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26 results for “longleaf pine”
Analysis of aboveground biomass in longleaf pine forests in southeast United States, 2015 to 2019
I obtained inventory data from the USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program, covering 1999 to 2022, focusing on eight southeastern states in the U.S. (Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and Louisiana). For this study, I filtered the data for 2015-2019, during which the FIA captures 20% of plots in each state annually. Using R, I converted aboveground biomass (AGB) from pounds to kg/ha, tree height from feet to meters, and diameter at breast height (DBH) from inches to centimeters to align with the metric system. Structural diversity of tree height and diameter was calculated using the Shannon diversity index based on tree height and diameter classes. Climate data from PRISM and soil carbon to nitrogen data from the World Soil Database were integrated with the FIA data using the nearest neighbors method in the SF package in R. The combined dataset was standardized for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis.
Data from: Pyrophilic plants respond to post-fire soil conditions in a frequently burned longleaf pine savanna
<p class="RealLife">Fire-plant feedbacks engineer recurrent fires in pyrophilic ecosystems like savannas. The mechanisms sustaining these feedbacks may be related to plant adaptations that trigger rapid responses to fire's effects on soil. Plants adapted for high fire frequencies should quickly regrow, flower, and produce seeds that mature rapidly and disperse post-fire. We hypothesized that offspring of such plants would germinate and grow rapidly, responding to fire-generated changes in soil nutrients and biota. We conducted an experiment using longleaf pine savanna plants that were paired based on differences in reproduction and survival under annual ("more" pyrophilic) vs. less frequent ("less" pyrophilic) fire regimes. Seeds were planted in different soil inoculations from experimental fires of varying severity. The "more" pyrophilic species displayed high germination rates followed by species specific, rapid growth responses to soil location and fire severity effects on soils. In contrast, the "less" pyrophilic species had lower germination rates that were not responsive to soil treatments. This suggests that rapid germination and growth constitute adaptations to frequent fires, and that plants respond differently to fire severity effects on soil abiotic factors and microbes. Further, variable plant responses to post-fire soils may influence plant community diversity and fire-fuel feedbacks in pyrophilic ecosystems.</p>
Data for: Hardwoods influence effect of climate and intraspecific competition on growth of woodland longleaf pine trees
<p>Longleaf pine woodlands of the North American Coastal Plain are proposed to be resilient to climate change impacts, but little is known about changes in limiting factors to longleaf pine growth as climate has changed in the late 20<sup>th</sup> and early 21<sup>st</sup> centuries. Moreover, the role that neighborhood trees play in the context of climate change remains largely unexplored. We used static and moving-window tree-ring and climatic analyses to measure the effects of climate on longleaf pine growth at a site in southwest Georgia, USA. We then performed maximum likelihood analysis to examine the influence of neighboring hardwoods on the response of longleaf pine growth to the joint effects of competition and climate. Analysis of climate data from local stations in southwest Georgia over six decades indicated that mean air temperature decreased until the late 20<sup>th </sup>century and then began to rise, and that the variability of spring and summer precipitation has increased. Tree ring and climate analyses indicated longleaf pine radial growth is sensitive to precipitation and air temperature, and that the strength of correlation of longleaf pine growth to summer air temperature and summer precipitation increased since the 1950s. Likelihood models, which were applied over a shorter (23-year) period and explicitly incorporated competition, did not support a link between summer temperature and growth but did indicate summer precipitation increased growth. Furthermore, basal area of neighboring hardwoods was correlated with greater pine growth per millimeter of precipitation. Basal area of neighboring longleaf pine negatively affected the growth of conspecific trees; the presence of hardwoods increased the competitive effect when basal area of neighboring pine trees was low (<10 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup>) but decreased the competitive effect when basal area of neighboring pine trees was high (≥ 10 m<sup>2</sup> ha<sup>-1</sup>). These results suggest that retention or recruitment of hardwood trees when restoring longleaf pine woodlands may contribute to increased ability to withstand dry summers and may help to allay concerns of managers that retention of hardwoods will unduly affect the growth of residual mature longleaf pines.</p>
Data from: Pyrophilic plants respond to post-fire soil conditions in a frequently burned longleaf pine savanna
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Data for: Hardwoods influence effect of climate and intraspecific competition on growth of woodland longleaf pine trees
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Disentangling fragmentation effects on herbivory in understory plants of longleaf pine savanna
