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12 results for “large carnivore conservation”
Predicting potential distributions of large carnivores in Kenya: An occupancy study to guide conservation
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>:</span><span> Species distribution maps are frequently the foundation upon which species-specific conservation strategies are developed, however, mapping species distribution is challenging, especially across large spatial extents. Our aim was to use a novel empirical approach to predict the national distribution for all six large carnivore species </span><span>found in Kenya to guide conservation and management decisions by identifying knowledge and conservation gaps.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>:</span><span> Kenya</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span><span> Data on carnivore presence and absence were collected through questionnaires and sightings-based surveys. These data were combined and analysed using single-season false-positive occupancy models, which account for imperfect detections and false positives. </span><span>To inform conservation strategies, </span><span>we used the occupancy outputs to make predictions for unsampled areas and create occupancy-based distribution </span><span>maps, where ψ>0.50, </span><span>to</span><span> (1) quantify differences with IUCN Red List range maps, (2) quantify overlap with wildlife areas and (3) </span><span>identify areas of high carnivore richness</span><span>.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> Large carnivore occupancy was associated with land conversion, habitat, and prey availability. Our results suggest that all six species are widely distributed across Kenya and reveal substantial differences in distribution maps compiled by the IUCN Red List. </span><span>More specifically, our occupancy-based distribution maps predict a </span><span>much larger distribution for African wild dog (5.09X), lion (4.77X), and leopard (1.46X), similar distribution for cheetah, and smaller distribution for spotted hyaena (0.84X) and striped hyaena (0.65X). For all large carnivores, the vast majority (~80%) of their predicted distribution falls outside wildlife areas and northern Kenya is predicted to have the highest large carnivore richness.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Main conclusions</strong>:</span> <span>Our results are encouraging as large carnivores may be widely distributed across Kenya, in some cases potentially more so than previously acknowledged. However, much of this range lies outside wildlife areas and represents areas of concern both for conservation and human livelihoods illustrating the challenges of conserving large carnivores across their range.</span></p>
Figure 9 in Human-wildlife conflict as a barrier to large carnivore management and conservation in Turkey
Figure 9. Responses by occupation for the question "Does the wild animal you see harm you?" as part of a human opinion survey conducted in 2010 and 2014 in villages surrounding the Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains National Park in eastern Turkey. Results are pooled across years.
Figure 12 in Human-wildlife conflict as a barrier to large carnivore management and conservation in Turkey
Figure 12. Previous knowledge of wildlife ecotourism and desire to participate in future opportunities of survey respondents to a human opinion survey conducted in 2010 and 2014 in villages surrounding the Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains National Park in eastern Turkey. Results are pooled across the two survey years.
Figure 6 in Human-wildlife conflict as a barrier to large carnivore management and conservation in Turkey
Figure 6. Responses by survey year for the question "Does the wild animal you see harm you?" as part of a human opinion survey conducted in 2006, 2010, and 2014 in villages surrounding the Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains National Park in eastern Turkey.
Figure 7 in Human-wildlife conflict as a barrier to large carnivore management and conservation in Turkey
Figure 7. Property damage from wildlife experienced by survey respondents to a human opinion survey conducted in 2006, 2010, and 2014 in villages surrounding the Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains National Park in eastern Turkey. Results are pooled across years.
