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21 results for “loss of sex”
Disentangling the effects of jasmonate and tissue loss on the sex allocation of an annual plant
<p>In this study, we explored norms of reaction in sex expression and sex allocation to herbivory in an experiment designed to uncouple its direct (through tissue loss) and indirect effects (due to defensive jasmonate signalling) in hermaphroditic XX females of the wind-pollinated Mercurialis annua. To uncouple the direct and indirect effects of herbivory on the sex expression and to test the role of jasmonate on conditional sex allocation, we conducted a two-factorial experiment manipulating tissue loss (25% chronic defoliation) and plant anti-herbivore defences via the jasmonate pathway (external application of jasmonate), and measured sexual expression in plants with both a male and a female function. The herbivory treatment applied were:</p> <p>For the control treatment (C), leaves were sprayed with a sham solution containing only water and polysorbate until all leaves were wet (see Supplementary Materials for detailed solution formulae). The herbivory treatment (H) consisted of cutting off half of every second leaf on the plant with scissors and spraying plants with a sham solution until all leaves were wet (defoliation resulted in a 25% reduction of total leaf area over the course of the whole plant’s lifetime). In the jasmonate treatment (JA) plants were sprayed with a solution of methyl-jasmonate and polysorbate until all leaves were wet (polysorbate 20 was used to fix the methyl-jasmonate on the sprayed leaves). Finally, the jasmonate and herbivory treatment (JAH) consisted of cutting off half of every other leaf on the plant with scissors and spraying plants with the methyl-jasmonate solution until all leaves were wet. These treatments were applied repeatedly as plants continued to grow, i.e., they represent chronic stress or manipulation. The first round of treatment was applied one week after repotting the plants (25th of November 2019) and then every two weeks over the next 12 weeks (the last treatment was applied on the 2<sup>nd</sup> of February 2020). On the first round of treatment, when most plants had fewer than six leaves each, we cut off only half a leaf (~10% of the leaf area removed) for plants under the herbivory treatments to avoid seedlings death.</p> <p>Plant sampling consisted of cutting all above-ground plant material of 34 plants per enclosure (<em>N</em> = 272) and recording total height. Plants were then cut in half, lengthwise, creating two distinct segments: top and bottom. The top segment was carefully examined and we counted the number of fruits (immature and mature) and harvested all male flowers using tweezers. Male flowers were stored in paper envelopes, dried and weighed. After phenotyping, plant segments were dried and weighed to obtain plant dry biomass (top + bottom). To estimate seed production, the seeds were isolated from the dried plant materials, stored in paper envelopes and weighed. All materials were dried in an oven at 50°C for at least 14 days and weighed using a digital scale.</p> <p>Variables names and meaning:</p> <p>PlantID: Individual identifier for each plant<br> nb_seeds_estimate.TOP: Number of seeds form the top section of the plant <br> Biomass.BOTTOM: Dry biomass of the bottom plant section (grams) <br> Total_biomass: Dry biomass of the whole aboveground plant materials, except for the male flowers <br> Biomass.TOP: Dry biomass of the bottom plant section (grams) <br> seed_mass_total: Dry biomass of the seeds of the whole plant (top+bottom sections) (grams)<br> seed_mass.BOTTOM: Dry biomass of the seeds from the bottom section (grams)<br> seed_nb_total: Number of seeds from the whole plant (top+bottom sections) <br> Lenght_section.TOP: Length of the top section (cm) <br> Fruit_number.TOP: Number of fruits present on the top sectioon at the time of harvest<br> nb_seeds_estimate.BOTTOM: Number of seeds from the bottom section<br> Height: Plant height (top+bottom sections) (cm) at the time of harvest<br> Fruit_number.BOTTOM: Number of fruits present on the bottom section at the time of harvest <br> DPT: Days-post-treatment = the period elapsed between the last treatment application and the plant sampling date. For logistical reasons, our sampling was spread over 14 days by a team of six assistants.<br> Lenght_section.BOTTOM: Length of the bottom section (cm)<br> Treatment: Herbivory treatments: C=Control; H= 25% chronic tissue loss, JA=exogenous jasmonate application; JAH=tissue loss + jasmonate.<br> Box: Enclosure in which plants were kept. This was a blocking factor with 2 boxes per treatment, each one with 30-32 plants. <br> Date: sampling date <br> seed_mass.TOP: Dry biomass of the seeds on the bottom plant sections (grams)<br> Observer: Identifier for each of the six researchers who sampled plants. We recorder observer identity and included it in our statistical analyses to account for possible biases among assistants.<br> male_fl_mass.TOP: Dry biomass of the male flowers sampled from the top plant section (grams). <br> nb_fl_estimate.TOP: Number of male flowers present on the top plant section at the time of harvest <br> male_fl_mass.BOTTOM: Dry biomass of the male flowers sampled from the bottom plant section (grams). <br> nb_fl_estimate.BOTTOM: Number of male flowers present on the bottom plant section at the time of harvest </p> <p> </p>
Figure 2 in Parallelism in secondary loss of sex from a heterogonic life cycle on different host plants in the Andricus mukaigawae complex (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with taxonomic notes
Figure 2. Representative karyotype of Andricus targionii (s. lat.) on Quercus dentata, Kitami. Scale bar: 10 mm.
