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209 results for “male response”
A distinct neurogenomic response to a tradeoff between social challenge and opportunity in male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
<p>Animals frequently make adaptive decisions about what to prioritize when they are faced with multiple, conflicting demands at the same time. However, the proximate mechanisms of decision-making in the face of competing demands are not well understood. We explored this question using brain transcriptomics in a classic model system: threespined sticklebacks, where males face conflict between courtship and territorial defense. The outcome of decisions made by breeding males over whether to court mates or defend against territory intrusion are profoundly important to fitness. We characterized the behavior and brain gene expression profiles of males confronted by a tradeoff between courtship and territorial defense by comparing them to males not confronted by this tradeoff. When faced with the tradeoff, males behaviorally prioritized defense over courtship, and this decision was reflected in their brain gene expression profiles. A distinct set of genes and biological processes was recruited in the brain when males faced a tradeoff and these responses were largely non-overlapping across two brain regions. Combined, these results raise new questions about the interplay between the neural and molecular mechanisms involved in decision-making.</p>
Experimental evolution under varying sex ratio and behavioral plasticity in response to perceived competitive environment independently affect calling effort in male crickets
<p>The operational sex ratio (OSR) is a key component influencing the magnitude of sexual selection driving the evolution of male sexual traits, but males often also retain the ability to plastically modulate trait expression depending on the current environment. Here we employed an experimental evolution approach to determine whether the OSR affects the evolution of male calling effort in decorated crickets, a costly sexual trait, and whether plasticity in calling effort is altered by the OSR under which males have evolved. Calling effort of males from two selection regimes maintained at different OSRs over 18–20 generations (male- versus female-biased) was recorded at two different levels of perceived competition, in the absence of rivals or in the presence of an experimentally muted competitor. The effect of the OSR on the evolution of male calling effort was modest and in the opposite direction predicted by theory. Instead, the immediate competitive environment strongly influenced male calling effort as males called more in the presence of a rival, revealing considerable plasticity in this trait. This increased calling effort came at a cost, however, as males confined with a muted rival experienced significantly higher mortality.</p>
Fig. 3 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 3. Activation latencies (black bars) and landing latencies (gray bars) (Q1 <Median <Q2) of virgin and mated Copitarsia decolora males to female sex pheromone extract (3FE) in wind tunnel bioassays. Mated males were tested 24 h and 48 h afer mating (24 AM and 48 AM, respectively). Bars within a behavior headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 10, P <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 1. Activation latencies (black bars) and landing latencies (gray bars) (Q1 <Median <Q2) by age group of virgin males in response to a glandular extract of female sex pheromone (3FE) in wind tunnel bioassays. Bars within a behavior headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 10, P <0.05).
Fig. 4 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 4. Depolarization (mean ± SEM) of antennae in response to a glandular extract of female sex pheromone (3FE) of virgin and mated males. Mated males were tested 24 h and 48 h afer mating (24 AM and 48 AM, respectively). Bars headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 6, P <0.05).
Fig. 3 in Response of male Centruroides vittatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) to aerial and substrate-borne chemical signals
Fig. 3: The movement of a male scorpion during a 3-minute trial. Scorpion position was marked by a dot every 5 seconds of the trial. In general, the movement path has more space between dots in the "no-stimulus" side (top) versus the "stimulus" side (bottom). The average distance (+/- standard deviation) traveled between 5 second plots: no-stimulus side = 15.3 +/- 7.8 mm (median = 12.5 mm), stimulus side = 10.8 +/- 5.9 mm (median = 8.0 mm). "BL" indicates occurrence of a backward lunge.
Fig. 1 in Response of male Centruroides vittatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) to aerial and substrate-borne chemical signals
Fig. 1: Y-shaped arena for Experiments 1, 2, and 3 to test airborne chemical communication in C. vittatus.
Fig. 4 in Physiological and Biochemical Thermoregulatory Responses in Male Chinese Hwameis to Seasonal Acclimatization: Phenotypic Flexibility in a Small Passerine.
Fig. 4. Seasonal variation in dry mass (A), state-4respiration (B), and cytochrome c oxidase (C) in the pectoral muscle, heart, liver and kidneys of hwameis (Garrulaxcanorus) captured in either summer or winter in Wenzhou, China. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.
Fig. 3 in Physiological and Biochemical Thermoregulatory Responses in Male Chinese Hwameis to Seasonal Acclimatization: Phenotypic Flexibility in a Small Passerine.
Fig. 3. Correlations between body mass and resting metabolic rate (RMR) (A), between body mass and EWL (B), between RMR and EWL (C), and between RMR and thermal conductance (D) in Chinese hwameis (Garrulax canorus) captured in either summer or winter in Wenzhou, China.
Fig. 1 in Physiological and Biochemical Thermoregulatory Responses in Male Chinese Hwameis to Seasonal Acclimatization: Phenotypic Flexibility in a Small Passerine.
Fig. 1. Minimum, maximum and mean ambient daily summer (July to August 2013) and winter (January to February 2014) temperatures in Wenzhou, China. Mean ambient temperature ranged from 31.3 ± 0.2°C in summer to 8.6 ± 0.4°C in winter.
Fig. 2 in Physiological and Biochemical Thermoregulatory Responses in Male Chinese Hwameis to Seasonal Acclimatization: Phenotypic Flexibility in a Small Passerine.