Predicting potential distributions of large carnivores in Kenya: An occupancy study to guide conservation
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Trust in researchers and researchers' statements in large carnivore conservation
<p>Human-wildlife interactions occur when humans and wildlife overlap in the same landscapes. Due to the growing human population, the number of interactions will continue to increase, and in some cases, develop further into social conflicts. Conflicts may occur between people disagreeing about wildlife conservation or arguing over which wildlife management measures should be taken. Social conflicts between humans are based on different attitudes, values and land-use aspirations. The success of solving these social conflicts strongly depends on building trust between the public, stakeholders, authorities, and researchers, as trust is fundamental to all communication and dialogue.</p> <p>Here we have examined how trust in large carnivore research differs within a geographically stratified sample of the Norwegian population. The comprehensive survey, including 2110 respondents, allows us to explore how people perceive factual statements about large carnivores depending on the source of these statements. Specifically, the respondents were given multiple statements and asked to judge them in terms of meaning and authenticity depending on whether the statements were made by a politician, the Norwegian farmers' association, the Norwegian Fish and Game association or a large carnivore researcher. Based on the variations in perceptions, we inferred that trust in large carnivore researchers and their research results varied with people's attitudes, values and direct experience of large carnivores.</p> <p>In general, respondents perceived 60% of the statements to be genuine when given no information of who had made them. Although this increased to 75 % when informed that the statements were made by a large carnivore researcher, there was still a 25 % probability that the statement was perceived as manipulative or political. Age, environmental values, and negative experiences of carnivores increased the probability of perceiving research statements as manipulative or political. People living in areas with high proportions of hunters showed particularly polarized views, either more strongly perceiving the statements as political, or in contrast as research.</p> <p>This study provides a novel perspective in understanding the role trust plays in social conflicts related to human-wildlife interactions.</p>
Trust in researchers and researchers’ statements in large carnivore conservation
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Large carnivore conservation and traditional pastoralism: An economic analysis on the efficacy of bear-reindeer predation mitigation measures: Dataset for 2014–2016 corralling versus forest treatment analysis
<p>While wildlife and cultural preservation goals can be either complimentary or counteractive, the goals of large carnivore conservation and traditional pastoralist lifestyles are often at odds. Livestock depredation can negatively impact the economies of livestock herders, while subsequent lethal removals contribute to local carnivore population declines. Here, we collaborated with two Sámi reindeer herding communities (2010–2016) situated in Sweden's boreal forest to evaluate the efficacy and economic feasibility of three brown bear predation mitigation measures: corralling pregnant reindeer during parturition, lethal bear management removals, and public bear-license hunting. Calving corrals increased survival for reindeer calves born to average-sized females by 7% to 15% and by 14% to 30% for calves born to small females. However, the realized cost of implementing calving corrals outweighed the financial gain for both our study areas (net losses ranged between €1,111 and €6,210 per calf saved from bear predation per year when using the updated 2021 calf value), as well as for almost every theoretical scenario we explored (net losses €234 and €13,995 per calf saved from bear predation). The exception was the theoretical scenario where small herding communities overlapped large bear populations, which crossed the breakeven efficacy bear/reindeer ratio of 13.5 bears/100 reindeer and had a potential net gain of €36 per saved calf. Similarly, the cost of lethal management removals of bears also outweighed the potential financial gain from saved calves, with net losses between €75 and €239 per calf. License hunting, where the hunters voluntarily incur the monetary costs of removing bears, is in most cases the only economically viable mitigation measure where the cost of mitigation did not outweigh the financial gain from increased reindeer survival. While the annual public license hunt was the most cost-effective mitigation measure, it may be less biologically effective, i.e., bear hunting occurs in the fall and reindeer parturition the following spring which leaves time for the empty niche of harvested bears to be filled by survivors. Economically and biologically effective predation mitigation measures are key for promoting coexistence, and we suggest that potential mitigation measures should be studied in collaboration with local people.</p>
Large carnivore conservation and traditional pastoralism: An economic analysis on the efficacy of bear-reindeer predation mitigation measures: Dataset for 2014–2016 corralling versus forest treatment analysis
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Supplementary material 1 from: Tattoni C (2019) Nomen omen. Toponyms predict recolonization and extinction patterns for large carnivores. Nature Conservation 37: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.37.38279
: Data type: statistical data
Data from: Conservation implications of sex-specific landscape suitability for a large generalist carnivore
Aim: Terrestrial mammal distribution models typically do not differentiate between sexes when making spatial predictions, which could have important conservation implications. As male carnivores are usually more risk tolerant and travel longer distances, male potential range should be larger and include more human modified areas than female range. To evaluate if differences between females and males could influence their conservation planning, we quantified sex-specific suitable range for a recolonizing population of American black bears (Ursus americanus). Location: We applied this method in Missouri, USA. Methods: We collected telemetry data from 57 females and 43 male bears from 2010 to 2018. We used three machine-learning methods (generalized boosted regression, random forest, and Maximum entropy) to develop sex-specific distribution models, which were combined into a weight-averaged ensemble model, and converted into a binary (presence/absence) model using an optimized threshold. We used 80% of individuals for each sex as training data, and 20% as evaluation data. Results: All models had high predictive performance; the greatest uncertainty in model predictions corresponded with the periphery of the distributions, whereas there was high agreement in the core distribution. Male suitable range was 66% larger than female range, and males were predicted to occur in more human-modified areas and more likely to be present in developed land and agriculture. Main conclusions: Distribution models based on data from both sexes, or that is male-biased, could overestimate the female (i.e. reproductive) range and potentially misrepresent the biologically relevant species distribution. This bias can potentially lead to misguided decisions and suboptimal use of resources. By improving models when sex-specific data is available, we can better focus resources in areas where there is reproductive potential, leading to more accurate assessments of species' conservation status and better identifying areas vital for species persistence.
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