Figure 1 in Parallelism in secondary loss of sex from a heterogonic life cycle on different host plants in the Andricus mukaigawae complex (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with taxonomic notes
Figure 1. Andricus targionii (s. lat.) populations on Quercus dentata used for the present chromosome study. 1, Kitami; 2, Minami-chitose; 3, Aomori; 4, Mt Haruna; 5, Lake Yamanaka; 6, Lake Shirakaba.
High elevation increases the risk of Y chromosome loss in Alpine skink populations with sex reversal
<p>The view genotypic sex determination (GSD) and environmental sex determination (ESD) are mutually exclusive states has been contradicted by the discovery that chromosomal sex and environmental influences can co-exist within the same species, hinting at a continuum of intermediate states. Systems where genes and the environment interact to determine sex present the opportunity for sex reversal to occur, where the phenotypic sex is the opposite of that predicted by their sex chromosome complement. The skink Bassiana duperreyi has XX:XY sex chromosomes with sex reversal of the XX genotype to a male phenotype in response to exposure to cold incubation temperatures. Here we studied the frequency of sex reversal in B. duperreyi in response to climatic variation, using elevation as a surrogate for environmental temperatures. We demonstrate sex reversal for the first time in free-ranging adults of a reptile species with XX/XY sex determination. The highest frequency of sex reversal occurred at the highest elevation location, Mount Ginini (18.64%) and decreases in frequency with elevation. We model the impact of this under Fisher's frequency dependent selection to show that, only at the highest elevations, populations risk the loss of the Y chromosome and a transition to TSD. This study contributes to our understanding of the risks of extinction from climate change in species subject to sex reversal by temperature, and will provide focus for future research to test on-the-ground management strategies to mitigate the effects of climate in local populations.</p> <div> <div> <div class="msocomtxt"> <p class="MsoCommentText"> </p> </div> </div> </div>
High elevation increases the risk of Y chromosome loss in Alpine skink populations with sex reversal
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Evidence from automixis with inverted meiosis for the maintenance of sex by loss of complementation
<p>The adaptive value of sexual reproduction is still debated. A short-term disadvantage of asexual reproduction is loss of heterozygosity, which leads to the unmasking of recessive deleterious mutations. The cost of this loss of complementation is predicted to be higher than the twofold cost of meiosis for most types of asexual reproduction. Automixis with terminal fusion of sister nuclei is especially vulnerable to the effect of loss of complementation. It is found, however, in some taxa including oribatid mites, the most prominent group of ancient asexuals. Here I show that automixis with terminal fusion is stable if it is associated with inverted meiosis, and that this appears to be the case in nature, notably in oribatid mites. The existence of automixis with terminal fusion, and its co-occurrence with inverted meiosis, therefore, is consistent with the hypothesis that loss of complementation is important in the evolution of sexual reproduction.</p>
Data from: Preponderance of clonality triggers loss of sex in Bulbophyllum bicolor, an obligately outcrossing epiphytic orchid
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Data from: Sex-specific weight loss mediates sexual size dimorphism in Drosophila melanogaster
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Evidence from automixis with inverted meiosis for the maintenance of sex by loss of complementation
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Figure 3 in Parallelism in secondary loss of sex from a heterogonic life cycle on different host plants in the Andricus mukaigawae complex (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with taxonomic notes
Figure 3. The life cycles, gall shape of unisexual generation, and suggested changes in the Andricus mukaigawae complex.
Deregulated sex chromosome gene expression with male germ cell-specific loss of Dicer1 (gene array data)
GEO Series GSE38891. Mus musculus. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Phenolic acids prevent sex-steroid deficiency-induced bone loss and bone marrow adipogenesis in mice
GEO Series GSE238244. Mus musculus. 14 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Effect of loss of transcription factor CLAMP on sex-specific splicing in Drosophila third instar larvae (L3) stage
GEO Series GSE220455. Drosophila melanogaster. 12 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Deregulated sex chromosome gene expression with male germ cell-specific loss of Dicer1 (miRNA array data)
GEO Series GSE38895. Mus musculus. 5 samples. Type: Non-coding RNA profiling by array.
Loss of EGFR prevents the synergistic early-phase impact of obesity-associated metabolic and humoral stress on primary VSMC – stressor synergy, sex-dependence
GEO Series GSE294868. Mus musculus. 69 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Interleukin-17 drives sex-dependent weight loss and changes in feeding behaviour during Trypanosoma brucei infection
GEO Series GSE210600. Mus musculus. 16 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Loss of epigenetic modifications on the inactive X chromosome and sex-biased gene expression profiles in B cells from NZB/W F1 mice with lupus-like disease
GEO Series GSE140277. Mus musculus. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Study on Mechanisms of Changes in Liver Disease and Sex Steroid Metabolism During Weight Loss
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02964780. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Role of Hypersensitivity to Female Sex Hormones in Women With Unexplained Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01175759. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Loss of Inpp5d has disease-relevant and sex-specific effects on glial transcriptomes
GEO Series GSE254999. Mus musculus. 12 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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