Fig. 2. Seasonal variation in body mass (A), resting metabolic rate (B), evaporative water loss (C) and thermal conductance (D) in Chinese hwamei (Garrulax canorus) captured in either summer or winter in Wenzhou, China. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, **p <0.01.
Fig. 5 in Physiological and Biochemical Thermoregulatory Responses in Male Chinese Hwameis to Seasonal Acclimatization: Phenotypic Flexibility in a Small Passerine.
Fig. 5. Correlations between resting metabolic rate (RMR) and state-4 respiration in the pectoral muscle (A), heart (C), liver (E) and kidneys (G), and between RMR and cytochrome c oxidase activity in the pectoral muscle (B), heart (D), liver (F) and kidneys (H), in Chinese hwameis (Garrulax canorus) captured in either summer or winter in Wenzhou, China.
A distinct neurogenomic response to a tradeoff between social challenge and opportunity in male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
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Experimental evolution under varying sex ratio and behavioral plasticity in response to perceived competitive environment independently affect calling effort in male crickets
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No evidence for a role of trills in male response to territorial intrusion in a complex singer, the Thrush Nightingale
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The microevolutionary response to male-limited X-chromosome evolution in Drosophila melanogaster reflects macroevolutionary patterns
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Data and coding files for: Within population plastic responses to combined thermal-nutritional stress differ from those in response to single stressors, and are genetically independent across traits in both males and females
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No evidence for divergence in male harmfulness or female resistance in response to changes in the opportunity for dispersal
The outcome of sexual conflict can depend on the social environment, as males respond to changes in the inclusive fitness payoffs of harmfulness and harm females less when they compete with familiar relatives. Theoretical models also predict that if limited male dispersal predictably enhances local relatedness while maintaining global competition, kin selection can produce evolutionary divergences in male harmfulness among populations. Experimental tests of these predictions, however, are rare. We assessed rates of dispersal in female and male seed beetles Callosobruchus maculatus, a model species for studies of sexual conflict, in an experimental setting. Females dispersed significantly more often than males, but dispersing males travelled just as far as dispersing females. Next, we used experimental evolution to test whether limiting dispersal allowed the action of kin selection to affect divergence in male harmfulness and female resistance. Populations of C. maculatus were evolved for 20 and 25 generations under one of three dispersal regimens: completely free dispersal, limited dispersal, and no dispersal. There was no divergence among treatments in female reproductive tract scarring, ejaculate size, mating behaviour, fitness of experimental females mated to stock males, or fitness of stock females mated to experimental males. We suggest that this is likely due to insufficient strength of kin selection rather than a lack of genetic variation or time for selection. Limited dispersal alone is therefore not sufficient for kin selection to reduce male harmfulness in this species, consistent with general predictions that limited dispersal will only allow kin selection if local relatedness is independent of the intensity of competition among kin.
Female chacma baboons modulate their sexual receptivity in response to male intrasexual competition
<p>Research in social mammals has revealed the complexity of strategies females use in response to female-female reproductive competition and sexual conflict. One point at which competition and conflict manifest acutely is during sexual receptivity, indicated by swellings in some primates. Whether females can adjust their sexual receptivity from cycle to cycle to decrease reproductive competition and sexual conflict in response to social pressures has not been tested. As a first step, this study explores whether sexual receptivity duration is predicted social pressures in wild female chacma baboons (<em>Papio</em> <em>ursinus</em>). Given that female baboons face intense reproductive competition and sexual coercion, we predicted that: females could shorten the duration of their sexual receptive period to reduce female-female aggression and male coercion or increase it to access multiple or their preferred male(s). We quantified 157 ovulatory cycles from 46 wild females living in central Namibia recorded over 15 years. We found no support for our hypothesis; however, our analyses revealed a negative correlation between maximal-swelling duration and group size, a proxy of within-group competition. This study provides further evidence that swelling is costly as well as a testable framework for future investigations of 'cycle length manipulation'.</p>
The evolution of lifespan and ageing in response to dietary macronutrients in male and female decorated crickets
<p>Dietary macronutrients regulate lifespan and ageing, yet little is known about their evolutionary effects. Here, we examine the evolutionary response of these traits in decorated crickets (<em>Gryllodes sigillatus</em>) maintained on diets varying in caloric content and protein-to-carbohydrate ratio. After 37 generations, each population was split: half remained on the evolution diet and half switched to a standardized diet. Crickets lived longer and aged slower when evolving on high-calorie (both sexes) and carbohydrate-biased (females only) diets and had lower baseline mortality on high-calorie (females only) diets. However, on the standardized diet, crickets lived longer when evolving on high-calorie diets (both sexes), aged slower on high-calorie (females only) and carbohydrate-biased (both sexes) diets, and had lower baseline mortality on high-calorie (males only) and protein-biased (both sexes) diets. Lifespan was longer and baseline mortality lower when provided the evolution versus the standardized diet but ageing rate was comparable. Moreover, lifespan was longer, ageing slower (females only) and baseline mortality lower (males only) compared to our evolved baseline suggesting varying degrees of dietary adaptation. Collectively, we show dietary components influence the evolution of lifespan and ageing in different ways and highlight the value of combining experimental evolution with nutritional geometry.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.