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743 results for “long-term effects”
Effects of Long-Term Soil Warming on Ecosystem Function at Harvard Forest 2019
Across biomes, soil biodiversity promotes ecosystem functions. However, whether this relationship will be maintained within ecosystems under climate change is uncertain. Here, using two long-term soil warming experiments, we investigated how warming affects the relationship between ecosystem functions and bacterial diversity across seasons, soil horizons, and warming duration. Soils were sampled from these warming experiments located at the Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, where soils had been heated +5°C above ambient for 13 or 28 years at the time of sampling. We assessed seven measurements representative of different ecosystem functions and nutrient pools. We also surveyed bacterial community diversity. We found that ecosystem function was significantly affected by season, with autumn samples having a higher intercept than summer samples in our model, suggesting a higher overall baseline of ecosystem function in the fall. The effect of warming on bacterial diversity was similarly affected by season, where warming in the summer was associated with decreased bacterial evenness in the organic horizon. Despite the decreased bacterial evenness in the warmed plots, we found that the relationship between ecosystem function and bacterial diversity was unaffected by warming or warming duration. Our findings highlight that season is a consistent driver of ecosystem function as well as a modulator of climate change effects on bacterial community evenness.
Effects of Long-Term Soil Warming on Microbial Yield, Acquisition, and Stress Traits at Harvard Forest 2014
Soil microbial traits drive ecosystem functions. This relationship can explain why microbial functional diversity is typically positively correlated with ecosystem function. However, microbial adaptation to climate change related warming stress can shift microbial traits with direct implications for carbon cycling in the soil. Here, we investigated how long-term warming affects the relationship between microbial trait diversity and ecosystem function. Soils were sampled after 24 years of +5\degree C warming alongside unheated control soils from the Harvard Forest Long-Term Ecological Research site. Ecosystem function was estimated from six different enzyme activities and microbial biomass. This data was coupled with metatranscriptomics sequencing, where reads were assigned to yield, acquisition, or stress trait categories. We found that in organic horizon soils, warming decreased the richness of acquisition-related traits. In the mineral soils, we observed that heated soils exhibited a negative relationship with the richness of acquisition related traits. These results suggest that the microbial communities exposed to long-term warming is shifting away from a resource acquisition life history strategy.
Model Simulations of The Effects of Shifts in High-frequency Weather Variability (No Long-term Weather Trend) Control Carbon Loss from Land to the Atmosphere, Toolik Lake, Alaska, 2022-2122
Climate change is increasing extreme weather events, but effects on high-frequency weather variability and the resultant impacts on ecosystem function are poorly understood. We assessed ecosystem responses of arctic tundra to changes in day-to-day weather variability using a biogeochemical model and stochastic simulations of daily temperature, precipitation, and light. Changes in weather variability altered ecosystem carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stocks and cycling rates. Some responses of processes (e.g., respiration) were inconsistent with expectations, indicating that whole-ecosystem interactions and feedbacks moderate or even reverse responses to weather variability. More weather variability led to greater carbon losses from land to atmosphere, and less variability led to higher carbon sequestration on land. The magnitude of response to weather variability was similar to that predicted from climate mean trend effects. This dataset consists of the MEL parameter file, driver files and output files for simulations without a long term weather trend.
Model Simulations of The Effects of Shifts in High-frequency Weather Variability (With a Long-term Trend) on Carbon Loss from Land to the Atmosphere, Toolik Lake, Alaska, 2022-2122
Climate change is increasing extreme weather events, but effects on high-frequency weather variability and the resultant impacts on ecosystem function are poorly understood. We assessed ecosystem responses of arctic tundra to changes in day-to-day weather variability using a biogeochemical model and stochastic simulations of daily temperature, precipitation, and light. Changes in weather variability altered ecosystem carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stocks and cycling rates. Some responses of processes (e.g., respiration) were inconsistent with expectations, indicating that whole-ecosystem interactions and feedbacks moderate or even reverse responses to weather variability. More weather variability led to greater carbon losses from land to atmosphere, and less variability led to higher carbon sequestration on land. The magnitude of response to weather variability was similar to that predicted from climate mean trend effects. This dataset consists of the MEL parameter file, driver files and output files for simulations with a long-term weather trend.
Effect of salt water intrusion on the distribution of invertebrates in a GA tidal freshwater marshes from the GCE Seawater Addition Long-Term Experiment (SALTEx) project.
