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Fig. 2 in Flight ability and dispersal of European grapevine moth gamma-irradiated males (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the vineyard and the pheromone traps positions at the experimental plot where the marked male moths were released.
Fig 1 in Flight ability and dispersal of European grapevine moth gamma-irradiated males (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Fig 1. Schematic representation of the flight assessment cage used to measure the flight responses of Lobesia botrana males to calling females. In the female compartment, 2-day-old virgin females were confined inside a small cylindrical plastic mesh box with a 5% sucrose-wetted wick. Males irradiated either with 150 Gy or with 350 Gy and untreated males differentially marked with variously colored fluorescent powders were introduced into the male compartment. The number of males of each of the 3 kinds that flew through the open slit at the 45 cm height [the 2 lower openings (slits) were sealed] into the female compartment were recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Air was drawn into the female compartment and exhausted from the male compartment.
FIGURE 7 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 7 | Correlation between total length and number of rays with hooks in males of Brycon orbignyanus. X axis: total length in cm. Y axis: number (n°) of anal fin rays that developed hooks.
FIGURE 4 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 4 | Anal fin of Brycon orbignyanus with hooks. b: base of the hook. fr: first ray. lr: last ray. s: hooks. sg: rays segment. sr: second ray. st: hook cusp. Scales: A and B. 1.0 cm; C and D. 200 µm; E. 100 µm.
FIGURE 5 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 5 | Phases of testes maturation in Brycon orbignyanus. A. Immature. B. Immature intersex. C. Regressing. D. Regenerating. E. Spawning Capable (primary male). F. Spawning Capable (secondary male). bv: blood vessels. cy: germ cell cysts. dge: discontinuous germinal epithelium. in: interstice. pg: primary growing oocyte. sg: spermatogonia. s: Sertoli cell. sz: sperm. tw: testis wall. va: vacuoles. Scales: A, C, D, E. 20 µm; B, F. 50 µm. Staining: Hematoxylin and Eosin.
FIGURE 3 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 3 | Anal fin of Brycon orbignyanus without hooks. ca: callosity. fb: first fork. fr: first ray. sg: rays segment. sr: second ray. tb: terminal bifurcation. Scales: A. 0.5 cm; B. 200 µm; C. 100 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 6 | Correlation between stages of the reproductive cycle and the number of rays with hooks in males of Brycon orbignyanus. X axis: Stages of the reproductive cycle, being, 0 – Immature specimens, 1 – Regressing, 2 – Regenerating specimens, 3 – Developing specimens, 4 – Spawning Capable specimens. Y axis: number (n°) of anal fin rays that developed hooks.
FIGURE 1 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 1 | Anal fins in Brycon orbignyanus. A. Specimen of B. orbignyanus. B. Anal fin regions. C. Rays (r). D. Anal fin rays. af: anal fin. bi: bifurcation of rays. ca: caudal region. cr: cranial region. fr: first ray. im: interradial membrane. me: medial region. sg: radius segment. Scales: A. 5 cm; B and D. 1 cm; C. 200 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 2 | Details regarding the fins of Brycon orbignyanus. A, C and E. Rays without hooks. B, D and F. Rays with hooks. b: base. fb: first fork. r: rays. rs: rays with hooks. s: hooks. sg: rays segment. st: hooks cusp. tb: terminal bifurcation. Scales: A and B. 1 cm; C and D. 200 µm; E. 100 µm; F. 50 µm.
Bonds of bros and brothers: Kinship and social bonding in post-dispersal male macaques
Group-living animals often maintain a few very close affiliative relationships – social bonds – that can buffer them against many of the inevitable costs of gregariousness. Kinship plays a central role in the development of such social bonds. The bulk of research on kin biases in sociality has focused on philopatric females, who typically live in deeply kin-structured systems, with matrilineal dominance rank inheritance and life-long familiarity between kin. Closely related males, in contrast, are usually not close in rank or familiar, which offers the opportunity to test the importance of kinship per se in the formation of social bonds. So far, however, kin biases in male social bonding have only been tested in philopatric males, where familiarity remains a confounding factor. Here, we studied bonds between male Assamese macaques, a species in which males disperse from their natal groups, and in which male bonds are known to affect fitness. Combining extensive behavioural data on 43 adult males over a 10-year period with DNA microsatellite relatedness analyses, we find that post-dispersal males form stronger relationships with the few close kin available in the group than with the average non-kin. However, males form the majority of their bonds with non-kin, and may choose non-kin over available close kin to bond with. Our results show that kinship facilitates bond formation, but is not a prerequisite for it, which suggests that strong bonds are not restricted to kin in male mammals and that animals cooperate for both direct and indirect fitness benefits.
