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1,225 results for “larval morphology”
Relyea, R. A. 2001. Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators. Ecology 82:523-540.
Many organisms can adjust to a changing environment by developing alternative phenotypes that improve their fitness. Our understanding of phenotypic plasticity is largely based upon observations from single species responding to two different environments and measuring a single plastic trait. In this study, I examine predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in tadpoles by observing how six species of larval anurans respond to five different predator environments in 11 different traits (seven morphological traits, two behavioral traits, growth, and development). The results demonstrate that behavioral and morphological plasticity may be ubiquitous in larval anurans. The six prey species exhibited different responses to the same predator species, and each prey exhibited different responses to different predator species. This suggests that responses to a particular predator may not serve as general defense against all predators; rather, prey express predator-specific suites of responses. I also compared relative differences in plasticity among species and among traits. In contrast to earlier findings using only two predator environments, I found that different anurans possess similar degrees of plasticity for most of their traits when reared in a large number of environments. In addition, behavioral traits were always more plastic than morphological traits. Finally, I examined trait integration to address whether there were apparent trade-offs among traits and limits imposed by the abiotic environment. Trait integration, or the degree of correlated responses among traits across predator environments within a prey species, was very low. This further suggests that the suites of responses are predator specific and may be under independent directions of selection in different predator environments. Trait correlations across prey species indicated that there is an apparent trade-off between tail fin depth and body size. This relationship is supported by selection studies with
Relyea, R. A., and E. E. Werner. 2000. Morphological plasticity of four larval anurans distributed along an environmental gradient. Copeia 2000:178-190.
We investigated morphological plasticity to the presence of predators in the tadpoles of four ranid frog species distributed along a pond hydroperiod gradient in southeast Michigan. We first reared all four species (Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica; Leopard Frog R. pipiens; Green Frog, R. clamitans; and Bullfrog, R. catesbeiana) under identical laboratory conditions in the presence and absence of caged larval dragonflies (Anax spp.). We then reared wood frog and leopard frog in outdoor mesocosms to examine the predator-induced responses during ontogeny. Finally, we reared leopard frog with predators fed either leopard frog or wood frog larvae to determine whether prey responses depended upon predators consuming conspecific prey. All four ranids exhibited some degree of morphological change in the presence of Anax; these differences were species specific and fairly robust to different experimental conditions. The responses over ontogeny indicated that the changes were direct responses to the predator’s presence and not an indirect result of the predator slowing anuran growth or development. Finally, larval leopard frog responded similarly to predators feeding on conspecifics and congenerics. Taken together, these results suggest that morphological responses to predators may be relatively common in larval anurans. Further, because many of the responses are known to be adaptive antipredator strategies, predator-induced morphological plasticity has important evolutionary and ecological implications.
Fig. 2 in Larval morphology of Yateberosus, a New Caledonian endemic subgenus of Laccobius (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae), with notes on 'Berosus - like' larvae in Hydrophiloidea
Fig. 2. Head morphology of the third instar larva of Laccobius (Yateberosus) sp. A – head in dorsal view; B – head in ventral view; C – detail of clypeolabrum in dorsal view. Chaetotaxy omitted in A–B.
Fig. 67 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 67. Examples of morphological transformations between instars in the labium of the Acidocerini and Hydrophilini larvae. A–B – dorsal (upper side) and ventral (lower side) views. A – Enochrus (Holcophilydrus) simulans (Sharp, 1873), B – Hydrochara affinis (Sharp, 1873).
Fig. 66 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 66. Examples of morphological transformations between instars in the maxilla of the Acidocerini and Hydrophilini larvae. A–B – dorsal view, C – ventral view, D – dorsal (left side) and ventral (right side) views. A – Enochrus (Holcophilydrus) simulans (Sharp, 1873), B – Enochrus (Methydrus) japonicus (Sharp, 1873), C – E. simulans, D – Hydrophilus (Hydrophilus) acuminatus Motschulsky, 1854.
Fig. 64 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 64. Prosternum and mesothoracic legs of Hydrophilini species. A – prosternum of Hydrochara affinis (Sharp, 1873), third instar, ventral view. B–D – mesothoracic legs, first instar, anterior view: B – Hydrochara affinis (Sharp, 1873); C – Hydrophilus acuminatus Motschulsky, 1854; D – Sternolophus rufipes (Fabricius, 1792).