Habitat fragmentation affects species and their interactions through intertwined mechanisms that include changes to fragment area, shape, connectivity and distance to edge. Disentangling these pathways is a fundamental challenge of landscape ecology and will help identify ecological processes important for management of rare species or restoration of fragmented habitats. In a landscape experiment that manipulated connectivity, fragment shape, and distance to edge while holding fragment area constant, we examined how fragmentation impacts herbivory and growth of nine plant species in longleaf pine savanna. Probability of herbivory in open habitat was strongly dependent on proximity to forest edge for every species, increasing with distance to edge in six species (primarily grasses and annual forbs) and decreasing in three species (perennial forbs and a shrub). In the two species of perennial forbs, these edge effects were dependent on fragment shape; herbivory strongly decreased with distance to edge in fragments of two shapes, but not in a third shape. For most species, however, probability of herbivory was unrelated to connectivity or fragment shape. Growth was generally determined more strongly by leaf herbivory than by distance to edge, fragment shape, or connectivity. Taken together, these results demonstrate consistently strong edge effects on herbivory, one of the most important biotic factors determining plant growth and demography. Our results contrast with the generally inconsistent results of observational studies, likely because our experimental approach enabled us to tease apart landscape processes that are typically confounded.
Florida Longleaf Pine Surveys of Density and Growth Rates
The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem is an endangered global biodiversity hotspot that is a major focus of conservation and restoration efforts. However, most studies of longleaf habitats have not considered their distinct diversity, structure, and function among different communities, which are critical for developing appropriate management strategies. Florida has 51% of the remaining habitat, where it occurs in 5 unique community types. This dataset was collected from 82 plots (160 m2 each) in 23 sites across all 5 community types. We used modified variable area transects to collect data on tree density and growth rates. Tree rings were measured to the nearest 0.001 mm in CooRecorder and crossdated visually and statistically verified in COFECHA. Data was collected by N.Z. in 2018 while in graduate school at Florida State University.
Water budget components and forest structure in burned and unburned longleaf pine stands, the Jones Center at Ichauway, Southwest Georgia, USA, 2015 - 2021
This data package includes data tables used to assemble a stand-level water budget of the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem in southwestern Georgia, USA, between 2015 and 2021. Water budgets were estimated by measuring or modeling each distinct water budget component. Thus, the data tables included in the package are generally divided by stratum (i.e. overstory, midstory, vegetative groundcover, litter layer) and/or process (i.e. evaporation or transpiration). Relevant forest structure data is also included; they are often presented in tables alongside estimates of transpiration. Much of the data were collected across a soil moisture gradient, at both mesic and xeric sites, and in stands treated with different fire regimes: frequent prescribed fire (FF) or fire exclusion (EX). For some data, site or treatment may not be specified if the data were not collected for comparative purposes, but rather as representative baseline data for models that would be applied across sites and treatments. Transpiration data contained within this package include: 1) seasonal averages of daily sap-flux for pines and oaks measured with thermal dissipation probes 2) daily and seasonal transpiration for individual trees 3) seasonal transpiration for functional groups of shrubs and small trees 4) seasonal transpiration of groundcover functional groups Evaporation data contained within this package include: 1) Continuously-measured canopy interception and throughfall 2) overstory stemflow 3) midstory stemflow 3) groundcover interception and throughfall 4) litter moisture content data paired with time since rain (to develop litter drying curves), and 5) litter moisture content data paired with recent rain event depth (to develop litter wetting curves) Forest structure data contained within this package include: 1) Annual measures of tree DBH 2) Biannual estimates of small tree and shrub DBH, by functional group 3) Monthly estimates of groundcover functional group leaf area index 4) Monthly
Data from: Bioturbation by mammals and fire interact to alter ecosystem-level nutrient dynamics in longleaf pine forests
Activities of ecosystem engineers can interact with other disturbances to modulate rates of key processes such as productivity and nutrient cycling. Bioturbation, movement of soil by organisms, is a widespread form of ecosystem engineering in terrestrial ecosystems. We propose that bioturbation by southeastern pocket gophers (Geomys pinetis), an abundant but declining ecosystem engineer in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forests, accelerates nutrient dynamics of the forest floor by burying litter and then reduces litter consumption and nitrogen (N) volatilization losses in the presence of fire. We evaluated our hypothesis by measuring how litter burial alters decomposition and N and phosphorus (P) turnover of longleaf pine and turkey oak (Quercus laevis Walt.) litter over four years, and then simulated interactive ecosystem-level effects of litter burial and low-intensity fires on N and P dynamics of the litter layer. In the field, mass loss was over two times greater and N and P were released much more rapidly from litter buried beneath mounds than on the surface of the forest floor. At a measured rate of mound formation covering 2.3 ± 0.6% of the forest floor per year, litter mass and N and P content of the forest floor simulated over an eight-year period were approximately 11% less than amounts in areas without pocket gopher mounds. In contrast to unburied litter, litter beneath mounds is protected from consumption during fires, and as fire interval increased, consumption rates decreased because mounds cover more years of accumulated litter. Our research indicates that bioturbation and burial of litter by pocket gophers accelerates turnover of N and P on the forest floor, and in the presence of fire, conserves N in this ecosystem where productivity is known to be nutrient limited.
