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90 results for “landscape composition”
Critical slowing down: vegetation height, cover and composition assess resilience of tidal fresh, brackish and salt marshes following experimental disturbance at twelve sites across the estuarine landscape
We investigated the relative recovery rates of vegetation cover, vegetation height and community composition over a period of >10 years after experimental disturbance in 12 tidal marshes (two oligohaline, three mesohaline and seven polyhaline sites) across the estuarine landscape on the coast of Georgia, USA. Vegetation was removed from three by three meter plots (four per site) with herbicide in 2006 followed by repeated clipping through 2009. Vegetation height, cover and composition was assessed in experimental and control plots (4 of each per site) from 2010 to 2020. The goal of the study was to assess how quickly the sites recovered from disturbance, how this varied in different types of marshes, and how results varied depending on whether recovery was assessed by vegetation height, cover or composition.
Contrasting effects of landscape composition on crop yield mediated by specialist herbivores
<p>Landscape composition not only affects a variety of arthropod-mediated ecosystem services, but also disservices, such as herbivory by insect pests that may have negative effects on crop yield. Yet, little is known about how different habitats influence the dynamics of multiple herbivore species, and ultimately their collective impact on crop production. Using cabbage as a model system, we examined how landscape composition influenced the incidence of three specialist cruciferous pests (aphids, flea beetles, and leaf-feeding Lepidoptera), lepidopteran parasitoids, and crop yield across a gradient of landscape composition in New York, USA. We expected that landscapes with a higher proportion of cropland and lower habitat diversity would lead to an increase in pest pressure of the specialist herbivores and a reduction in crop yield. However, results indicated that neither greater cropland area nor lower landscape diversity influenced pest pressure or yield. Rather, pest pressure and yield were best explained by the presence of non-crop habitats (i.e. meadows) in the landscape. Specifically, cabbage was infested with fewer Lepidoptera in landscapes with a higher proportion of meadows likely resulting from increased parasitism. Conversely, cabbage was infested with more flea beetles and aphids as the proportion of meadows in the landscape increased, suggesting that these pests benefit from non-crop habitats. Furthermore, path analysis confirmed that these landscape-mediated effects on pest populations can have either positive or negative cascading effects on crop yield. Our findings illustrate how different pest species within the same cropping system show contrasting responses to landscape composition with respect to both the direction and spatial scale of the relationship. Such tradeoffs resulting from the complex interaction between multiple-pests, natural enemies, and landscape composition must be considered, if we are to manage landscapes for pest suppression benefits.</p>
Landscape composition and shannon diversity of landuse classes aggregated from corine 2018 in 100 - 5000 meter radius areas around Landklif study plots
<p><span>Based on CORINE land cover data from 2018, we aggregated the original land use classes into 8 classes: urban, agriculture, grassland, Broad-leaved forest, Coniferous forest, Mixed forest, natural/seminatural vegetation, and water (see clc_legend.txt). We calculated the landscape composition (percentage of each land use type according to corine land type) for 100 - 5000 meters (100-1000 meter with 100 meter intervals, 1000 - 5000 meter with 500 meter interval) buffer area around landklif plots</span>.</p> <p>LandKlif is funded by the Bavarian State Ministry of Science and the Arts within the Bavarian Climate Research Network (bayklif). Within the five year funding period of bayklif, five interdisciplinary senior research associations and five junior research groups are be financed with a total sum of 18 million Euro. LandKliF, as one of the five interdisciplinary senior research associations, addresses the effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services in semi-natural, agricultural and urban landscapes.</p>
Landscape composition drives the impacts of artificial light at night on insectivorous bats
<p>Abstract of the related publication :</p> <p>Among the most prevalent sources of biodiversity declines, Artificial Light At Night (ALAN) is an emerging threat<br> to global biodiversity. Much knowledge has already been gained to reduce impacts. However, the spatial variation<br> of ALAN effects on biodiversity in interaction with landscape composition remains little studied, though it is<br> of the utmost importance to identify lightscapes most in need of action. Several studies have shown that, at local<br> scale, tree cover can intensify positive or negative effects of ALAN on biodiversity, but none have – at landscape<br> scale – studied a wider range of landscape compositions around lit sites. We hypothesized that the magnitude of<br> ALAN effects will depend on landscape composition and species’ tolerance to light. Taking the case of insectivorous<br> bats because of their varying sensitivity to ALAN, we investigated the species-specific activity response to<br> ALAN. Bat activity was recorded along a gradient of light radiance. We ensured a large variability in landscape<br> composition around 253 sampling sites. Among the 13 bat taxa studied, radiance decreased the activity of two<br> groups of the slow-flying gleaner guild (Myotis and Plecotus spp.) and one species of the aerial-hawking guild<br> (Pipistrellus pipistrellus), and increased the activity of two species of the aerial-hawking guild (Pipistrellus kuhlii<br> and Pipistrellus pygmaeus). Among these five effects, the magnitude of four of them was driven by landscape composition.<br> For five other species, ALAN effects were only detectable in particular landscape compositions, making<br> the main effect of radiance undetectable without account for interactions with landscape. Specifically, effects<br> were strongest in non-urban habitats, for both guilds. Results highlight the importance to prioritize ALAN reduction<br> efforts in non-urban habitats, and how important is to account for landscape composition when studying<br> ALAN effects on bats to avoid missing effects.</p>
