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FIGURE 8 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 8. Comparison of the two beak larvae to a larva of Coniopterygidae. A. Larva (specimen 6802) from Haug et al. (2020b). B. New beak larva (specimen 6803, based on Figure 5B). C. Larva of Aleuropteryx loewi (based on several figures from Rousset, 1966).

FIGURE 6 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 6. Additional specimens of larvae of Sisyridae preserved in Baltic amber. Images kindly provided by Jonas Damzen (JD) and Marius Veta (RMV). A. JD 6345, specimen 6503, in ventral view, 3.5 mm long. B, C. RMV 2380, specimen 6504, 3 mm long. B. Dorsal view. C. Ventral view. D, E. JD 4198, specimen 6505, 4 mm long. D. Dorsal view. E. Ventral view. F, G. RMV 2793, specimen 6506, 2 mm long. F. Left lateral view. G. Right lateral view. H, I. RMV 2794, specimen 6507, 3.2 mm long. H. Lateral view. I. Dorsal view.

FIGURE 7 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 7. Scatterplot of PC2 vs. PC1. Note how the two beak larvae (specimens 6802 + 6803) plot together with larvae of Coniopterygidae.

FIGURE 4 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 4. Fossil larva, "beak larva" type 2, from Myanmar amber, PED 0596, specimen 6803. A. Dorsal view; posterior part not well accessible. B. Colour-marked version of A. Abbreviations: 1t = trunk appendage 1; at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; pl = palp; pt = prothorax.

FIGURE 5 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 5. Fossil larva, "beak larva" type 2, from Myanmar amber, PED 0596, specimen 6803, continued. A. Ventral view; details not well accessible; posterior end not inside the amber. B. Close-up on head in dorsal view. C. Close up on trunk appendage 1 in dorsal view. D. Same as C; estimated outline of appendage, visible through tergite outlined in red. Abbreviations: at = antenna; "b" = beak; pl = palp.

FIGURE 3 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 3. Fossil larva of Sisyridae from Baltic amber, CCGG 7122, specimen 6502. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Colour-marked version of B. D. Close-up of head in dorsal view. E. Colour-marked version of D. F. Close-up on gills. G. Close-up on trunk end. Abbreviations: at = antenna; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet.

FIGURE 1 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 1. Fossil larva of Coniopterygidae from Baltic amber, CCHH 540-1, specimen 6301. A. Ventral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Colour-marked version of B. D. Close-up of head in dorsal view. E. Close-up of head in ventral view. F. Close-up on right hind leg; arrows mark claws. G. Close-up of hind leg; arrows mark claws. Abbreviations: a1–a8 = abdomen segment 1–8; at = antenna; cx = coxa; e1–3 = element 1–3; fe = femur; hc = head capsule; lp = labial palp; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; st = stemmata; ta = tarsus; te = trunk end; ti = tibia; tr = trochanter.

FIGURE 2 in Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae

FIGURE 2. Fossil larva of Sisyridae from Baltic amber, CCGG 1383, specimen 6501. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C. Colour-marked version of B. D. Close-up of head in dorsal view. E. Colour-marked version of D; arrows mark stemmata. F. Close-up on gills. G. Close-up on processes on trunk segments. Abbreviations: a3–a7 = abdomen segment 3–7; at = antenna; gi = gills; hc = head capsule; ms = mesothorax; mt = metathorax; pt = prothorax; sy = stylet; te = trunk end.

Fig. 5 in Identifying the oldest larva of a myrmeleontiformian lacewing-a morphometric approach

Fig. 5. Parallel coordinates plot for larvae of Ascalaphidae (owl flies), Chrysopidae (green lacewings), and Crocinae (thread-winged lacewings). White line represents MfN MB.I 2157.

Fig. 7 in Identifying the oldest larva of a myrmeleontiformian lacewing-a morphometric approach

Fig. 7. Parallel coordinates plot for larvae of Nymphidae (split-footed lacewings), Osmylidae (lance lacewings), and Psychopsidae (silky lacewings). White line represents MfN MB.I 2157.

Fig. 8 in Identifying the oldest larva of a myrmeleontiformian lacewing-a morphometric approach

Fig. 8. Examples of extant and fossil myrmeleontiformian larvae. A. Extant Myrmeleontidae (ZMH 62891), note set off anterior trunk. B. Extant Ascalaphidae (ZMH 62880), note very round trunk. C. Drawing of MfN MB.I 2157 from Crato Formation, Aptian, Lower Cretaceous, Brazil. D. Extant Myrmeleontidae (ZSM unnumbered), note very round trunk. E. Close-up on extant myrmeleontiformian larva (ZSM unnumbered) with two prominent teeth and one very tiny tooth. F. Drawing of unnumbered specimen from Crato Formation, Aptian, Lower Cretaceous, Brazil, simplified from Rumbucher 1995. G. Larva with two prominent teeth, Burmese amber, Cenomanian, Upper Cretaceous, Myanmar (formerly collection Jörg Wunderlich under F3199_ BU_CJW, deposited in the Palaeo-Evo-Devo Research Group Collection of Arthropods, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany). Overview image (G1), close-up on stylet region (G2).