To characterize the effect of persistent and episodic salt water intrusion on the distribution of common freshwater marsh invertebrates, we monitored the density of adult and juvenile fiddler crabs and snails. Prior to the start of salt water addition treatments, we collected data on the distribution of crabs and snails in all 30 experimental plots (6 replicates of 5 treatments: pressed salt water addition, pulsed salt water addition, fresh water addition, procedural control structure, and control no structure). In each experimental plot, we counted the number of adult and juvenile fiddler crab burrows and snails visible on the marshs surface in a 50cm x 75cm plot (juvenile fiddler crabs were counted in only half of this area) that was positioned in the Northeastern corner of each experimental plot. Initial data was collected in March 2014. A Bentho Torch was used to measure the concentrations of cyanobacteria, diatoms, and green algae on the marsh surface in 2015 and 2016.
warmXtrophic: plant community responses to the individual and interactive effects of climate warming and herbivory across multiple years at Kellogg Biological Station Long-Term Ecological Research Sites (KBS LTER), Michigan, USA, and University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS), Michigan, USA.
Climate change has both direct and indirect effects on ecological communities. Whereas most climate change ecology experiments manipulate abiotic drivers to measure direct effects of climate on species or communities, fewer quantify the indirect effects through biotic interactions, especially over multiple sites and years. In this factorial experiment we manipulate temperature through open-top chambers, and the level of insect herbivory through insecticide. At two early successional field sites separated by 3 degrees of latitude and 3°C of mean annual temperature (University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, MI and Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI), 6 replicate 1-m2 plots per treatment were installed in May 2015. 12 plots per site are at ambient temperature, 12 are warmed with year-round non-UV filtering polycarbonate and wood frame construction OTCs for tall-stature plants (Welshofer et al. 2018 MEE). Insecticide reduces insect herbivory in half the plots (Welshofer et al. 2018 Oecologia). Over the course of the experiment, OTCs warmed the plant communities by 1.9°C-3.0°C on average over the growing season. Each year, through 2021, plant traits and community responses were measured at the species level: plant phenology (green-up, flowering, flowering duration, seed set); plant percent cover (aerial % cover of the 1m2 plot); plant traits (specific leaf area, C and N content), herbivory damage to leaves, and plant species biomass (only in 2021). Further methodological details are found within each response variable metadata. This experiment is ongoing and further data package updates are planned. L0 data is available upon request. R scripts can be found here: https://github.com/SpaCE-Lab-MSU/warmXtrophic. The biotic and abiotic community context and relative strengths of direct vs. indirect effects may yield ecological surprises under climate change unless addressed together. Large-scale experiments like this one can improve our ability to unde
Long-term nitrogen enrichment mediates the effects of nitrogen supply and co-inoculation on a viral pathogen
Host nutrient supply can mediate host–pathogen and pathogen–pathogen interactions. In terrestrial systems, plant nutrient supply is mediated by soil microbes, suggesting a potential role of soil microbes in plant diseases beyond soil-borne pathogens and induced plant defenses. Long-term nitrogen (N) enrichment can shift pathogenic and non-pathogenic soil microbial community composition and function, but it is unclear if these shifts affect plant–pathogen and pathogen–pathogen interactions. In a growth chamber experiment, we tested the effect of long-term N enrichment on infection by Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus (CYDV-RPV), aphid-vectored RNA viruses, in a grass host. We inoculated sterilized growing medium with soil collected from a long-term N enrichment experiment (ambient, low, and high N soil treatments) to isolate effects mediated by the soil microbial community. We crossed soil treatments with a nitrogen supply treatment (low, high) and virus inoculation treatment (mock-, singly-, and co-inoculated) to evaluate the effects of long-term N enrichment on plant–pathogen and pathogen–pathogen interactions, as mediated by N availability. BYDV-PAV incidence (0.96) declined with low N soil (to 0.46), high N supply (to 0.61), and co-inoculation (to 0.32). Low N soil mediated the effect of N supply on BYDV-PAV: instead of N supply reducing BYDV-PAV incidence, the incidence increased. In addition, ambient and low N soil ameliorated the negative effect of co-inoculation on BYDV-PAV incidence. BYDV-PAV infection only reduced chlorophyll when plants were grown with low N supply and ambient N soil. Soil inoculant with different levels of long-term N enrichment had different effects on host–pathogen and pathogen–pathogen interactions, suggesting that shifts in the structure and function of soil microbial communities with long-term N enrichment may mediate disease dynamics.
Effects of long-term nitrogen addition on Solidago altissima stem morphology, size, and herbivory at Kellogg Biological Station 2016-2022
We surveyed naturally occurring tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima) plants in a long-term nitrogen addition field experiment at the Kellogg Biological Station's T7 untilled succession plots in the Main Cropping System Experiment (https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/research/long-term-experiments/main-cropping-system-experiment/). We collected data on the defensive stem nodding morph (which helps plants evade apex-galling herbivores) and presence of galls in 2016, 2021, and 2022.
