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37 results for “lifetime reproductive success”
Why do parents produce small broods of offspring that have lower body mass, survival, and lifetime reproductive success? A case study in a long-lived bird
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Numerous studies have </span><span>examined the correlation between offspring </span><span>quantity</span><span> and quality</span><span>, and many have found that the most common brood size is often smaller than broods with the highest offspring quality or production. However, the reasons why these small broods with lower offspring quality are produced, are still poorly explained. Using data spanning 29 years, we investigated the effects of brood size on nestlings' body mass and the lifetime fitness for those offspring as adults (as proxies of offspring quality) in the Crested Ibis (<em>Nipponia nippon</em>). We also examined the temporal variation of brood size. We found that overall offspring quality increases with brood size and that individuals from broods of three had the highest quality, as quantified by larger body mass, higher adult survival, and lifetime reproductive success. Furthermore, brood size of an individual pair significantly varied across years, and the proportion of broods containing two offspring increased while broods of three decreased after 2000 when the population dispersed to low-quality habitat. These findings indicate that spatiotemporal variation in resources may impact variation in brood size and subsequent fitness consequences, and that small broods are more common in resource-poor years or low-quality habitats. In contrast, parents with access to high-quality resources produce larger broods of nestlings that achieve higher body mass and subsequently experience higher adult survival and lifetime fitness. This study highlights how variation in life history traits can be influenced by resource condition, and provides an insight into particular habitat that need conservation for Crested Ibis.</span></p>
Data from: MHC class II supertypes affect survival and lifetime reproductive success in a migratory songbird
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Why do parents produce small broods of offspring that have lower body mass, survival, and lifetime reproductive success? A case study in a long-lived bird
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Variance in lifetime reproductive success of male polar bears
Despite the important role that population density plays in ecological and evolutionary processes, studies of solitary species that occur at low densities remain scarce. In the context of mating systems, density is expected to influence the ability of males to find and monopolize mates, in turn influencing variance in lifetime mating/reproductive success and the opportunity for selection. Herein we investigate variance in male lifetime mating success, lifetime reproductive success, and the mating system of a sexually dimorphic carnivore that occurs at low densities, the polar bear (<i></i>Ursus maritimus<i></i>). Across 17 cohorts, born from 1975 to 1991, male lifetime mating success ranged from 0 to10 mates and lifetime reproductive success from 0 to 14 cubs; 40% of known-age males were not known to have reproduced. The opportunity for sexual selection (<i>I<sub>s</sub></i> = 1.66, range = 0.60-4.99) and selection (<i>I</i> = 1.76, range: 0.65-4.89) were low compared to species with similar levels of sexual size dimorphism. Skew in male lifetime reproductive success was also low but significant for most cohorts indicating non-random reproductive success. Age-specific reproductive success was biased toward males from 11-17 years of age, with variation in fecundity (54%) but not longevity (10%) playing an important role in male reproduction. Our results support a growing body of evidence that suggests that male-biased size dimorphism and polygynous mating systems need not be associated with high variance in male mating and/or reproductive success.
Supplementary material for "Glucocorticoid levels are linked to lifetime reproductive success and survival of adult barn owls"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Glucocorticoid hormones, such as corticosterone, are crucial in regulating daily life metabolism and energy expenditure, as well as promoting short-term physiological and behavioural responses to unpredictable environmental challenges. Therefore, glucocorticoids are considered to mediate trade-offs between survival and reproduction. Relatively little is known about how selection has shaped glucocorticoid levels. We used 15 years of capture–recapture and dead recovery data combined with 13 years of corticosterone and breeding success data taken on breeding barn owls (<em>Tyto alba</em>) to investigate such trade-offs. We found that survival was positively correlated with stress-induced corticosterone levels in both sexes, whereas annual and lifetime reproductive success (i.e. the sum of young successfully fledged during the entire reproductive career) was positively correlated with both baseline and stress induced corticosterone levels in females only. Our results suggest that, in the barn owl, the stress-induced corticosterone response is a good proxy for adult survival and lifetime reproductive success. However, selection pressure appears to act differently on corticosterone levels of males and females.</p>
Data from: Mhc-linked survival and lifetime reproductive success in a wild population of great tits
Major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) genes are frequently used as a model for adaptive genetic diversity. Although associations between Mhc and disease resistance are frequently documented, little is known about the fitness consequences of Mhc variation in wild populations. Further, most work to date has involved testing associations between Mhc genotypes and fitness components. However, the functional diversity of the Mhc, and hence the mechanism by which selection on Mhc acts, depends on how genotypes map to the functional properties of Mhc molecules. Here, we test three hypotheses that relate Mhc diversity to fitness: (1) the maximal diversity hypothesis; (2) the optimal diversity hypothesis, and (3) effect of specific Mhc types. We combine mark-recapture methods with analysis of long-term breeding data to investigate the effects of Mhc class I functional diversity (Mhc supertypes) on individual fitness in a wild great tit (Parus major) population. We found that the presence of three different Mhc supertypes was associated with three different components of individual fitness: survival, annual recruitment and lifetime reproductive success (LRS). Great tits possessing Mhc supertype 3 experienced higher survival rates than those that did not, whereas individuals with Mhc supertype 6 experienced higher LRS and were more likely to recruit offspring each year. Conversely, great tits that possessed Mhc supertype 5 had reduced LRS. We found no evidence for a selective advantage of Mhc diversity, either in terms of maximal or optimal supertype diversity. Our results support the suggestion that specific Mhc types are an important determinant of individual fitness.
