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221 results for “landscape use”
Dynamic landscapes of fear and safety alter prey refuge use in freshwater habitats
The non-consumptive effects of predators on prey behavior have been studied in many different systems. However, predator-prey ecology has placed a bulk of emphasis on how fear alters prey behavior, and new studies have begun to shift focus to the importance that safety in the form of refuges has in structuring prey behavioral responses. This project focuses on changes in the safety landscape as well as changes in the fear landscape and how these changes impact crayfish behavior. Using an established bass-crayfish predator prey system, we altered shelter quality and location in relation to the presence of bass odor signals. We measured shelter use by the crayfish in response to this changing landscape.
Data and supplementary material used for Soundscapes to Landscapes soundscape mapping
<p>This repository contains supporting data products to enable the soundscape mapping outlined in the associated publication (DOI forthcoming). Data were used to extract acoustic recording location environmental data for training random forest models to spatially predict 2021 ecoacoustic metrics. The accompanying code will be linked to the GitHub repository. Files include:</p> <p>Data:</p> <ul> <li>clustered_fold_k10.rsd: indices of the model data used if geoCV approach</li> <li>extracted_predictors_vif3.csv: site-specific predictor values extracted from predictors_annual_20230223.tif</li> <li>final_predictors_vif3.csv: a two column table summarizing the VIF selected predictors</li> <li>final_sites_2017-2021.csv: the list of 1,195 potential sites</li> <li>predictor_sprmn_corr.csv: correlation matrix for predictors in model data</li> <li>predictors_annual_20230223.tif: all predictors </li> <li>response_df_200623.csv: site level ecoacoustic metrics</li> </ul> <p>Results:</p> <ul> <li>map_correlations.tar: pairwise response map correlations</li> <li>pdps.tar: partial dependence plot data</li> <li>performance.tar: model performance summaries</li> <li>predictions_maps.tar: final median and IQR model prediction surfaces</li> <li>variable_importance.tar: summaries for variable importance analyses</li> </ul> <p>Contact Colin Quinn at cq73@nau.edu for questions related to this repository or the underlying work. Original wav recordings are expected to be made publicly available on the NASA DAACs in the near future. </p>
Measurements of savanna landscap fire emission factors for CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O using a UAV-based sampling methodology
<p>This dataset contains direct measurements of biomass burning emission factors for CO<sub>2</sub>, CO, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O. It includes over 4500 EF bag measurements sampled using an unmanned aerial system (UAS), and measured fuel parameters and fire severity proxies during 129 individual fires. The measurements cover a variety of savanna ecosystems in Brazil, Australia, Botswana, Zambia, South-Africa and Mozambique under different seasonal conditions, sampled over the course of six fire seasons between 2017 and 2022. The table in the included word file explains the individual columns in the excell file. </p> <p> </p>
Disturbance legacies and resilience simulation using an individual-based forest landscape model on the Andrews Experimental Forest
Disturbances are key drivers of forest ecosystem dynamics, and forests are well adapted to their natural disturbance regimes. However, as a result of climate change, disturbance frequency is expected to increase in the future in many regions. It is not yet clear how such changes might affect forest ecosystems, and which mechanisms contribute to (current and future) disturbance resilience. We here studied the 6364-ha HJ Andrews Experimental Forest landscape to investigate how patches of remnant old-growth trees (as one important class of biological legacies) affect the resilience of forest ecosystems to disturbance. Using the spatially explicit, individual-based forest landscape model iLand we analyzed the effect of three different levels of remnant patches (0%, 12%, and 24% of the landscape) on 500-year recovery trajectories after a large, high severity wildfire. In addition, we evaluated how three different levels of fire frequency (no fire, a historic fire return interval of 262 years, and a reduced fire return interval of 131 years) modulate the effects of initial legacies. The study investigated effects of legacies on the resilience of forest ecosystem structure (represented by canopy complexity as described by the rumple index), composition (proportion of late-seral species), and functioning (total ecosystem carbon storage). For each scenario of initial legacy and fire return interval 25 replicates were simulated. More information on the simulation methodology as well as the code and executable used for this study can be obtained at http://iLand.boku.ac.at. The dataset is completed and no further analyses are planned at this point. The results are published in Ecological Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/14-0255.1.