Effects of audio-motor training on spatial representations in long-term late blindness
<p>Datasets for behavioural data:</p> <p>-<em>Auditory horizontal localization task</em></p> <p>- <em>Auditory vertical localization task</em></p> <p>- <em>Position matching task</em></p> <p>- <em>Proprioceptive midline task</em></p> <p>Dataset for EEG data:</p> <p>- Spatial bisection task: mean ERP amplitude for 50-90ms timew window for each trial, separately for condition, session and roi</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Long-term effects of meadow management on seed bank diversity and composition
<p>Aims: Oligotrophic grasslands are habitats that host among the most diverse plant communities in Europe. Altering management regimes by either intensifying or ceasing management is known to decrease plant diversity. Yet, despite its importance for the recovery of plant communities after disturbances, little is known about whether seed banks are also affected by changes in management. Here, we investigate the effect of management practices on a meadow seed bank using a long-term manipulative experiment. We focus on the response of the seed bank to the treatments, and the relationship between the seed bank and the vegetation response.</p> <p>Methods: The study was conducted in a species-rich wet meadow. The experiment consists of a factorial combination of fertilization, mowing, and removal of the dominant species. After 20 years of management, the seed bank was sampled seasonally at two soil layer depths. Standing vegetation was recorded in June at the peak of vegetation.</p> <p>Results: All seed bank characteristics varied between soil layers. Mowing decreased seed density and diversity, while fertilization significantly affected the species composition. Dominant removal had no effect on the seed bank. While seed bank diversity was not correlated to vegetation diversity, individual species’ responses to mowing and fertilization were positively correlated in the seed bank and the vegetation.</p> <p>Conclusions: Our results show that long-term management influences the seed bank down to 10 cm of soil depth. Whereas mowing apparently reduced seed density and diversity, the effects of fertilization on these characteristics were harder to interpret. After 20 years, most species had concordant responses to both mowing and fertilization, indicating a low legacy of previous management regimes on the seed bank. Our study reveals that the intensification of grassland management has a profound effect on plant diversity by directly affecting plant communities and their seed bank-driven recovery potential.</p>
Temporally enhanced RSEI and Nighttime Lights Reveal Long-Term Ecological Changes and Effective Protection in China's Inaugural National Parks
<p>China's inaugural national parks play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem services. These protected areas are characterized by diverse landscapes and sensitive ecological environments. Over recent decades, the interplay between intensified human activities and global climate change has posed significant challenges to the ecological quality of these regions. Accurate and scientific assessment of ecological quality is essential for informed management and policy-making.</p> <p>This dataset is based on multiple MODIS datasets, incorporating NDVI, LST, WET, and NDBSI as indicators. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we produced the Improved Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) for these parks from 2000 to 2022 at a 500m spatial resolution.</p> <p>The RSEI was calculated using four component indices: greenness, heat, dryness, and wetness. Data for dryness and wetness were derived from the 8-day composite 500m resolution surface reflectance product MOD09A1. Heat was calculated using the 8-day composite 1km resolution land surface temperature product MOD11A2, which was resampled to 500m resolution. Greenness was derived from the 16-day composite 500m resolution vegetation index product MOD13A1.</p> <p>The improved RSEI calculation method enhances the temporal stability and comparability of the data, making it more suitable for long-term ecological monitoring.</p> <p>The improved RSEI effectively integrates dynamic changes of multiple variables and offers better temporal comparability for long-term ecological monitoring. Our results indicate that the ecological environment quality within the inaugural national parks significantly improved over the study period, with more noticeable improvements following the implementation of pilot conservation programs.</p> <p>This dataset provides foundational information for understanding the long-term ecological trends in China's national parks. It serves as a crucial resource for researchers, policymakers, and conservationists dedicated to the sustainable management and development of these vital ecological regions.</p> <p>The dataset contains five RAR compressed files, each corresponding to one of the national parks. These files include the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) data from 2000 to 2022 for each respective park:</p> <ul> <li><strong>NTLNP-RSEI.rar</strong>: Contains the RSEI data for the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park (NTLNP) from 2000 to 2022.</li> <li><strong>HTRNP-RSEI.rar</strong>: Contains the RSEI data for the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park (HTRNP) from 2000 to 2022.</li> <li><strong>WNP-RSEI.rar</strong>: Contains the RSEI data for the Wuyishan National Park (WNP) from 2000 to 2022.</li> <li><strong>SNP-RSEI.rar</strong>: Contains the RSEI data for the Sanjiangyuan National Park (SNP) from 2000 to 2022.</li> <li><strong>GPNP-RSEI.rar</strong>: Contains the RSEI data for the Giant Panda National Park (GPNP) from 2000 to 2022.</li> </ul> <p>Each of these compressed files includes the improved RSEI calculations for the respective national park, providing a comprehensive view of the ecological quality changes over the 22-year period.</p> <p>The details of the data are as follows:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Data Format</strong>: GeoTiff</li> <li><strong>Pixel Values</strong>: Represent RSEI, ranging from 0 to 1, with no units.</li> <li><strong>Compatibility</strong>: The data can be directly opened and processed using remote sensing and GIS software such as ENVI and ArcGIS.