Fig. 61 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 61. Head appendages of Sternolophus (Sternolophus) rufipes (Fabricius, 1792), first instar. A – antenna, dorsal view; B–C – mandibles, dorsal view; D – maxilla, dorsal view; E – maxilla, ventral view; F – labium, dorsal view; G – labium, ventral view.
Fig. 59 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 59. Head appendages of Hydrophilus acuminatus Motschulsky, 1854, third instar. A – antenna, dorsal view; B – antenna, ventral view; C – detail of inner surface of intersegmental membrane between pedicel and flagellum; D – maxilla, dorsal view; E – maxilla, ventral view.
Fig. 60 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 60. Head capsule of Sternolophus (Sternolophus) rufipes (Fabricius, 1792), first instar. A – dorsal view; B – ventral view; C – detail of anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view.
Fig. 56 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 56. Head capsule of Hydrophilus acuminatus Motschulsky, 1854, first instar. A – dorsal view; B – ventral view; C – detail of anterior margin of head capsule, dorsal view.
Fig. 63 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 63. Head appendages of Sternolophus (Sternolophus) rufipes (Fabricius, 1792), third instar. A – antenna, dorsal view; B – detail of outer surface of pedicel, lateral view; C–D – mandibles, dorsal view; E – maxilla, dorsal view; F – maxilla, ventral view; G – labium, dorsal view; H – labium, ventral view.
Fig. 53 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 53. Head appendages of Hydrochara affinis (Sharp, 1873), first instar. A – antenna, dorsal view; B–C – mandibles, dorsal view; D – maxilla, dorsal view; E – maxilla, ventral view; F – labium, dorsal view; G – labium, ventral view.
Fig. 65 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 65. Examples of morphological transformations between instars in the Acidocerini and Hydrophilini larvae. A–B – antennae, dorsal view; C–D – mandibles, dorsal view. A – Enochrus (Methydrus) japonicus (Sharp, 1873), B – Hydrochara affinis (Sharp, 1873), C – Helochares (Hydrobaticus) nipponicus Hebauer, 1995, D – Hydrochara affinis.
Fig. 62 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 62. Sternolophus (Sternolophus) rufipes (Fabricius, 1792), third instar, dorsal view. A – head; B – detail of anterior margin of head capsule; C – spiracular atrium.
Fig. 47 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 47. Head appendages of Hydrobius pauper Sharp, 1884, second instar. A – antenna, dorsal view; B – labium, dorsal view; C – labium, ventral view.
Fig. 43 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 43.Helochares (Hydrobaticus) nipponicus Hebauer, 1995, chaetotaxy of head capsule, dorsal view.A–B – second instar larva:A – median part of head capsule; B – intraspecific variation of secondary sensilla between PA6 and PA7. C–D – third instar larva: C – median part of head capsule; D – intraspecific variation of secondary sensilla between PA6 and PA7. Secondary sensilla are marked by a black rhombus.
Fig. 39 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 39. Head appendages of Helochares (Hydrobaticus) nipponicus Hebauer, 1995, first instar. A – antenna, dorsal view; B–C – mandibles, dorsal view; D – maxilla, dorsal view; E – maxilla, ventral view; F – labium, dorsal view; G – labium, ventral view.
Fig. 34 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 34. Helochares (Helochares) pallens (MacLeay, 1825), chaetotaxy of head capsule, dorsal view. A – median part of head capsule, second instar. B–D – third instar larva: B – median part of head capsule; C – intraspecific variation of secondary sensilla between PA6 and PA7; D – intraspecific variation of secondary sensilla on outer part of antennal socket. Secondary sensilla are marked by a black rhombus.
Fig. 19 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 19. Enochrus (Holcophilydrus) umbratus Sharp, 1884, third instar. A – head, dorsal view; B – spiracular atrium, dorsal view.
Fig. 14 in Larval morphology of the Japanese species of the tribes Acidocerini, Hydrobiusini and Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)
Fig. 14. Head appendages of Enochrus (Holcophilydrus) simulans (Sharp, 1873), first instar. A – antenna, dorsal view; B–C – mandibles, dorsal view; D – maxilla, dorsal view; E – maxilla, ventral view; F – labium, dorsal view; G – labium, ventral view.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.