Data for: At a fine scale, hardwood patches support wildlife diversity in longleaf pine woodlands
<p>Restoring and maintaining biodiversity in a changing world is increasingly challenging due to the competing needs of species for suitable space and resources. One ecosystem that has seen considerable anthropogenic changes in extent and structure is the longleaf pine (<em>Pinus</em> <em>palustris</em>) ecosystem. Understanding how wildlife responds to restoration is important to informing forest restoration and conservation. We monitored game birds and mid-large-sized mammal occupancy in and around hardwood patches embedded within a longleaf pine woodland at The Jones Center at Ichauway in Newton, GA. We found that 11 species use the transition zone between the longleaf pine and hardwood hammocks. Gray squirrels (<em>Sciurus</em> <em>carolinensis</em>), Virginia opossums (<em>Didelphis</em> <em>virginiana</em>), nine-banded armadillos (<em>Dasypus</em> <em>novemcinctus</em>) occupancy increased along the gradient while and fox squirrel (<em>Sciurus</em> <em>niger</em>) declined. Our results suggest that oak patches and transitional zones are important to maintaining biodiversity within the longleaf pine ecosystem.</p>
Data from: Bioturbation by mammals and fire interact to alter ecosystem-level nutrient dynamics in longleaf pine forests
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Data for: At a fine scale, hardwood patches support wildlife diversity in longleaf pine woodlands
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Habitat associations of six-lined racerunners in longleaf pine managed with a short fire rotation for northern bobwhites
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Phosphorus controls symbiotic nitrogen fixation in fire-dependent longleaf pine savannas
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Data from: Non-brooding northern bobwhite resource selection during breeding season in a managed longleaf pine ecosystem
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Harrison Experimental Forest site, station North plantation, Harrison Experimental Forest, study of diameter at breast height of Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) in units of centimeter on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Harrison Experimental Forest (HAR) contains diameter at breast height of Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) measurements in centimeter units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Harrison Experimental Forest site, station South plantation, Harrison Experimental Forest, study of diameter at breast height of Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) in units of centimeter on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Harrison Experimental Forest (HAR) contains diameter at breast height of Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) measurements in centimeter units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Data from: The impact of prescribed burning on native bee communities (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) in longleaf pine savannas in the North Carolina sandhills
<p>Prescribed burning is a common silvicultural practice used in the management of longleaf pine (<i>Pinus palustris</i> Mill.) savannas to reduce hardwood encroachment and ground cover and to maintain biodiversity. We investigated the response of the native bee community (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) in the Sandhills of North Carolina to prescribed burning on a three-year rotation over two consecutive years (2012 and 2013). We deployed bee bowl traps in sites that had been burned the year of sampling, one year before, two years before, and in unburned controls. A total of 2,276 bees of 109 species were captured. Bee abundance declined with time since fire, with 2.3 times more bees captured in the most recently burned sites than in unburned controls. Bee diversity also declined with time since fire, with 2.1 times more species captured in the most recently burned sites than in controls. Bee community composition also responded to fire; we present evidence that this response was mediated in part by the effect of fire on the amount of bare ground and canopy cover. Bees nesting aboveground were unaffected by fire, contrary to our expectation that fire would destroy the wood and stems in which these species nest. Our results indicate that prescribed burning is a silvicultural practice consistent with pollinator conservation in longleaf pine ecosystems of the North Carolina sandhills. </p>
Data from: Longleaf pine proximity effects on air temperatures and hardwood top-kill from prescribed fire