Contrasting effects of landscape composition on crop yield mediated by specialist herbivores
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Landscape composition and life-history traits influence bat movement and space use: analysis of 30 years of published telemetry data
<p>Using temperate bats, a group of particular conservation concern, we investigated how morphological traits, habitat specialization and environmental variables affect home range sizes and daily foraging movements, using a compilation of 30 years of published bat telemetry data in Northern America and Europe for the period 1988 – 2016.</p> <p>We compiled data on home range size and mean daily distance between roosts and foraging areas at both colony and individual levels from 166 studies of 3,129 radiotracked individuals of 49 bat species. We calculated multi-scale habitat composition and configuration in the surrounding landscapes of all studied roosts. Using mixed models, we examined the effects of habitat availability and spatial arrangement on bat movements, while accounting for body mass, aspect ratio, wing loading and habitat specialization.</p> <p>We found a significant effect of landscape composition on home range size and mean daily distance at both colony and individual levels. On average, home ranges were up to 42% smaller in the most habitat-diversified landscapes while mean daily distances were up to 30% shorter in the most forested landscapes. Bat home range size significantly increased with body mass, wing aspect ratio and wing loading, and decreased with habitat specialization.</p>
Differences in bee community composition between restored and remnant prairies are more strongly linked to forb community differences than landscape differences
<p>1. Grassland restoration is an important tool for conserving bee biodiversity within agricultural landscapes. Restorations foster increases in local bee abundance and α-diversity, however, these measures are insufficient for understanding if remnant communities are being conserved. We compared native bee α-diversity, β-diversity, and community composition between restored and remnant prairies in Minnesota, USA. We then investigated two potential drivers of bee community dissimilarity between restored and remnant prairies: proportion of agricultural land surrounding a restoration and differences in floral community between restored and remnant prairies.</p> <p>2. We selected ten restored prairies that lie along a gradient of increasing agricultural land cover, ranging from 20–85% of surrounding land in agricultural production. We paired each restoration with a nearby prairie remnant and sampled bee and floral communities concurrently in each restoration-remnant pair. We quantified bee and forb α-diversity, community composition, β-diversity, and levels of dissimilarity between restoration-remnant pairs along the gradient of agricultural development. Additionally, we quantified differences in the community weighted mean between restored and remnant prairies for two bee traits, oligolecty and tongue length, to investigate how differences in floral community between restored and remnant prairies may influence bee community composition.</p> <p>3. While bee α-diversity between restored and remnant prairies was similar, bee composition between restorations and remnants were significantly different with restorations being more homogenous than remnants. Differences in bee community composition and β-diversity were not statisticlly related to agricultural landscapes or floral community dissimilarity, however, we found a significantly higher proportion of oligolectic bees in remnant prairies. This difference in oligolectic bees was likely related to the absence of important host plants in restorations<i>.</i></p> <p>4. <i>'Synthesis and application'</i>: Prairie restorations should seek to provide diverse floral resources that are of similar composition to remnant prairies. Specifically, providing important floral host plants for pollen specialist bees could improve restorations' ability to conserve prairie remnant bee communities.</p>
Dataset from: The effects of crop type, landscape composition and agroecological practices on biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical smallholder farms
