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17 results for “lizard head”
Data from: Sexual dimorphism, phenotypic integration, and the evolution of head structure in casque-headed lizards
Sexes can differ in features associated with differential reproduction, which can be used during courtship or aggressive encounters. Some traits tend to evolve independently between sexes and emerge as sexually dimorphic within the organismal phenotype. We characterize such a relationship by estimating the phenotypic integration of the head morphology and modularity of the crest in the casque-headed lizards (Corytophanidae). In this clade, some species show extreme sexual dimorphism (e.g., head crests in the genus Basiliscus) while in others, both sexes are monomorphic. To characterize these patterns, we define phenotypic integration at the interspecific level as a pattern or network of traits evidenced by phylogenetically adjusted correlations that persist among species. At this level, modularity is an increased connectedness (e.g., higher correlation) among sections of these networks that persist in a lineage during the evolution of complex phenotypes. To test both concepts, we used phylogenetic geomorphometrics to characterize the head structure of corytophanid lizards, based on a time-calibrated phylogeny that includes candidate fossil ancestors. We found evidence of an older diversification of corytophanids than previously reported (~67 vs. ~23.5 MYA) and show that this clade includes two morphological head architectures: (1) Sexually dimorphic crests present in males that are evolving independently from the rest of the head structure, and (2) full integration of the head morphology in monomorphic species. We propose that both architectures are optimal evolutionary trajectories of the parietal crest bones in the head of these lizards. In sexually dimorphic species, these bones are elongated and thinner, and gave rise to the extended crest used in male courtship displays. In monomorphic species, the parietal crest grew thicker in both sexes to allow for a better insertion of muscles associated with a stronger bite.
Hyperspectral X-ray CT dataset of a single, iodine-stained lizard head sample
<p><strong>General Data description:</strong></p> <p>This is a hyperspectral (energy-resolved) X-ray CT projection dataset of a lizard head sample, stained with an iodine contrast agent. It was acquired in a custom-built, laboratory micro-CT scanner with an energy-sensitive HEXITEC detector in the Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility at The University of Manchester.</p> <p>The following data contains all the files necessary for reconstruction, after a hyperspectral scan was taken of a single, iodine-stained lizard head sample. The iodine contrast agent provided a spectral marker, measured by an energy-sensitive detector, which may be used for spatial mapping and segmentation of stained soft tissue regions.</p> <p><strong>File descriptions:</strong></p> <p>Contained are four MATLAB (.mat) data files, as well as a single text (.txt) file.</p> <p>Lizard_head_scan_parameters.txt provides the full sample and detector geometry of the scan acquisition.</p> <p>lizard_180Proj_noSupp_1_180.mat contains the full 4D sinogram constructed following flatfield normalisation of the raw projection data. The 4D array contains the total number of energy channels acquired during scanning, vertical and horizontal pixel number, and total projections angles acquired. The data provided is prior to application of any post-processing filters. The first 180 energy channels are included.</p> <p>lizard_180Proj_Supp_1_180.mat contains the full 4D sinogram constructed following flatfield normalisation of the raw projection data. This dataset is identical to the .mat file above, however here we have also applied a ring-reduction filter, using a wavelet-based Fourier filter which suppresses the presence of ring artefacts in every energy channel. The first 180 energy channels are included.</p> <p>Energy_axis.mat provides a direct conversion between the energy channels, and the energies (in keV) that they correspond to, following a calibration procedure prior to scanning.</p> <p>FF.mat contains the 4D flatfield data acquired when no sample was present. This data was used to normalise the projection datasets, as the sinogram was constructed. The first 180 energy channels are included.</p>
Hyperspectral X-ray CT Voxelized TV reconstruction of a single, iodine-stained lizard head sample
<p><strong>Dataset description</strong></p> <p>These datasets are voxel based reconstructions of hyperspectral CT data using the Core Imaging Library (CIL). They are stored as NeXus files (derived from hdf5) which can be read in, visualised and manipulated using CIL.</p> <p> - PDHG_TV_1000_Sp_alpha_0.004.nxs</p> <p>Is the solution after 1000 iterations of PDHG with TV applied in the spatial domain. </p> <p> - PDHG_TV_1000_SpCh_alpha_0.003_beta_0.5.nxs</p> <p>Is the solution after 1000 iterations of PDHG with TV applied both in the spatial domain, and in the energy (channel) domain. </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Dataset intended use</strong></p> <p>These datasets are used in the CIL training notebook:</p> <p>https://github.com/TomographicImaging/CIL-Demos/blob/main/examples/3_Multichannel/03_Hyperspectral_reconstruction.ipynb</p> <p>They can be imported using CIL, with the following code snippet:</p> <pre><code class="language-python">from cil.io import NEXUSDataReader reader = NEXUSDataReader(file_name='path/to/data/PDHG_TV_1000_Sp_alpha_0.004.nxs') data = reader.read()</code></pre> <p> </p>
How head shape and substrate particle size affect fossorial locomotion in lizards
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Data from: Sexual dimorphism, phenotypic integration, and the evolution of head structure in casque-headed lizards
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PLATE VIII. Outgroup taxa and Phrynocephalus mimicry adaptations. (A) Laudakia caucasia; (B) habitat of A, Big Balkan Mountains, Turkmenistan; (C) Trapelus sanguinolentus; (D) habitat of C, Repetek, Karakum Desert, Turkmenistan; (E) P. turcomanus illustrating false large head with eyes on body-back; and (F) P. mystaceus illustrating false enlarged mouth with red capillary-beds. in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE VIII. Outgroup taxa and Phrynocephalus mimicry adaptations. (A) Laudakia caucasia; (B) habitat of A, Big Balkan Mountains, Turkmenistan; (C) Trapelus sanguinolentus; (D) habitat of C, Repetek, Karakum Desert, Turkmenistan; (E) P. turcomanus illustrating false large head with eyes on body-back; and (F) P. mystaceus illustrating false enlarged mouth with red capillary-beds.