</li> <li><strong>Data Quality</strong>: Due to the application of water and snow masks to remove the influence of water bodies and snow/ice on the WET component, there are some missing data areas.</li> </ul> <p>These datasets offer valuable insights into the ecological quality changes within each national park over the specified period, making them essential for researchers, policymakers, and conservationists involved in the sustainable management and development of these protected areas.</p> <p>For using the data and code provided in this dataset, please cite the following paper:</p> <p>Wen, C., Long, T., He, G., Jiao, W., & Jiang, W. (2025). Temporally enhanced RSEI and nighttime lights reveal long-term ecological changes and effective protection in China’s inaugural national parks. <em>Ecological Indicators, 170</em>, 112981. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112981" target="_new" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112981</a></p> <p>The calculation of the RSEI is completed using Google Earth Engine. The link to the calculation code is:</p> <p><a href="https://code.earthengine.google.com/fab5452cd224d1f06226aece4c1a1016">https://code.earthengine.google.com/089d74f423e91a0da9490f5098c55021</a></p>
Coral growth data for the research article "Reconstruction of long-term sub-lethal effects of warming on a temperate coral in a climate change hotspot" in Journal of Animal Ecology
<p>This repository contains the coral growth data files used to generate the results for the following article:</p> <p> </p> <p>MJ. Vergotti, JP. D’Olivo, T. Brachert, P. Capdevila, J. Garrabou, C. Linares, P. Spreter, DK. Kersting (2024) Reconstruction of long-term sub-lethal effects of warming on a temperate coral in a climate change hot-spot. <em>Journal of Animal Ecology</em>. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2656.14225</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The impact of warming on zooxanthellate corals is widespread, from tropical to temperate seas, with their associated mortalities causing global concern. The temperate coral <em>Cladocora caespitosa</em> is the only zooxanthellate coral with reef-building capacity in the Mediterranean Sea, a climate change hotspot with warming rates triple the global average. Over the past two decades, <em>C. caespitosa</em> populations have suffered severe mortality events associated with marine heatwaves (MHWs). However, with monitoring efforts beginning, at best, in the 2000s, the occurrence of MHWs before to that period, as well as the sub-lethal effects of these events remain poorly understood. Here we use sclerochronology to reconstruct the histories of past stress events and long-term sub-lethal effects on <em>C. caespitosa</em> in three locations within the NW Mediterranean Sea, each with different environmental conditions. Skeletal extension, density and calcification rates were compared to the <em>in situ</em> seawater temperature of each site to assess their relationship. Additionally, we assessed the occurrence of skeletal growth anomalies to reconstruct stress events between 1991 and 2021, a period that encompasses the onset and evolution of warming-related mass mortality events in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Our results reveal a positive association between calcification and temperature, following a latitudinal temperature gradient. However, the evolution of the likelihood distribution of growth rates in the warmest site (Columbretes Islands) since the 1990s indicates a decrease in linear extension and calcification rates during the most recent years. With the increase in the frequency of MHWs and growth anomalies during the last decade, this decline suggests a recurrence in physiological stress events. These results unravel information on the long-term impacts of warming on coral growth and highlight the potential of applying sclerochronology to reconstruct sub-lethal effects of warming using <em>C. caespitosa</em>. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Funding</strong>: This research is supported by the Horizon 2020 program of research and innovation of the European Union under the MaCoBioS grant agreement, by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation, project no. 401447620) and by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under the project UndResCoral (project no. PID2022-137539OA-C22). D.K.K. was supported by a Ramon y Cajal postdoctoral grant funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (PEICTI 2021–2023; grant no. RYC2021-033576-I). C.L. acknowledges the support by ICREA Academia. J.G. acknowledges the grant “Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence” accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) funded by AEI 10.13039/501100011033.</p>
Dataset for "Joint optimization of land carbon uptake and albedo can help achieve moderate instantaneous and long-term cooling effects"
<p>Data and Code for 'Joint optimization of land carbon uptake and albedo can help achieve moderate instantaneous and long-term cooling effects' by Graf et al. (Communications Earth and Environment)</p>
Throw trap and electrofishing data collected during 1996–2022 from the Everglades, Florida, United States for the publication "Contrasting invasion histories and effects of three non-native fishes observed with long-term monitoring data"
This dataset was used to analyze the effects of three non-native fishes in the Florida Everglades for a publication in the journal Biological Invasions. The dataset incorporates plot-level mean densities (# of individuals per square meter) of common aquatic animals collected during 1996–2022 from 17 sites across three regions of the Everglades: Taylor Slough, Shark River Slough, and Water Conservation Area 3A. Prey species included are nine common small fishes and three common decapod species (two crayfish species and grass shrimp). The dataset includes throw trap data on three predator taxa: African Jewelfish (Hemichromis letourneuxi), Mayan Cichlids (Mayaheros uruphthalmus), and sunfishes (Lepomis spp.). Annual indices of mean wet season electrofishing catch-per-unit-effort of Asian Swamp Eels (Monopterus albus/javanesis), Mayan Cichlids, sunfishes, and the three other large 'top predator' fishes (Amia calva, Lepisosteus platyrhincus, Micropterus salmoides) are included for plots where electrofishing was performed from 1997-2021. Hydrologic measures used in analyses and R code used to conduct analyses are also included.