Fig. 6 in Identifying the oldest larva of a myrmeleontiformian lacewing-a morphometric approach

Fig. 6. Parallel coordinates plot for larvae of Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings), Myrmeleontidae (antlions), and Nemopterinae (spoon-winged lacewings). White line represents MfN MB.I 2157.

Fig. 4 in Identifying the oldest larva of a myrmeleontiformian lacewing-a morphometric approach

Fig. 4. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot of measured dimensions. NMDS 1 and 2 are dimensions arbitrarily generated by the model in a way to best represent pairwise dissimilarity between objects (data points). On the right is a simplified restoration of MfN MB.I 2157.

Fig. 2 in Identifying the oldest larva of a myrmeleontiformian lacewing-a morphometric approach

Fig. 2. Myrmeleontiformian lacewing larva (MfN MB.I 2157) from the Crato Formation, Aptian, Lower Cretaceous, Brazil. Photograph in normal light (A1), colour-marked version (A2, matrix digitally amended), stereo-image (A3), please use red-cyan glasses to view. Abbreviations: a1–a8, abdomen segment 1–8; t1–t3, thorax segment 1–3.

Fig. 3 in Identifying the oldest larva of a myrmeleontiformian lacewing-a morphometric approach

Fig. 3. Myrmeleontiformian lacewing larva (MfN MB.I 2157) from the Crato Formation, Aptian, Lower Cretaceous, Brazil. A. Head, close-up photograph in normal light (A1), colour-marked details of mouth parts (A2), arrows point to presumed remains of broken-off teeth, mouth parts stereo-image (A3), please use red-cyan glasses to view. B–D. Different areas of head capsules with tuberculate surface, positions indicated in A1. Photographs in normal light B1–D1), colour-marked versions (B2–D2), tubercles marked in blue.

Fig. 1 in Identifying the oldest larva of a myrmeleontiformian lacewing-a morphometric approach

Fig. 1. Dimensions measured on the specimens. A. Example of an actual specimen (simplified from Monserrat 2008) to illustrate which dimensions were measured, resulting in a "net". B. The naked "net". Abbreviations: m1, mandible length including the curved shape; m2, mandible length in straight line; m3, head length; m4, head width; m5, "neck" width (located behind the end of the head); m6, widest point of the abdomen; m7, "neck" length (distance between the end of head and the fore legs); m8, distance between the fore pair of legs and the hind pair of legs; m9, total body length (head without mandible + thorax + abdomen); m10, distance between widest point of the abdomen and hind part of the abdomen.

Fig. 3 in A new genus of lance lacewings from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China

Fig. 3. Female lance lacewing Vetosmylus maculosus gen. et sp. nov. (paratype, CNU−NEU−NN2019003P/C) from Aalenian–Bajocian boundary (Middle Jurassic) of Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, China (A) and extant Parosmylus tibetanus Yang, 1988 (B). A. Photographs of part part (A1) and counterpart (A2); terminalia in lateral view, a combination of photos of part and counterpart under dry condition (A3) and line drawing (A4), sternite 8 and gonapophysis 9 cannot be clearly observed. B. Line drawing of terminalia in lateral view.

Fig. 1 in A new genus of lance lacewings from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China

Fig. 1. Lance lacewing Vetosmylus tentus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, CNU−NEU−NN2019001P/C) from Aalenian–Bajocian boundary (Middle Jurassic) of Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, China. Photographs of part (A1) and counterpart (A2). Line drawings of left forewing (A3), right forewing (A4), left hind wing (A5). Abbreviations: A, anal veins; CuA/P, anterior/posterior cubitus; MA/P, anterior/posterior branch of media; RA/P, anterior/posterior branch of radius; Sc, subcosta.

Fig. 2 in A new genus of lance lacewings from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China

Fig. 2. Lance lacewing Vetosmylus maculosus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, CNU−NEU−NN2019002P/C) from Aalenian–Bajocian boundary (Middle Jurassic) of Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, China. Photographs of part (A1) and counterpart (A2). Line drawings of forewing (A3), hind wing (A4). Abbreviations: A, anal veins; CuA/P, anterior/posterior cubitus; MA/P, anterior/posterior branch of media; RA/P, anterior/posterior branch of radius; Sc, subcosta.