Genotyping validates the efficacy of photographic identification in a capture-mark-recapture study based on the head scale patterns of the prairie lizard (Sceloporus consobrinus)
Population studies often incorporate capture-mark-recapture (CMR) techniques to gather information on long-term biological and demographic characteristics. A fundamental requirement for CMR studies is that an individual must be uniquely and permanently marked to ensure reliable reidentification throughout its lifespan. Photographic identification involving automated photographic identification software has become a popular and efficient non-invasive method for identifying individuals based on natural markings. However, few studies have a) robustly assessed the performance of automated programs by using a double-marking system or b) determined their efficacy for long-term studies by incorporating multi-year data. Here, we evaluated the performance of the program Interactive Individual Identification System (I<sup>3</sup>S) by cross-validating photographic identifications based on the head scale pattern of the prairie lizard (<i>Sceloporus consobrinus</i>) with individual microsatellite genotyping (N=863). Further, we assessed the efficacy of the program to identify individuals over time by comparing error rates between within-year and between-year recaptures. Recaptured lizards were correctly identified by I<sup>3</sup>S in 94.1% of cases. We estimated a false rejection rate (FRR) of 5.9% and a false acceptance rate (FAR) of 0%. By using I<sup>3</sup>S we correctly identified 97.8% of within-year recaptures (FRR=2.2%; FAR=0%) and 91.1% of between-year recaptures (FRR=8.9%; FAR=0%). Misidentifications were primarily due to poor photo quality (N=4). However, two misidentifications were caused by indistinct scale configuration due to scale damage (N=1) and ontogenetic changes in head scalation between capture events (N=1). We conclude that automated photographic identification based on head scale patterns is a reliable and accurate method for identifying individuals over time. Because many lizard or reptilian species possess variable head squamation, this method has potential for successful application in many species.
Highly variable (no clear pattern). All portions of the dorsal views were equally used. In head images the area around the eye, the top of the head, the snout and the throat were all used in similar proportions. P. carbonelli Variable for both views. Snout and middle of the dorsum used in dorsal view. Top of the head most frequently (but not strictly) used in lateral view. P. guadarramae Whole body used for dorsal view (but variable); either throat (most common) or ear region used in head lateral views. P. hispanicus Variable. Anterior portion of snout used more frequently than in other species for both dorsal and head lateral views. P. liolepis Highly variable. Whole body used in most dorsal images, area around the eye and throat used in head lateral views, but other patterns common. P. lusitanicus Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used (but frequently the most posterior part); area around the ear frequently used in head lateral images. P. tunesiacus Highly variable. Dorsal area near the insertion of the posterior limbs used more frequently than in other species; different regions of the head used, often simultaneously. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. Different regions of dorsum (from head to the posterior region) used in dorsal images, all portions of the head, but most frequently the throat, used in lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All parts of both images used. Head and anterior part of the dorsum more used than in other species. in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study
Highly variable (no clear pattern). All portions of the dorsal views were equally used. In head images the area around the eye, the top of the head, the snout and the throat were all used in similar proportions. P. carbonelli Variable for both views. Snout and middle of the dorsum used in dorsal view. Top of the head most frequently (but not strictly) used in lateral view. P. guadarramae Whole body used for dorsal view (but variable); either throat (most common) or ear region used in head lateral views. P. hispanicus Variable. Anterior portion of snout used more frequently than in other species for both dorsal and head lateral views. P. liolepis Highly variable. Whole body used in most dorsal images, area around the eye and throat used in head lateral views, but other patterns common. P. lusitanicus Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used (but frequently the most posterior part); area around the ear frequently used in head lateral images. P. tunesiacus Highly variable. Dorsal area near the insertion of the posterior limbs used more frequently than in other species; different regions of the head used, often simultaneously. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. Different regions of dorsum (from head to the posterior region) used in dorsal images, all portions of the head, but most frequently the throat, used in lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All parts of both images used. Head and anterior part of the dorsum more used than in other species.