Land use change converts temperate dryland landscape into a net methane source
<p>Drylands cover approximately 40% of the global land surface and are thought to contribute significantly to the soil methane sink. However, large-scale methane budgets have not fully considered the influence of agricultural land use change in drylands, which often includes irrigation to create land cover types that support hay or grains for livestock production. These land cover types may represent a small proportion of the landscape but could disproportionately contribute to greenhouse gas exchange and are currently omitted in estimates of dryland methane fluxes. We measured greenhouse gas fluxes among big sagebrush, introduced wetlands, and hay meadows in a semi-arid temperate dryland in Wyoming, USA to investigate how these small-scale irrigated land cover types contributed to landscape-scale methane dynamics. Big sagebrush ecosystems dominated the landscape while the introduced wetlands and hay meadows represented 1% and 12% respectively. Methane uptake was consistent in the big sagebrush ecosystems, emissions and uptake were variable in the hay meadows, and emissions were consistent in the introduced wetlands. Despite making up 1% of the total land area, methane production in the introduced wetlands overwhelmed consumption occurring throughout the rest of the landscape, making this region a net methane source. Our work suggests that introduced wetlands and other irrigated land cover types created for livestock production may represent a significant, previously overlooked source of anthropogenic methane in this region and perhaps in drylands globally.</p>
Landscape composition and life-history traits influence bat movement and space use: analysis of 30 years of published telemetry data
<p>Using temperate bats, a group of particular conservation concern, we investigated how morphological traits, habitat specialization and environmental variables affect home range sizes and daily foraging movements, using a compilation of 30 years of published bat telemetry data in Northern America and Europe for the period 1988 – 2016.</p> <p>We compiled data on home range size and mean daily distance between roosts and foraging areas at both colony and individual levels from 166 studies of 3,129 radiotracked individuals of 49 bat species. We calculated multi-scale habitat composition and configuration in the surrounding landscapes of all studied roosts. Using mixed models, we examined the effects of habitat availability and spatial arrangement on bat movements, while accounting for body mass, aspect ratio, wing loading and habitat specialization.</p> <p>We found a significant effect of landscape composition on home range size and mean daily distance at both colony and individual levels. On average, home ranges were up to 42% smaller in the most habitat-diversified landscapes while mean daily distances were up to 30% shorter in the most forested landscapes. Bat home range size significantly increased with body mass, wing aspect ratio and wing loading, and decreased with habitat specialization.</p>
Data set: Land use and land cover change in a tropical mountain landscape of northern Ecuador: altitudinal patterns and driving forces
<p>Tropical mountain ecosystems are threatened by land use pressures, compromising their capacity to provide multiple ecosystem services. The analysis of landscape changes and their proximate driving forces is often qualitative and sectorial oriented, although local patterns and numerous interactions among socio-economic, demographic, and biophysical factors shape these socio-ecological systems. We characterized land use land cover (LULC) dynamics using Markov-chain probabilities by elevation and geographic settings and then, implementing the DPSIR holistic approach, we integrated them with a variety of freely available geospatial and temporal data into a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) to uncover the factors driving such landscape dynamics in a sensitive region of the northern Ecuadorian Andes. Our results demonstrated a dynamic and clear geographical pattern of distinct LULC transitions through time, explained by different combination of socio-economic factors, demographic and infrastructure variables and environmental parameters, from which topographic variables were the main drivers of change in this landscape. We found that deforestation of remnant native forest and agricultural expansion still occur in higher elevations, while land conversion toward anthropic environments, particularly significant expansion of floriculture and urban areas were observed in lower elevations to the east of the studied territory. Our findings also revealed an unexpected stability trend of paramo and a successional recovery of previous agricultural land to the west and center of the territory, which could be explained by agricultural land abandonment. However, the very low probability of persistence of montane forests found overall, highlights the greater threat to permanently lose the already vulnerable mountain native biodiversity. The methodological approach and our findings, demonstrating dynamic patterns through space and time and their explanatory drivers, could help local authorities and stakeholder to improve sustainably resource land management in vulnerable landscapes such as the tropical Andes in northern Ecuador.</p>
Supplementary Data - Using landscape genomics to infer genomic regions involved in environmental adaptation of soybean genebank accessions