Background Regulation of the dominance of sprouting understory hardwoods is a common objective for prescribed fire in open-canopy longleaf pine woodland of the southeastern USA. Nevertheless, little is known about the influence of individual pines on fire and hardwood mortality. We studied growing-season fires in stem-mapped stands in southwest Georgia USA which displayed large variation in structure due to cutting treatments applied 7 yr earlier. We measured air temperature and heating duration, and measured post-fire sprouting behavior of four guilds of understory hardwoods: mesic oaks, upland oaks, xeric oaks, and fleshy-fruited hardwoods. Mean air temperature (i.e., of flames, buoyant plume and smoldering combustion) and heating duration (time over 60°C) were analyzed with respect to fuel-bed conditions and neighboring tree density. Hardwood top-kill was analyzed with respect to neighboring tree density and hardwood height. Results Size of and distance to longleaf pines strongly affected time over 60°C, which increased linearly from a mean of 87 s to a mean of 234 s across a gradient of pine basal area from 0 to 30 m2 ha-1. Mean air temperature during prescribed fire was unaffected by pine density but increased linearly from a mean of 114°C to a mean of 148°C across a gradient of wiregrass cover from 0 to 100%. Neighborhood models showed that time over 60°C during the burns was longest at the base of pines and decreased by two-thirds at 3.3 m distance. Pines affected hardwood top-kill probability at a similar scale, the effect at 4.4 m decreasing by two-thirds compared to at the base of the pine. The four hardwood guilds were readily top-killed when ≤ 1 m tall, but at 2 m height upland and xeric oaks had become more resistant to top-kill than mesic oaks or fleshy fruited broadleaved trees. Conclusions The influence of individual pine trees on heating duration and top-kill power of prescribed fire drops by ⅔ of maximum within 3 to 4 m of a tree, compared to a maximum at the base of the tree. Neighborhood models provide a method to estimate tree effects on prescribed fire heating duration and top-kill probability, and thus a way of predicting stand structures that provide ecological benefits of openings while remaining below thresholds that trigger vigorous hardwood response.
Data from: Dispersal and establishment limitation slows plant community recovery in post-agricultural longleaf pine savannas
Abandoned agricultural lands often have distinct plant communities from areas with no history of agriculture because plant species fail to recolonize. This may be due to dispersal limitation from a lack of seeds, or establishment limitation because of unsuitable environmental conditions. However, few experiments have directly tested how restoration activities may overcome these limitations. We studied longleaf pine savannas in South Carolina abandoned from agriculture >60 years ago that were immediately adjacent to remnant habitats (areas with no history of agriculture). Using 27 sites, we conducted a factorial experiment that sowed seeds of 12 species indicative of remnant communities and conducted restoration thinning of overstorey trees in half of 126, 1-ha patches to mimic canopy density of natural savannas. We also established vegetation transects to examine if restoration promotes spread of remnant species into post-agricultural areas. We found strong evidence for dispersal limitation in post-agricultural areas as over 99% of the occurrences of our focal species were in seed addition plots. Seed additions increased total species richness by 27%. Restoration thinning increased establishment in seed addition plots (measured as richness of sown species) by 126% and increased total richness by 88%. Restoration thinning also increased seed production in remnant habitats by an average of 6506% across our focal species. However, after 4 years, restoration thinning did not facilitate the natural spread of remnant species into adjacent post-agricultural sites. Synthesis and applications. We show that both dispersal and establishment limitation are key factors causing some plant species to be absent from post-agricultural sites. Dense canopy conditions limit seed production in remnant habitats and reduce establishment in post agricultural areas. Restoration thinning helps overcome these limitations and should facilitate the natural spread of species from remnant habitats but natural recovery may still be slow. Our results suggest that accelerating the recovery of post-agricultural habitats will require active restoration that reduces dispersal limitation (seed additions) and reinstates appropriate ecological conditions.
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