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29 results for “mammal dispersal”
Text-fig. 3 Comparison of various stratigraphic subdivisions: European (ELMA), North American (NALMA) (Hilgen et al. 2012) and Chinese (CLMA) (Qiu Zhanxiang et al. 2013, Qiu Zhuding et al. 2013) Land Mammal Ages and Eastern Paratethys stages. in Comments On The Age And Dispersal Of Microtoscoptini (Rodentia: Cricetidae)
Text-fig. 3 Comparison of various stratigraphic subdivisions: European (ELMA), North American (NALMA) (Hilgen et al. 2012) and Chinese (CLMA) (Qiu Zhanxiang et al. 2013, Qiu Zhuding et al. 2013) Land Mammal Ages and Eastern Paratethys stages.
The irreplaceable role of surviving megafauna in long-distance seed dispersal: Evidence from an experiment with Neotropical mammals
<p>The downsizing of disperser assemblages by selective defaunation is a worldwide phenomenon thought to have important consequences in animal-dispersed plants. Numerous large-seeded Neotropical plants currently depend on the last megafaunal survivors, the large tapirs <em>Tapirus</em> spp., and medium-sized frugivores. The extent to which medium frugivores are functionally equivalent to tapirs remains unresolved. We combined feeding trials, seed dispersal kernel modeling based on seed retention times and animal movement simulation (Levy walks), and germination experiments in a large-seeded palm to assess the dispersal quality provided by the largest (tapirs) and two medium (foxes and howler monkeys) frugivore species in terms of dispersal distances and gut passage effects on germination. Tapirs retained the seeds in the gut for much longer (mean=221 hours) than howlers (43 h) and foxes (22 h). Median dispersal distance by tapirs (1252 m) was 14 and 40 times larger than that by foxes (88 m) and howlers (31 m), respectively. The seed dispersal kernel of tapirs showed a 5<sup>th</sup> percentile value (291 m) larger than the 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles of foxes (285 m) and howlers (108 m). Manually depulped and gut-passed seeds germinated in similar proportions, showing, respectively, 3.5 and 2.5―2.9 times higher values than intact fruits. Germination probability and seed viability decreased with retention time in howlers' and tapirs' gut, with howlers showing a steeper negative relationship. Such detrimental effect implies a trade-off between germination success and dispersal distance. We conclude that tapirs may not play a unique role in germination enhancement but move seeds much further than medium frugivores, thus playing a critical role as long-distance dispersers of many plants. This study provides important insights on palm–frugivore interactions and the potential consequences for large-seeded plants of losing the last megafaunal representatives in the Neotropics.</p>
The irreplaceable role of surviving megafauna in long-distance seed dispersal: Evidence from an experiment with Neotropical mammals
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Functional, temporal, and spatial complementarity in mammal-fungal spore networks enhances mycorrhizal dispersal following forest harvesting
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From seed dispersal service to reproductive collapse: density-dependent outcome of a palm-mammal interaction
<p>Interspecific ecological interactions are inherently context-dependent. They may vary in both magnitude and sign depending on the biotic and abiotic conditions, depicting a mutualism-antagonism continuum. However, how population abundances and the activity of interacting species modulate these interactions remains underexplored. Here, we chose the interaction between the Mediterranean palm <em>Chamaerops</em> <em>humilis</em> and the feral goat <em>Capra</em> <em>hircus</em> in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). We selected three study plots with low, intermediate and high intensities of goat activity where we characterized palm distribution, seed rain, seed predation, and early palm recruitment during two consecutive years. Since goats can cause both costs (e.g. florivory) and benefits (e.g. seed dispersal) to <em>C. humilis</em> performance, we investigated the following three questions: (1) Does the spatial distribution of adult palms vary depending on the intensity of goat activity? (2) Does the intensity of goat activity influence seed rain and its potential spatial association with adult palms? (3) To what extent does the intensity of goat activity determine post-dispersal events such as seed predation and seedling emergence? We found that adult palms showed a more clumped and complex distribution (double-cluster process) in plots with low and intermediate goat activity compared to that with high goat activity (simple-cluster process). In the low goat activity plot, dispersed seeds were spatially aggregated around adult palms, showing twice insect-seed predation and nearly three times lower seed germination success than those in the intermediate goat activity plot. Palm seed dispersal and recruitment were almost nil in the high goat activity plot due to heavy consumption of palm inflorescences and developing fruits by goats. Our findings demonstrate how the net outcome of plant-animal interactions can change from mutualism to antagonism, from reproductive service to reproductive collapse, depending on the abundance and the activity of the interacting species.</p>
Data from: Non-native mammals are weak candidates to substitute ecological function of native avian seed-dispersers in an island ecosystem
<p>Although prominent examples exist of non-native species causing substantial ecological harm, many have neutral or positive effects, including filling surrogate roles once performed by extinct native organisms. We tested the ecological roles of two non-native mammals as seed dispersers or seed predators in Guåhan, which, due to invasive brown treesnakes (<em>Boiga</em> <em>irregularis</em>), is devoid of native seed dispersers – birds and bats. We conducted feeding trials with captive rats (<em>Rattus</em> spp.), which are present but uncommon due to predation by snakes, and pigs (<em>Sus</em> <em>scrofa</em>), which are abundant. We examined if and how they interacted with common forest fruits. We then compared how any gut-passed or handled seeds germinated compared to seeds left in whole fruit or depulped seeds.</p> <p>Rats and pigs interacted with most of the fruits and seeds (>80%) that they were fed. Of those, most seeds were destroyed – 78% for rats and 90% for pigs, across both native and non-native plant species. Compared to seeds germinating within whole fruits, rats improved germination of the seeds that they handled without ingesting, while pigs diminished the germination of seeds that they handled. The small percentage of seeds (approximately 1.5% for rats and 5% for pigs) that survived gut passage germinated in higher proportions than those in whole fruits. Percentages of seed survival to germination are lower than those found in similar studies with native avian frugivores. Our results indicate that pigs and rats have mixed effects on seeds, but are not suitable surrogates for native seed dispersers.</p>