<p><strong>File: 50K_GenotypesEU_raw_UHOH_SoySNP50K.csv.tgz </strong></p> <p>Genotyping data of SoySNP50k SNP array of 170 European soybean varieties.</p> <p>The array includes 51.955 SNP markers.</p> <p>Genotypes of each variety are in columns and each row is a SNP marker. Naming of markers follows the annotation of the soybean genome.</p> <p><strong>File: EUvarieties_infos.csv </strong></p> <p>Description of European varieties</p> <p>Contains variety name, country of origin, EU region and maturity group assignment.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>File: Supplementary_Data_Haupt_Schmid.xlsx</strong></p> <p>Additional data derived from data analysis. Description of data contained within file (Worksheet "Summary")</p> <p> </p>
Number of chamber measurement locations for accurate quantification of landscape-scale greenhouse gas fluxes: Importance of land use, seasonality, and greenhouse gas type
<p>Contains all raw data measured in the Schwingbach Earth Observatory (SEO) from Spring, Summer and Autumn 2020. Data was measured with an on-site LGR laser from the GHG emissions, and with 100cm³ soil cores for the soil characteristics. Details can be found in the corresponding manuscript "Number of chamber measurement locations for accurate quantification of landscape-scale greenhouse gas fluxes: Importance of land use, seasonality, and greenhouse gas type"</p>
The Provincelands of Cape Cod National Seashore, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, USA. The reddish vegetation in the center of the photo is a cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) bog, a wetland used for breeding by the Fowler's toad. The surrounding landscape is ideal for the Fowler's toad and supports one of the largest populations of this species in the United States. The landscape contains a patchwork of sand, pitch pine (Pinus rigida), scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia), and dune grass (Ammophila breviligulata). Photo by Rebecca Flaherty. in Fowler's Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) occupancy in the southern mid-Atlantic, USA
The Provincelands of Cape Cod National Seashore, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, USA. The reddish vegetation in the center of the photo is a cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) bog, a wetland used for breeding by the Fowler's toad. The surrounding landscape is ideal for the Fowler's toad and supports one of the largest populations of this species in the United States. The landscape contains a patchwork of sand, pitch pine (Pinus rigida), scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia), and dune grass (Ammophila breviligulata). Photo by Rebecca Flaherty.
Figure 3. – Average STRUCTURE results aggregated using CLUMPAK for populations 2–6 and 9. K in Landscape biogeography and population structuring of a facultatively amphidromous galaxiid fish, Galaxias brevipinnis
Figure 3. – Average STRUCTURE results aggregated using CLUMPAK for populations 2–6 and 9. K = 6 was selected as the most likely population estimate using Evanno's method. STRUCTURE initially separated the lakes draining to the east coast (L. Wānaka and L. Wakatipu) from all other sites at K = 2. The West Coast lakes were split away next (K = 3), with L. Moeraki and L. Paringa splitting at K = 4 and L. Cristabel at K = 5. East coast L. Wānaka and L. Wakatipu were split at K = 6. L. Paringa and L. Moeraki are split form each other at K = 9.
Fig. 1 in Predicting Baylisascaris procyonis roundworm prevalence, presence and abundance in raccoons (Procyon lotor) of southwestern Ohio using landscape features
Fig. 1. Map of the townships of Greene and Clark Counties Ohio. The data represent the proportion of raccoons from an individual township that had raccoon roundworms when necropsied. This map also demonstrates the mean patch size, proportion of landscape modified by urbanization and the proportion of landscape modified by agriculture for the nine townships.
Data from: Using Landsat time-series to investigate nearly 50 years of tree canopy cover change across an urban-rural landscape in southern Ontario
<p><strong>Paper Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Canadian urban and adjacent landscapes have been dynamic over the last 50 years due to land management, land cover alternations, climate change, and disturbances. Remote sensing, particularly the Landsat archive, provides the only means to spatially quantify these long-term dynamics locally. Here, we explore the utility of Landsat, including the often-forgotten MSS sensor, for investigating percent tree canopy cover (TCC) change between 1972 and 2020 in a Canadian urban-rural context. We build a TCC time-series by training random forest models using visually interpreted TCC from high-resolution imagery. Predictors include topographic and yearly LandsatLinkr-harmonized and LandTrendr-fitted tasseled cap indices. Yearly binary TCC maps are built to mask consistently treeless areas and limit noise. To increase confidence in observed TCC change without historical reference imagery, we investigate multiple temporal validation options. Our TCC time-series (R2: 0.89, RMSE: 10.7%), quantifies TCC dynamics while limiting erroneous change and predictor space extrapolation. We explore TCC changes across landscapes, revealing periods of gain and loss associated with agricultural reforestation (1978-1996), housing development (on-going), drought (late 1990s), emerald ash borer (2010s), an ice storm (2013), and other drivers. Results demonstrate how long-term Landsat time-series can be used to better understand historical tree canopy change at local-regional scales. </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Dataset details:</strong></p> <p>See paper. </p> <ul> <li>cc_72to20.tif: Yearly tree CC predictions (1972-2020)</li> <li>always_nonforest10_nowater.tif: continuous-non-canopy mask</li> <li>water.tif: water mask</li> <li>Yearly.zip: Annual predictors (including CC10) and asc outputs</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p>See code on GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/ZZMitch/PredictTreeCC_Landsat_1972to2020">ZZMitch/PredictTreeCC_Landsat_1972to2020: Code from the portion of my PhD about using Landsat time-series to predict tree canopy cover from 1972 - 2020. Code will be released as papers are published. (github.com)</a></p>