<p>1. In the tropics, smallholder farming characterizes some of the world's most biodiverse landscapes. Agroecology as a pathway to sustainable agriculture has been proposed and implemented in sub-Saharan Africa, but the effects of agricultural practices in smallholder agriculture on biodiversity and ecosystem services are understudied. Similarly, the contribution of different landscape elements, such as shrubland or grassland cover, on biodiversity and ecosystem services to fields remains unknown.</p> <p>2. We selected 24 villages situated in landscapes with varying shrubland and grassland cover in Malawi. In each village, we assessed biodiversity of eight taxa and ecosystem services in relation to crop type, shrubland and grassland cover and the number of agroecological pest and soil management practices on smallholder's fields of different crop types (bean monoculture, maize-bean intercrop, and maize monoculture).</p> <p>3. Increasing shrubland cover altered carabid and soil bacteria communities. Carabid abundance increased in maize but decreased in intercrop and bean fields with increasing shrubland cover. Carabid abundance and richness and wasp abundance increased with soil management practices. Carabid, spider, and parasitoid abundances were higher in bean monocultures, but this was modulated by surrounding shrubland cover. Natural enemy abundances in beans were especially high in landscapes with little shrubland, possibly leading to lower bean damage in monocultures compared to intercropped fields, whereas maize monocultures had higher damage. In maize, grassland cover and pest management practices were positively related to damage. Carabid abundance was higher in fields with high bean damage and increased carabid richness in fields with high maize damage. Parasitoid abundance was negatively associated with bean damage.</p> <p>4. <em>Synthesis and application:</em> Our results suggest that maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services on smallholder farms is not achievable with a "one size fits all" approach but should instead be adapted to the landscape context and the priorities of smallholders. Shrubland is important to maintain carabid and soil bacterial diversity, but legume cultivation beneficial to natural enemies could complement pest management in landscapes with a low shrubland cover. An increased number of agroecological soil management practices can lead to improved pest control whilst the effectiveness of agroecological pest management practices needs to be re-evaluated.</p>
Landscape composition and shannon diversity of landuse classes aggregated from CORINE land cover 2012
<p>Based on Copernicus <a href="https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover">CORINE land cover data</a> from 2012, we aggregated the original CORINE land use classes into 8 classes: urban, agriculture, grassland, Broad-leaved forest, Coniferous forest, Mixed forest, natural/seminatural vegetation, and water (see clc_legend.txt). We calculated the landscape composition (percentage of each land use type according to corine land type) and shannon diversity for 100 - 5000 meters (100-1000 meter with 100 meter intervals, 1000 - 5000 meter with 500 meter interval) buffer area around Landklif plots.</p> <p>LandKlif is funded by the <a href="https://www.stmwk.bayern.de/englisch.html"><strong>Bavarian State Ministry of Science and the Arts</strong></a> within the <a href="https://www.bayklif.de/"><strong>Bavarian Climate Research Network (bayklif)</strong></a><strong>. </strong> Within the five year funding period of bayklif, five interdisciplinary senior research associations and five junior research groups are be financed with a total sum of 18 million Euro. <strong>LandKliF</strong>, as one of the five interdisciplinary senior research associations, addresses the effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services in semi-natural, agricultural and urban landscapes.</p>
Frugivore-mediated seed dispersal in fragmented landscapes: Compositional and functional turnover from forest to matrix
<p>Seed dispersal by frugivores is a fundamental function for plant community dynamics in fragmented landscapes, where forest remnants are typically embedded in a matrix of anthropogenic habitats. Frugivores can mediate both connectivity among forest remnants and plant colonization of the matrix. However, it remains poorly understood how frugivore communities change from forest to matrix due to the loss or replacement of species with traits that are less advantageous in open habitats, and whether such changes ultimately influence the composition and traits of dispersed plants via species interactions. Here, we close this gap by using a unique dataset of seed-dispersal networks that were sampled in forest patches and adjacent matrix habitats of seven fragmented landscapes across Europe. We found a similar diversity of frugivores, plants and interactions contributing to seed dispersal in forest and matrix, but a high turnover (replacement) in all these components. The turnover of dispersed seeds was smaller than that of frugivore communities because different frugivore species provided complementary seed dispersal in forest and matrix. Importantly, the turnover involved functional changes towards larger and more mobile frugivores in the matrix, which dispersed taller, larger-seeded plants with later fruiting periods. Our study provides a trait-based understanding of frugivore-mediated seed dispersal through fragmented landscapes, uncovering non-random shifts that can have cascading consequences for the composition of regenerating plant communities. Our findings also highlight the importance of forest remnants and frugivore faunas for ecosystem resilience, demonstrating a high potential for passive forest restoration of unmanaged lands in the matrix.</p>
Frugivore-mediated seed dispersal in fragmented landscapes: Compositional and functional turnover from forest to matrix
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Data from: Spatial and seasonal determinants of arthropod community composition across an agro-ecosystem landscape
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Effects of compositional heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation on richness and diversity in simulated landscapes