Data from: Determinants of age at first reproduction and lifetime breeding success revealed by full paternity assignment in a male ungulate
Age at first reproduction is an important determinant of individual variation in reproductive success in ungulates, but few studies have examined its relationship with later fitness-related traits in males. We used a long-term individual based study of a harvested moose population to quantify the individual reproductive performance and survival of males, as well as to examine the determinants of age at first reproduction and consequences of age at first reproduction on lifetime breeding success. The probability that a male successfully reproduced at the age of two was negatively related to the mean age of adult males in the population, but the relationship weakened with increasing population size. Large antlers and large body mass relative to other males in the population increased the number of calves sired at their first successful mating season. In addition, those that successfully reproduced as two year-olds were more likely to sire calves the next year, making them more productive at a given age compared to those that first reproduced at the age of three or older. We emphasize the importance for males to start reproducing as soon as possible in a harvested population to gain lifetime fitness benefits, as surviving the hunt is a major determinant of reproductive success in this population. We found no costs of early reproduction in males, hence leading to high individual heterogeneity in male reproductive performance. The apparent lack of reproductive costs could partly be explained by the age distribution in the population, individual variation in early-life body mass and antler size, and differences in probabilities of being killed during hunt between successful and unsuccessful males.
Data from: Early-life telomere length predicts lifespan and lifetime reproductive success in a wild bird
Poor conditions during early development can initiate trade-offs that favour current survival at the expense of somatic maintenance and subsequently, future reproduction. However, the mechanisms that link early and late life-history are largely unknown. Recently it has been suggested that telomeres, the nucleoprotein structures at the terminal end of chromosomes, could link early-life conditions to lifespan and fitness. In wild purple-crowned fairy-wrens, we combined measurements of nestling telomere length (TL) with detailed life-history data to investigate whether early-life TL predicts fitness prospects. Our study differs from previous studies in the completeness of our fitness estimates in a highly philopatric population. The association between TL and survival was age-dependent with early-life TL having a positive effect on lifespan only among individuals that survived their first year. Early-life TL was not associated with the probability or age of gaining a breeding position. Interestingly, early-life TL was positively related to breeding duration, contribution to population growth and lifetime reproductive success because of their association with lifespan. Thus, early-life TL, which reflects growth, accumulated early-life stress and inherited TL, predicted fitness in birds that reached adulthood but not noticeably among fledglings. These findings suggest that a lack of investment in somatic maintenance during development particularly affects late life performance. This study demonstrates that factors in early-life are related to fitness prospects through lifespan, and suggests that the study of telomeres may provide insight into the underlying physiological mechanisms linking early- and late-life performance and trade-offs across a lifetime.
Data from: Are there indirect fitness benefits of female extra-pair reproduction? Lifetime reproductive success of within-pair and extra-pair offspring
The forces driving extra-pair reproduction by socially monogamous females, and the resulting genetic polyandry, remain unclear. A testable prediction of the hypothesis that extra-pair reproduction partly reflects indirect selection on females is that extra-pair young (EPY) will be fitter than their within-pair young (WPY) maternal half-siblings. This prediction has not been comprehensively tested in a wild population, requiring data on the lifetime reproductive success (LRS) of maternal half-sib EPY and WPY. We used 17 years of genetic parentage data from song sparrows, Melospiza melodia, to compare the LRS of hatched EPY and WPY maternal half-siblings measured as their lifetime number of hatched offspring, recruited offspring and hatched grandoffspring. EPY hatchlings were not significantly fitter than WPY hatchlings for any of three measures of LRS. Furthermore, opposite to prediction, EPY hatchlings tended to have lower LRS than their maternal half-sibling WPY hatchlings on average. EPY also tended to be less likely to survive to hatch than their maternal half-sibling WPY. Taken together, these results fail to support one key hypothesis explaining the evolution of genetic polyandry by socially monogamous females and suggest there may be weak indirect selection against female extra-pair reproduction in song sparrows.