Influence of land use changes on landscape connectivity for North China leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis)
<p><span>North China leopard (<em>Panthera pardus japonensis</em></span><span>), is the most wid</span><span>espread subspecies of leopard and one of the rare and endangered species in China. It is currently confined to several isolated natural reserves, and little is known about its habitat network connectivity with land use changes. This study was conducted to assess the impacts of land use changes on landscape connectivity for North China leopards in the Great Taihang Region. Circuit theory-based connectivity models and least-cost path analyses were used to delineate pathways suitable for species movement, and evaluate the impacts of land use changes on landscape connectivity. The results revealed that there were 37 least-cost paths in 1990 and 38 in 2020. The area of forest land increased from 57142.74 km<sup>2</sup> to 74836.64 km<sup>2</sup>, with the percentage increasing from 26.61% to 34.85%. In general, the increase of forest land area promoted landscape connectivity for North China leopards at broad spatial scales. The improvement of landscape connectivity was not always consistent with the land use changes, and there was a slightly decreasing trend in connectivity in some key movement barrier areas </span><span>with high-intensity of human activities</span><span>. Improving landscape connectivity at broad spatial scales is as important as protecting the habitats (natural reserves) where the species lives. Our study can serve as an example of exploring the relationships between land use changes and landscape connectivity for species conservation at broad spatial scales with limited movement pattern data. This information is proved to be critical for enhancing landscape connectivity for the conservation concerns of North China leopard and planning of natural reserves network.</span></p>
Data for: Inferring population connectivity in Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus) using landscape genetics
<p>Assessing the environmental factors that influence the ability of a threatened species to move through the landscape can be used to identify conservation actions that connect isolated populations. However, direct observations of species' movement are often limited making the development of alternate approaches necessary. Here we use landscape genetic analyses to assess the impact of landscape features on the movement of individuals between local populations of a threatened snake, the Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake (<em>Sistrurus catenatus</em>). We linked connectivity data with habitat information from two landscapes of similar size: a large region of unfragmented habitat and a previously studied fragmented landscape consisting of isolated patches of habitat. We used this analysis to identify features of the landscape where modification or acquisition would enhance population connectivity in the fragmented region. We found evidence that current connectivity is impacted by both contemporary landcover features, especially roads, and inherent landscape features such as elevation. Next, we derived estimates of expected movement ability using a recently developed pedigree-based approach and Least Cost Paths through the unfragmented landscape. We then used our pedigree and resistance map to estimate resistance polygons of the potential extent for <em>S. catenatus</em> movement in the fragmented landscape. These polygons identify possible sites for future corridors connecting currently isolated populations in this landscape by linking the impact of future habitat modification or land acquisition to dispersal ability in this species. Overall, our study shows how modeling landscape resistance across differently fragmentated landscapes can identify habitat features that affect contemporary movement in threatened species in fragmented landscapes and how this information can be used to guide mitigation actions whose goal is to connect isolated populations.</p>
Concordant and opposing effects of climate and land-use change on avian assemblages in California's most transformed landscapes
<p>Climate and land-use change could exhibit concordant effects that favor or disfavor the same species, which would amplify their impacts, or species may respond to each threat in a divergent manner, causing opposing effects that moderate their impacts in isolation. We used early 20th-century surveys of birds conducted by Joseph Grinnell paired with modern resurveys and land-use change reconstructed from historic maps to examine avian change in Los Angeles and California's Central Valley (and their surrounding foothills). Occupancy and species richness declined greatly in Los Angeles from urbanization, strong warming (+1.8°C) and drying (-77.2 mm), but remained stable in the Central Valley, despite large-scale agricultural development, average warming (+0.9°C), and increased precipitation (+11.2 mm). While climate was the main driver of species distributions a century ago, the combined impacts of land-use and climate change drove temporal changes in occupancy, with similar numbers of species experiencing concordant and opposing effects.</p>
Not only hedgerows, but also flower fields can enhance bat activity in intensively used agricultural landscapes