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Dataset from: The effects of crop type, landscape composition and agroecological practices on biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical smallholder farms
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Landscape composition and life‐history traits influence bat movement and space use: Analysis of 30 years of published telemetry data
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Differences in bee community composition between restored and remnant prairies are more strongly linked to forb community differences than landscape differences
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Data from: Wild bees as winners and losers: relative impacts of landscape composition, quality, and climate
<p>Wild bees, like many other taxa, are threatened by land use and climate change, which in turn jeopardizes pollination of crops and wild plants. Understanding how land-use and climate factors interact is critical to predicting and managing pollinator populations and ensuring adequate pollination services, but most studies have evaluated either land-use or climate effects, not both. Further, bee species are incredibly variable, spanning an array of behavioral, physiological and life history traits that can increase or decrease resilience to land use or climate change. Thus, there are likely bee species that benefit, while others suffer, from changing climate and land use, but few studies have documented taxon-specific trends. To address these critical knowledge gaps, we analyzed a long-term dataset of wild bee occurrences from Maryland, Delaware, and Washington DC, USA, examining how different bee genera and functional groups respond to landscape composition, quality, and climate factors.</p> <p>Despite a large body of literature documenting land-use effects on wild bees, in this study, climate factors emerged as the main drivers of wild-bee abundance and richness. For wild-bee communities in spring and summer/fall, temperature and precipitation were more important predictors than landscape composition, landscape quality, or topography. However, relationships varied substantially between wild-bee genera and functional groups.</p> <p>In the Northeast USA, past trends and future predictions show a changing climate with warmer winters, more intense precipitation in winter and spring, and longer growing seasons with higher maximum temperatures. In almost all of our analyses, these conditions were associated with lower abundance of wild bees. Wild-bee richness results were more mixed, including neutral and positive relationships with predicted temperature and precipitation patterns. Thus, in this region and undoubtedly more broadly, changing climate poses a significant threat to wild-bee communities.</p>
The long-term effect of restoration interventions, landscape composition, and time on the restoration success of Pannonic sand grasslands
<p>Data for the manuscript</p>
Unexpected effects of local management and landscape composition on predatory mites and their food resources in vineyards
<p>This research was funded by the project SECBIVIT.</p> <p>Dataset of the results in the Articel: Unexpected effects of local management and landscape composition on predatory mites and their food resources in vineyards.</p> <p>For further information also see: </p> <ul> <li>Sampled grape varieties: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4562219 </li> <li>https://www.secbivit.boku.ac.at/</li> </ul>
Predatory arthropod community composition in apple orchards: Orchard management, landscape structure and sampling method
<p>Studies on predatory arthropods in agricultural areas seldom include Diptera other than hover flies, partly because common sampling methods are less effective for capturing species that easily fly off when disturbed. To study the effect from this bias when describing the predator community, we compared traditional beat sampling of branches and suction sampling for describing the community of predatory arthropods in Swedish apple orchards, both organic orchards and orchards using integrated pest management. Our results indicate that the proportion of both predatory dipterans and parasitic hymenopterans increase dramatically when using suction sampling (Diptera: 32% vs 20%, Hymenoptera: 25% vs 7%). In fact, predatory dipterans were the most abundant predatory group when using suction sampling, in contrast to beat sampling where spiders were the most abundant group. One group of predatory flies that was particularly rich in both species and individuals in the surveyed apple orchards was dance flies in the family Hybotidae. Even though the bias of sampling method was evident, it was encouraging that the method choice did not affect the conclusions concerning management on predatory arthropod communities. With both methods, dipteran and coleopteran predators were more abundant in organic apple orchards whereas opilionids were more abundant in orchards managed according to integrated pest management. The inclusion of landscape variables further indicated effects of landscape diversity and of deciduous forest cover, but the response varied in sign between predatory groups. Whereas both Coleoptera and Heteroptera were more abundant in orchards surrounded by more complex landscapes (high landscape diversity and/or high deciduous forest cover), spiders, opilionids and dipterans were rather less abundant in these orchards. To conclude, our study points to the potential importance of predatory dipterans in apple orchards, and we highly recommend future studies of arthropod predators in apple and other crops to actively include predatory Diptera.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.