Highly variable. Mid-portion of the dorsum used frequently (although other areas as well). Tip of the snout used often, but area around the ear and throat are also relevant. P. carbonelli Variable. In the dorsal view, the tip of the snout is frequently used. In the head lateral view, the tip of the snout is also com- monly used, as well as the most posterior region of the head. P. guadarramae Variable. Mid portion of the dorsum and tip of the snout are the regions used more frequently in dorsal and head lateral views, respectively. P. hispanicus Variable. The head and most anterior part of the dorsum are frequently used in the dorsal view. Snout and/or top of posterior region of head used. P. liolepis Variable. Different parts of the dorsum are used, whereas the tip of the snout is used in most head lateral images. P. lusitanicus Anterior dorsum, in the dorsal view, and both snout and posterior side of the head (in head lateral views) frequently used. P. tunesiacus Variable. Tip of the snout and posterior part of the trunk more used than in other species; snout and top head region behind the eye used with some frequency. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used in dorsal images, various parts of the head (but frequently snout and throat combined) used in head lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All portions of the dorsum used in dorsal images, region around and behind the ear more used than in other species for head lateral images. in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study
Highly variable. Mid-portion of the dorsum used frequently (although other areas as well). Tip of the snout used often, but area around the ear and throat are also relevant. P. carbonelli Variable. In the dorsal view, the tip of the snout is frequently used. In the head lateral view, the tip of the snout is also com- monly used, as well as the most posterior region of the head. P. guadarramae Variable. Mid portion of the dorsum and tip of the snout are the regions used more frequently in dorsal and head lateral views, respectively. P. hispanicus Variable. The head and most anterior part of the dorsum are frequently used in the dorsal view. Snout and/or top of posterior region of head used. P. liolepis Variable. Different parts of the dorsum are used, whereas the tip of the snout is used in most head lateral images. P. lusitanicus Anterior dorsum, in the dorsal view, and both snout and posterior side of the head (in head lateral views) frequently used. P. tunesiacus Variable. Tip of the snout and posterior part of the trunk more used than in other species; snout and top head region behind the eye used with some frequency. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used in dorsal images, various parts of the head (but frequently snout and throat combined) used in head lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All portions of the dorsum used in dorsal images, region around and behind the ear more used than in other species for head lateral images.
Genotyping validates the efficacy of photographic identification in a capture-mark-recapture study based on the head scale patterns of the prairie lizard (Sceloporus consobrinus)
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Data from: Effects of environmental disturbance on phenotypic variation: an integrated assessment of canalization, developmental stability, modularity and allometry in lizard head shape
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Effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on asymmetries and head size in two sympatric lizard species
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Data from: The role of bite force in the evolution of head shape and head shape dimorphism in Anolis lizards
1. Patterns of convergent evolution in head shape, combined with performance measures, provide ideal opportunities to understand the processes driving its evolution. Anole lizards represent an excellent subject to test this, as recurrent habitat specialists or ecomorphs evolved independently across different islands. 2. We show that phenotypic similarity corresponds to both phylogenetic similarity and similarity in habitat, indicating that there is convergent evolution in head shape among ecomorphs. Moreover, we show that the evolution of tall, wide heads correlates with the evolution of higher bite forces, driving head shape variation among and within ecomorphs. 3. In addition, the processes affecting head shape variation can differ between sexes, leading to sexual head shape dimorphism. These processes might, however, still depend on the habitat. Consequently, there could also be convergent evolution in head shape dimorphism among ecomorphs. 4. We found no evidence for convergent evolution in sexual head shape dimorphism. Moreover, the sexual head shape dimorphism correlates poorly with bite force, suggesting that intersexual head shape differences are related to other functions. Different processes are thus driving the evolution of head shape and head shape dimorphism.
Data from: The role of bite force in the evolution of head shape and head shape dimorphism in Anolis lizards
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Data from: Postnatal dynamics of developmental stability and canalization of lizard head shape under different environmental conditions
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Population genomics of variegated toad-headed lizard Phrynocephalus versicolor and its adaptation to the colorful sand of the Gobi Desert
GEO Series GSE179069. Phrynocephalus versicolor. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Revealing the mechanism of high altitude adaptation in poikilotherm: an intraspecific comparative transcriptomic analysis in a toad-headed lizard, Phrynocephalus vlangalii
GEO Series GSE75992. Phrynocephalus vlangalii. 2 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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