Data from: Sex-specific pathways of parental age effects on offspring lifetime reproductive success in a long-lived seabird
The conditions under which individuals are reared vary and sensitivity of offspring to such variation is often sex-dependent. Parental age is one important natal condition with consequences for aspects of offspring fitness, but reports are mostly limited to short-term fitness consequences and do not take into account offspring sex. Here we used individual-based data from a large colony of a long-lived seabird, the common tern Sterna hirundo, to investigate longitudinal long-term fitness consequences of parental age in relation to both offspring and parental sex. We found that recruited daughters from older mothers suffered from reduced annual reproductive success. Recruited sons from older fathers were found to suffer from reduced lifespan. Both effects translated to reductions in offspring lifetime reproductive success. Besides revealing novel sex-specific pathways of trans-generational parental age effects on offspring fitness, which inspire studies of potential underlying mechanisms, our analyses show that reproductive senescence is only observed in the common tern when including trans-generational age effects. In general, our study shows that estimates of selective pressures underlying the evolution of senescence, as well as processes such as age-dependent mate choice and sex allocation, will depend on whether causal trans-generational effects exist and are taken into account.
Data from: Alternative reproductive tactics and lifetime reproductive success in a polygynandrous mammal
The widespread occurrence of alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) highlights the diverse ways in which sexual selection can operate within a population. We studied ARTs in Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus), evaluating paternity, lifetime reproductive success, and life histories. Reproductively mature male Columbian ground squirrels displayed either a territorial or satellite (non-territorial) tactic. Territorial males secured a higher proportion of copulations, were more likely to mate at earlier positions in females' mating sequences and sired more offspring than satellite males. The tactic males adopted was largely a function of weight, age, and experience, with larger, older and more experienced males displaying the territorial tactic. At two years of age, males adopted the satellite tactic or deferred breeding for the season. Two-year-old satellite males were heavier than males that deferred breeding, but by age three there was no difference between their weights. Males that deferred breeding either adopted the satellite or territorial tactic in the following year, with the lighter males displaying the satellite tactic. The ARTs that males adopted at two and three years of age led to alternative life history pathways. Males that deferred breeding and only adopted the territorial tactic during their lifetime had twice the number of lifetime offspring compared to males that adopted the satellite tactic and then switched to territorial behavior in following years, although this difference was not statistically significant. Our findings show that the satellite tactic results in lower reproductive output both within a single year, except at age two, and over their lifetime.
Data from: The effect of Wolbachia on the lifetime reproductive success of its insect host in the field
Wolbachia is a widespread endosymbiont that induces dramatic manipulations of its host's reproduction. Although there has been substantial progress in the developing theory for Wolbachia–host interactions and in measuring the effects of Wolbachia on host fitness in the laboratory, there is a widely recognized need to quantify the effects of Wolbachia on the host fitness in the field. The wasp Anagrus sophiae, an egg parasitoid of planthoppers, carries a Wolbachia strain that induces parthenogenesis, but its effects on the fitness of its Anagrus host are unknown. We developed a method to estimate the realized lifetime reproductive success of female wasps by collecting them soon after they die naturally in the field, counting the number of eggs remaining in their ovaries and quantifying Wolbachia density in their body. We sampled from a highly infected A. sophiae population and found no evidence for Wolbachia virulence and possible evidence for positive effects of Wolbachia on realized reproductive success.
Data from: The effect of Wolbachia on the lifetime reproductive success of its insect host in the field
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Data from: Alternative reproductive tactics and lifetime reproductive success in a polygynandrous mammal
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Data from: Natal conditions, lifespan and lifetime reproductive success of European Blackbirds
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Data from: Mhc-linked survival and lifetime reproductive success in a wild population of great tits
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Data from: Sex-specific pathways of parental age effects on offspring lifetime reproductive success in a long-lived seabird
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Data from: Local adaptation limits lifetime reproductive success of dispersers in a wild salmon metapopulation
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Data from: Early-life telomere length predicts lifespan and lifetime reproductive success in a wild bird
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Variance in lifetime reproductive success of male polar bears
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