<p>Agri-environment schemes (AES) have become important tools for farmland biodiversity conservation, providing suitable habitats, resources, and connectivity within agricultural landscapes. Bats are rarely studied in relation to AES effectiveness in contrast to birds, even though their presence and activity as biological control agents on insects, especially pest species, can be important for agricultural crops. While the role of hedgerows for bat occurrence and activity, as well as for their prey's diversity and abundance has been widely studied, the role of other AESs such as flower fields remains unclear. We monitored the activity of the main functional groups (edge, narrow and open space foragers) using ultrasound recorders, as well as potential prey abundances using light traps, across 35 study sites representing different AES in Central Germany from late July to September 2018. The sampled AES consisted of annual flower fields, mixed flower fields (with annual and biennial vegetation), perennial flower fields (sown every 5 years), hedgerows (surrounded by meadows and agricultural fields), and were compared to winter wheat (control) in a balanced design. Bat activity over hedgerows increased threefold for edge space foragers and sevenfold for narrow space foragers compared to wheat fields. Compared to wheat fields, narrow space forager activity increased fourfold over perennial flower fields, threefold over annual and twofold over mixed flower fields. This group's activity over hedgerows also increased almost threefold compared to mixed flower fields. However, the number of feeding buzzes and prey abundance did not differ significantly between AES. We detected foraging group-specific differences in bat activity between the studied AES. Thus, to promote bats in agricultural landscapes and to ensure their biological control services, it is important to establish more AES, such as hedgerows and flower fields, to increase their diversity and connectivity in intensively used agricultural landscapes.</p>
Data from: Nutrigonometry I: using right-angle triangles to quantify nutritional trade-offs in performance landscapes
<p>Animals regulate their food intake to maximise the expression of fitness traits but are forced to trade-off optimal expression of some fitness traits due to differences in nutrient requirements of each trait ('nutritional trade-offs'). Nutritional trade-offs have been experimentally uncovered using the Geometric Framework for Nutrition (GF). However, current analytical methods to measure such responses rely on either visual inspection or complex models of vector calculations applied to multidimensional performance landscapes, making these approaches subjective, or conceptually difficult, computationally expensive, and in some cases inaccurate. Here, we present a simple trigonometric model to measure nutritional trade-offs in multidimensional landscapes (Nutrigonometry), which relies on the trigonometric relationships of right-angle triangles and thus, is both conceptually and computationally easier to understand and use than previous quantitative approaches. We apply Nutrigonometry to a landmark GF dataset for the comparison of several standard statistical models to assess model performance in finding regions in the performance landscapes. This revealed that polynomial (Bayesian) regressions can be used for precise and accurate predictions of peaks and valleys in performance landscapes, irrespective of the underlying structure of the data (i.e., individual food intakes vs fixed diet ratios). We then identified the known nutritional trade-off between lifespan and reproductive rate both in terms of nutrient balance and concentration for validation of the model. This shows Nutrigonometry enables a fast, reliable, and reproducible quantification of nutritional trade-offs in multidimensional performance landscapes, thereby broadening the potential for future developments in comparative research on the evolution of animal nutrition.</p>
Data and tools of the landscape and cost analysis of data repositories currently used by the Swiss research community
<p>This file collection is part of the ORD Landscape and Cost Analysis Project (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2643460), a study jointly commissioned by the SNSF and swissuniversities in 2018.</p> <p>Please cite this data collection as:<br> von der Heyde, M. (2019). Data and tools of the landscape and cost analysis of data repositories currently used by the Swiss research community. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2643495</p> <p>Connected data papers are:<br> von der Heyde, M. (2019). Open Data Landscape: Repository Usage of the Swiss Research Community: Description of collection, collected data, and analysis methods [Data paper]. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2643430<br> von der Heyde, M. (2019). International Open Data Repository Survey: Description of collection, collected data, and analysis methods [Data paper]. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2643450</p> <p>Connected data sets are:<br> von der Heyde, M. (2019). Data from the Swiss Open Data Repository Landscape survey. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2643487<br> von der Heyde, M. (2019). Data from the International Open Data Repository Survey. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2643493</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Contact</strong></p> <p>Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)</p> <p>Open Research Data Group</p> <p>E-mail: <a href="mailto:ord@snf.ch">ord@snf.ch</a></p> <p> </p> <p>swissuniversities</p> <p>Program "Scientific Information"</p> <p>Gabi Schneider</p> <p>E-Mail: <a href="mailto:isci@swissuniversities.ch">isci@swissuniversities.ch</a></p>
Data from: Nutrigonometry I: using right-angle triangles to quantify nutritional trade-offs in performance landscapes
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