Mechanisms of male-male interference during dispersal of orchid pollen
<p>Siring success of flowering plants depends on the fates of male gametophytes, which compete for access to stigmas, stylar resources and ovules. Although rarely considered, pollen may often compete during dispersal, affecting the processes required for export to stigmas; pollen pickup, transport and deposition. We quantified dispersal interference by tracking bee dispersal of stained <em>Anacamptis morio </em>(Orchidaceae) pollen from individual donor flowers and inferred the affected dispersal mechanisms based on the fit of a process-based model. During individual trials, all recipient flowers were either emasculated, precluding interference with donor pollen, or intact, adding potentially interfering pollen to the pollinator. The presence of competing pollinaria on bees reduced pickup of additional pollinaria, doubled the overall proportion of lost donor pollen and reduced total pollen export by 27%. Interference specifically increased loss of donor pollen between successive flower visits and variation in deposition among trials, and likely also reduced pollen contact with stigmas and pollen deposition when contact occurred. Thus, by altering pollen removal, transport and deposition, male-male interference during pollen dispersal can significantly, and perhaps commonly, limit plant siring success.</p>
Rwenzori colobus core unit SNA data - association scans between units, simple association index per dyad, male dispersal events, rainfall and food availability
<p>1. Multi-level societies are complex, nested social systems where basic social groups (i.e., core units) associate in a hierarchical manner, allowing animals to adjust their group sizes in response to variables such as food availability, predation, or conspecific threat. These pressures fluctuate over time and examining the extent to which this variation affects the clustering of core units into different tiers may be instrumental in understanding the evolution of multi-level societies.</p> <p>2. The goal of our study was to determine the degree of temporal variability in inter-unit associations in a multi-level society of Rwenzori Angolan colobus monkey (<i>Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii</i>), and to determine the social and ecological factors that underlie association patterns. The <i>C. a. ruwenzorii</i> multi-level society consists of at least three tiers, with core units clustering into clans that share a home range in a band tier.</p> <p>3. We performed social network analyses on 21 months of association data from 13 core units (totaling 139 identifiable individuals) at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. We described the patterns of variation in core-unit associations over time and investigated how changes in rainfall, food availability, and inter-unit dispersals were correlated with these associations over the short-term (month to month) and long-term (year to year).</p> <p>4. Although clans were relatively stable, larger-scale changes in association patterns included the formation of an all-male unit and the transfer of one core unit between clans (within the band tier). Seasonally, core units associated significantly more when fruit, their preferred food source, was abundant (i.e., social networks were denser and more clustered) and there was no direct effect of rainfall seasonality or young leaf availability. Male dispersals also occurred more during periods of high fruit availability, suggesting that greater band cohesion allowed males to prospect and transfer between core units. Once males transferred, their previous and new units associated significantly more with one another than with other core units for 1-2 months post-dispersal. The dispersal of five males from one core unit to another in a different clan co-occurred with this core unit switching its clan affiliation.</p> <p>5. By examining temporal shifts in social network structure among core units, this study shows the inter-connected roles that food availability and dispersal have in shaping the <i>C. a. ruwenzorii</i> multi-level social system. Our findings highlight how ecological conditions can drive association patterns, impact interunit relationships, and influence social organization.</p>
No evidence for divergence in male harmfulness or female resistance in response to changes in the opportunity for dispersal
The outcome of sexual conflict can depend on the social environment, as males respond to changes in the inclusive fitness payoffs of harmfulness and harm females less when they compete with familiar relatives. Theoretical models also predict that if limited male dispersal predictably enhances local relatedness while maintaining global competition, kin selection can produce evolutionary divergences in male harmfulness among populations. Experimental tests of these predictions, however, are rare. We assessed rates of dispersal in female and male seed beetles Callosobruchus maculatus, a model species for studies of sexual conflict, in an experimental setting. Females dispersed significantly more often than males, but dispersing males travelled just as far as dispersing females. Next, we used experimental evolution to test whether limiting dispersal allowed the action of kin selection to affect divergence in male harmfulness and female resistance. Populations of C. maculatus were evolved for 20 and 25 generations under one of three dispersal regimens: completely free dispersal, limited dispersal, and no dispersal. There was no divergence among treatments in female reproductive tract scarring, ejaculate size, mating behaviour, fitness of experimental females mated to stock males, or fitness of stock females mated to experimental males. We suggest that this is likely due to insufficient strength of kin selection rather than a lack of genetic variation or time for selection. Limited dispersal alone is therefore not sufficient for kin selection to reduce male harmfulness in this species, consistent with general predictions that limited dispersal will only allow kin selection if local relatedness is independent of the intensity of competition among kin.
