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11 results for “leafcutting”
Data from: Effects of temperature on metabolic rate during metamorphosis in the alfalfa leafcutting bee
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Data from: Phenotypic integration in an extended phenotype: among‐individual variation in nest‐building traits of the alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata)
Structures such as nests and burrows are an essential component of many organisms' life-cycle and requires a complex sequence of behaviors. Because behaviors can vary consistently among individuals and be correlated with one another, we hypothesized that these structures would 1) show evidence of among-individual variation, 2) be organized into distinct functional modules, and 3) show evidence of trade-offs among functional modules due to limits on energy budgets. We tested these hypotheses using the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, a solitary bee and important crop pollinator. M. rotundata constructs complex nests by gathering leaf materials to form a linear series of cells in pre-existing cavities. In this study, we examined variation in the following nest construction traits: reproduction (number of cells per nest and nest length), nest protection (cap length and number of leaves per cap), cell construction (cell size and number of leaves per cell), and cell provisioning (cell mass) from 60 nests. We found a general decline in investment in cell construction and provisioning with each new cell built. In addition, we found evidence for both repeatability and plasticity in cell provisioning with little evidence for trade-offs among traits. Instead, most traits were positively, albeit weakly, correlated (r ~ 0.15), and traits were loosely organized into covarying modules. Our results show that individual differences in nest construction are detectable at a level similar to that of other behavioral traits and that these traits are only weakly integrated. This suggests that nest components are capable of independent evolutionary trajectories.
Effects of temperature and wildflowers on survival and macronutrient stores of the alfalfa leafcutting bee under extended cold storage
<p><em>Megachile rotundata</em> (F.) is an important pollinator of alfalfa in the United States. Enhancing landscapes with wildflowers is a primary strategy for conserving pollinators and may improve sustainability of <em>M. rotundata</em>. Changing cold storage temperatures from a traditionally static thermal regime (STR) to a fluctuating thermal regime (FTR) improves overwintering success and extends <em>M. rotundata</em>'s shelf life and pollination window. Whether floral resources enhance overwintering survival and/or interact with thermal regime are unknown. With these data sets we tested the combined effects of enhancing alfalfa fields with wildflowers and thermal regime on survival and macronutrient stores under extended cold storage (i.e., beyond one season). <em>Megachile rotundata </em>adults were released in alfalfa plots with and without wildflower strips summer 2017. Completed nests were harvested in September 2017 and stored in STR. After a year, cells were randomly assigned to remain in STR for 6 months or in FTR for a year of extended cold storage; emergence rates were observed monthly. Macronutrient levels (i.e., sugars, glycogen, trehalose and total lipids) of newly emerged females were assessed. </p>
Environmental impacts on diapause and survival of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata
<p><i>Megachile rotundata</i> exhibits a facultative prepupal diapause but the cues regulating diapause initiation are not well understood. Possible cues include daylength and temperature. <i>Megachile rotundata</i> females experience changing daylengths over the nesting season that may influence diapause incidence in their offspring through a maternal effect. Juvenile <i>M. rotundata</i> spend their developmental period confined in a nesting cavity, potentially subjected to stressful temperatures that may affect diapause incidence and survival. To estimate the impact of daylength and nest cavity temperature on offspring diapause, we designed a 3D printed box with iButtons that measured nest cavity temperature. We observed nest building throughout the season, monitored nest cavity temperature, and followed offspring through development to measure diapause incidence and mortality. We found that daylength was a cue for diapause, and nest cavity temperature did not influence diapause incidence. Eggs laid during long days had a lower probability of diapause. Siblings tended to have the same diapause status, explaining a lot of the remaining variance in diapause incidence. Some females established nests that contained both diapausing and nondiapausing individuals, which were distributed throughout the nest. Nest cavities reached stressful temperatures, which decreased survival. Mortality was significantly higher in nondiapausing bees and the individuals that were laid first in the nest. In conclusion, we demonstrate a maternal effect for diapause that is mediated by daylength and is independent of nest box temperature.</p>
Effects of temperature and wildflowers on survival and macronutrient stores of the alfalfa leafcutting bee under extended cold storage
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Environmental impacts on diapause and survival of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata
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Data from: Phenotypic integration in an extended phenotype: among‐individual variation in nest‐building traits of the alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata)
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Microclimate and season affect flight initiation in the alfalfa leafcutting bee
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Data from: Sugar content of diet does not buffer against chronic oral imidacloprid exposure in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
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Data from: Thermal history of alfalfa leafcutting bees affects nesting and diapause incidence
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Variable spring temperatures may expose developing insects to sublethal conditions, resulting in long-term consequences. The alfalfa leafcutting bee, <i>Megachile rotundata</i>, overwinters as a prepupa inside a brood cell, resuming development in spring. During these immobile stages of development, bees must tolerate unfavourable temperatures. In this study, we test how exposure to low temperature stress during development affects subsequent reproduction and characteristics of the F1 generation. Developing male and female <i>M. rotundata </i>were exposed to either constant (6°C) or fluctuating (1 h/day at 20°C) low temperature stress for one week, <span><span>during the pupal stage</span></span> to mimic a spring cold snap. Treated adults were marked and released into field cages, and reproductive output was compared to that of untreated control bees. Exposure to low temperatures during the pupal stage had mixed effects on reproduction and offspring characteristics. Females treated with fluctuating low temperatures were more likely to nest compared to control bees or those exposed to constant low temperature stress. Sublethal effects may have contributed to low nesting rates of bees exposed to constant low temperatures. Females from that group that were able to nest had fewer, larger offspring with high viability, suggesting a trade-off. Interestingly, offspring of bees exposed to fluctuating low temperatures were more likely to enter diapause, indicating that thermal history of parents, even during development, is an important factor in diapause determination.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Thermal history of alfalfa leafcutting bees affects nesting and diapause incidence
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