Effect of Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization on Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with a Dominant Grass in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2005)
We studied the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in a semiarid grassland and the effect of long-term nitrogen (N) fertilization on this fungal community. Root samples of Bouteloua gracilis were collected at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (New Mexico, USA) from control and N-amended plots that have been fertilized since 1995. Small subunit rDNA was amplified using AMF specific primers NS31 and AM1. The diversity of AMF was low in comparison with other ecosystems, only seven operational taxonomic units (OTU) were found in B. gracilis and all belong to the genus Glomus. The dominant OTU was closely related to the ubiquitous G. intraradices/G. fasciculatum group. N-amended plots showed a reduction in the abundance of the dominant OTU and an increase in AMF diversity. The greater AMF diversity in roots from N-amended plots may have been the result of displacement of the dominant OTU, which facilitated detection of uncommon AMF. The long-term implications of AMF responses to N enrichment for plant carbon allocation and plant community structure remain unclear.
Data and analysis scripts associated with the paper 'Long-term experimental evolution of HIV-1 reveals effects of environment and mutational history''
<p><em>Eva Bons, Christine Leemann, Karin J. Metzner, Roland R. Regoes</em></p> <p>This repository contains all the data and analysis scripts associated with the paper 'Long-term experimental evolution of HIV-1 reveals effects of environment and mutational history'</p> <p>See the readme after unpacking the .zip for a description of the files</p>
Revisiting the cumulative effects of drought on global gross primary productivity based on new long-term series data (1982-2018)
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Drought has broad and deep impacts on vegetation. Studies on the effects of drought on vegetation have been conducted over years. However, global-scale and long-term (>30 years) studies on the cumulative<strong> </strong>effect of drought are still lacking. Thus, combining a new satellite based gross primary productivity (GPP) and multi-timescale Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index datasets, we investigated the cumulative effect of drought on global vegetation GPP.</p> <p><strong>Location: </strong>Global.</p> <p><strong>Time period: </strong>1982 – 2018 (37 years).</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied: </strong>Forests and grasslands.</p> <p><strong>Method: </strong>Based on correlation analysis framework, we investigated the cumulative effect duration of drought on global vegetation GPP. Meanwhile, the variability of this cumulative effect across different elevation gradients and climatic zones was analyzed using variance analysis.</p>
Data and R code for long-term study of fire and climate effects on water quality in Clear Lake, California
<p>Long-term relationships between water quality, fire and climate for Clear Lake, California. Although the watershed has historically experienced frequent fire, the 2018 Mendocino Complex, which was the largest wildfire complex in state history, burned approximately 40% of the watershed, sparking concerns about drinking water quality and lake ecosystem health. This analysis spans approximately 1968-2021.</p>
Fig. 2 in Can dams affect the trophic structure of ichthyofauna? A long-term effects in the Neotropical region
Fig. 2. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) (biplot) considering the fish species of each stretch and the different trophic categories in Jurumirim Reservoir, Upper Paranapanema River, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Acronym of the species in the Table III.
Fig. 3 in Can dams affect the trophic structure of ichthyofauna? A long-term effects in the Neotropical region
Fig. 3. Importance of trophic guilds (in numeric abundance and biomass) by stretch (lotic, transition, and lentic) of Jurumirim Reservoir, Upper Paranapanema River, state of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.