Microsatellite genotype data from: Male-biased dispersal in a fungus-gardening ant symbiosis (Matthews et al, Ecology and Evolution)
<p>For nearly all organisms, dispersal is a fundamental life history trait that can shape their ecology and evolution. Variation in dispersal capabilities within a species exists and can influence population genetic structure and ecological interactions. In fungus-gardening (attine) ants, co-dispersal of ants and mutualistic fungi is crucial to the success of this obligate symbiosis. Female-biased dispersal (and gene flow) may be favored in attines because virgin queens carry the responsibility of dispersing the fungi, but a paucity of research has made this conclusion difficult. Here, we investigate dispersal of the fungus-gardening ant <i>Trachymyrmex septentrionalis</i> using a combination of maternally- (mitochondrial DNA) and biparentally-inherited (microsatellites) markers. We found three distinct, spatially isolated mitochondrial DNA haplotypes; two were found in the Florida panhandle and the other in the Florida peninsula. In contrast, biparental markers illustrated significant gene flow across this region and minimal spatial structure. The differential patterns uncovered from mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers suggest that most long-distance ant dispersal is male-biased and that females (and concomitantly the fungus) have more limited dispersal capabilities. Consequently, the limited female dispersal is likely an important bottleneck for the fungal symbiont. This bottleneck could slow fungal genetic diversification, which has significant implications for both ant hosts and fungal symbionts regarding population genetics, species distributions, adaptive responses to environmental change, and coevolutionary patterns.</p>
Direct and indirect estimates of dispersal support strong juvenile philopatry and male-biased dispersal in a freshwater turtle species (Emys orbicularis)
<p><span>Dispersal has major impacts on population dynamics, population genetics and evolution and is also critical for population management and conservation. Dispersal is frequently sex- and age-specific, but current knowledge is strongly taxonomically biased toward birds and mammals. Here, we provide estimates of dispersal in a threatened freshwater turtle species, the European pond turtle <em>Emys</em> <em>orbicularis.</em> Based on 15 years of Capture-Mark-Recapture (CMR) monitoring and DNA samples from 194 individuals, we quantified both demographic and genetic dispersal between three sites separated by 1.5 to 3.5 km. We also investigated the effect of age and sex on dispersal. Overall, direct (CMR) and indirect (genetic) approaches provided consistent results showing that the studied sites are well connected with a flow of about one to three dozen migrants per generation. Dispersal was both age- and sex-biased in this species, with frequent dispersal of adult males and a strong philopatry of juveniles (of both sexes) and adult females. The strong philopatry of juveniles contrasts with the recurrent higher dispersal rate in young birds and mammals and shows the relevance of investigating dispersal in various taxonomic groups. Our results also provide useful information for the conservation of European pond turtle populations.</span></p>
Male dispersal drives gene flow in Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)
<p class="MsoNormal">Threatened across much of their range, timber rattlesnakes (<em>Crotalus horridus</em>) exhibit patterns in movement and genetic diversity that are shaped by many aspects of their environments in ways that may foster or constrain conservation. We combine movement data with nuclear and mitochondrial population genetic data to understand the population structure of snakes in four overwintering sites (hibernacula) in central Pennsylvania. Our analyses support the conclusion that hibernacula separated by only a few kilometers can represent genetically distinct populations. In addition, as the first dataset to compare nuclear and mitochondrial patterns in<em> C. horridus</em>, we provide novel evidence for how likely asymmetry in gene flow (with males responsible for inter-hibernaculum matings) shapes timber rattlesnake population genetics.</p>
Mechanisms of male-male interference during dispersal of orchid pollen
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Rwenzori colobus core unit SNA data - association scans between units, simple association index per dyad, male dispersal events, rainfall and food availability
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No evidence for divergence in male harmfulness or female resistance in response to changes in the opportunity for dispersal
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Microsatellite genotype data from: Male-biased dispersal in a fungus-gardening ant symbiosis (Matthews et al, Ecology and Evolution)
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