; mds10–11, middorsal spine followed by segment number; pds, paradorsal seta; pls, paralateral seta; vls, ventrolateral seta.

FIGURE 7 in Description of a new kinorhynch species, Paracentrophyes sanchezae n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico, with differential notes on one additional, yet undescribed species of the genus

FIGURE 7. Light micrographs showing overviews and details trunk morphology of the only specimen of Paracentrophyes sp. available for LM, female. A. Ventrolateral overview. B. Segment 1, ventrolateral view. C. Segments 10 and 11, focused on middorsal spines (right) and one lateral terminal spine (left). D. Segments 10 and 11, focused on other lateral terminal spine and sternal plates. Abbreviations: isf, incomplete sternal fissures; lts, lateral terminal spine; mds10–11, middorsal spine followed by segment number; vm3, ventromedial sensory spot type 3.

FIGURE 5 in Description of a new kinorhynch species, Paracentrophyes sanchezae n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico, with differential notes on one additional, yet undescribed species of the genus

FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs showing overviews and details in head and trunk morphology of male paratypes ZMUC KIN-1081 (B–K) and ZMUC KIN-1082 (A) of Paracentrophyes sanchezae n. sp. A. Ventral overview. B. Right, lateroventral overview. C. Mouth cone, centered at large outer oral style anterior to introvert sector 3; note that small outer oral style anterior to sector 4 has broken off its base (marked with *); inset shows close-up of fringed style bases; scale bar in inset = 5 µm. D. Introvert sectors 4 and 5. E. Detail showing posterior part of sternal plate on segment 11; inset shows midterminal sensory (?) structure. F. Segment 1, ventral view. G. Segment 1, lateral view. H. Segments 6 to 9, lateral view. I. Trunk segments 10 to 11, ventral view. J. Trunk segments 10 to 11, dorsolateral view. K. Trunk segments 9 to 11, lateral view. Abbreviations: fob, fringed outer oral style base; ld, laterodorsal sensory spot type 1; lts, lateral terminal spine; mdp9, middorsal process on segment 9; mds10-11, middorsal spine followed by segment number; mt, midterminal sensory (?) structure; oos, outer oral style; pds, paradorsal seta; pls, paralateral seta; ps10-11, penile spine followed by segment number; psp, primary spinoscalid; sd1/3, subdorsal sensory spot type 1 or 3; sec4/5, introvert sectors 4 and 5; sp2–5, spinoscalids of Rings 2 to 5; tsc, trichoscalid; vl, ventrolateral sensory spot type 1; vls, ventrolateral seta; vm1/3, ventromedial sensory spot type 1 or 3.

FIGURE 4 in Description of a new kinorhynch species, Paracentrophyes sanchezae n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico, with differential notes on one additional, yet undescribed species of the genus

FIGURE 4. Light micrographs showing overviews and details trunk morphology of female holotype ZMUC KIN-1014 (A–H, J, K) and male paratype ZMUC KIN-1015 (I, L) of Paracentrophyes sanchezae n. sp. A. Dorsal overview. B. Ventral overview. C. Segments 1 and 2, dorsal view. D. Segments 1 and 2, ventral view. E. Detail showing left sternal plates and midlateral processes of segments 3 and 4. F. Detail showing right sternal plates and midlateral processes of segments 5 and 6. G. Same as (F) but focused slightly deeper into the ventral cuticle. H. Segment 11 in female, dorsal view. I. Segments 10 and 11 in male, dorsal view. J. Segments 10 and 11 in female, focused medially in specimen. K. Segments 10 and 11 in female, ventral view. L. Segments 10 and 11 in male, ventral view. Abbreviations: gco, glandular cell outlet; isf, incomplete sternal fissures; lts, lateral terminal spine; mdp, middorsal process followed by segment number; mds10-11, middorsal spine followed by segment number; mlp, midlateral process; msj, midsternal junction; mtp, midterminal process; pls, paralateral seta; ps10-11, penile spine followed by segment number; sd3, subdorsal sensory spot type 3; vls, ventrolateral seta; vm3, ventromedial sensory spot type 3.

FIGURE 6 in Description of a new kinorhynch species, Paracentrophyes sanchezae n. sp. (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from the Gulf of Mexico, with differential notes on one additional, yet undescribed species of the genus

FIGURE 6. Comparative morphology of the segment 1 sternal plate in species of Paracentrophyes and Mixtophyes, visualized with light microscopy (A–C, F, G) and scanning electron microscopy (D–E, H, I). Arrows on light microscope images indicate intracuticular lines, forming partial differentiation of the sternal plates. On the scanning electron micrographs, the arrows show foldings in the cuticle, suggesting the presence of intracuticular lines. Type status and museum catalogue numbers for LM specimens appear in parentheses after each species name. A. Paracentrophyes quadridentatus (non-type, ZMUC KIN-107). B. Paracentrophyes praedictus (allotype, USNM 69988). C. Paracentrophyes anurus (holotype, ZMUC KIN-341). D. P. quadridentatus. E. P. anurus. F. Mixtophyes abyssalis (holotype, ZMB 11516). G. Paracentrophyes sanchezae n. sp. (paratype, ZMUC KIN-1015). H. M. abyssalis. G. P. sanchezae n. sp.