Data from: Non-native mammals are weak candidates to substitute ecological function of native avian seed-dispersers in an island ecosystem
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From seed dispersal service to reproductive collapse: density-dependent outcome of a palm-mammal interaction
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Data from: Dispersal, niche, and isolation processes jointly explain species turnover patterns of nonvolant small mammals in a large mountainous region of China
Understanding the mechanisms that govern the spatial patterns of species turnover (beta diversity) has been one of the fundamental issues in biogeography. Species turnover is generally recognized as strong in mountainous regions, but the way in which different processes (dispersal, niche, and isolation) have shaped the spatial turnover patterns in mountainous regions remains largely unexplored. Here, we explore the directional and elevational patterns of species turnover for nonvolant small mammals in the Hengduan Mountains of southwest China and distinguish the relative roles of geographic distance, environmental distance, and geographic isolation on the patterns. The spatial turnover was assessed using the halving distance (km), which was the geographic distance that halved the similarity (Jaccard similarity) from its initial value. The halving distance was calculated for the linear, logarithmic, and exponential regression models between Jaccard similarity and geographic distance. We found that the east–west turnover is generally faster than the south–north turnover for high-latitudinal regions in the Hengduan Mountains and that this pattern corresponds to the geographic structure of the major mountain ranges and rivers that mainly extend in a south–north direction. There is an increasing trend of turnover toward the higher-elevation zones. Most of the variation in the Jaccard similarity could be explained by the pure effect of geographic distance and the joint effects of geographic distance, environmental distance, and average elevation difference. Our study indicates that dispersal, niche, and isolation processes are all important determinants of the spatial turnover patterns of nonvolant small mammals in the Hengduan Mountains. The spatial configuration of the landscape and geographic isolation can strongly influence the rate of species turnover in mountainous regions at multiple spatial scales.
Data from: Fine-scale spatiotemporal patterns of genetic variation reflect budding dispersal coupled with strong natal philopatry in a cooperatively breeding mammal
The relatedness structure of animal populations is thought to be a critically important factor underlying the evolution of mating systems and social behaviours. While previous work has shown that population structure is shaped by many biological processes, few studies have investigated how these factors vary over time. Consequently, we explored the fine-scale spatiotemporal genetic structure of an intensively studied population of cooperatively breeding banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) over a ten-year period. Overall population structure was strong (average Fst = 0.129) but groups with spatially overlapping territories were not more genetically similar to one another than non-contiguous groups. Instead, genetic differentiation was associated with historical group-fission (budding) events, with new groups diverging from their parent groups over time. Within groups, relatedness was high within but not between the sexes, although the latter increased over time since group formation due to group founders being replaced by philopatric young. This trend was not mirrored by a decrease in average offspring heterozygosity over time, suggesting that close inbreeding may often be avoided, even when immigration into established groups is virtually absent and opportunities for extra-group matings are rare. Fine-scale spatiotemporal population structure could have important implications in social species, where relatedness between interacting individuals is a vital component in the evolution of patterns of inbreeding avoidance, reproductive skew and kin-selected helping and harming.
Mammal-mediated seed dispersal in Vanilla: its rewards and clues to the evolution of fleshy fruits in orchids
<p>Data on frequency of visits by Vanilla bahiana dispersers and data on acid scarification of seeds.</p>
Figure 4 in A new rhinoceros clade from the Pleistocene of Asia sheds light on mammal dispersals to the Philippines
Figure 4. Ancestral biogeographical ranges of Rhinocerotinae, as calculated using BioGeoBEARS package in R (Matzke, 2013; Massana et al., 2015) and mapped on the phylogeny retrieved in Figure 3. Spatial ranges of all terminal taxa included in the phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses were split into eight domains, likely to coalesce: Americas (R), Afro-Arabia (A), Europe + Mediterranean (E), Central Asia (C), South and South-East Asia (M), Indonesia (S), Taiwan (T), Philippines (P).
Figure 3 in A new rhinoceros clade from the Pleistocene of Asia sheds light on mammal dispersals to the Philippines
Figure 3. Dental and postcranial features characterizing the new genus Nesorhinus in the phylogenetic framework as depicted in Figure 2. Red circles denote synapomorphies of Nesorhinus, whilst green and blue circles correspond to diagnostic characters (autapomorphies) of N. philippinensis and of N. hayasakai, respectively. Nesorhinus philippinensis: A, left upper dental series (D1–M1) in occlusal view (II-2014-J1-294, 095, 409, 427); B, left m2–3 in occlusal view (II-2014-J1-405); C, right p3–m1 in labial view (II-2014-J1-451); D, left scapula in lateral view (II-2014-J1-291). Nesorhinus hayasakai: E, left upper dental series (D1–M3) in occlusal view (DGNTU-FV11b; modified from Hayasaka, 1942); F, right m3 in occlusolabial view (HTR-55); G, left m3 in labial view (HTR-91); H, left fragmentary scapula (HTR-1). Completeness of the skeleton of N. philippinensis found at Kalinga (I): preserved elements appear in dark green. Tentative silhouettes of N philippinensis (J) and N. hayasakai (K) are drawn at a same scale, with a shoulder height of 1.26 m for N. philippinensis. See Supporting Information for further details on body size. Scale bar, 5 cm (A–C, E–G) and 10 cm (D, H).
Figure 2 in A new rhinoceros clade from the Pleistocene of Asia sheds light on mammal dispersals to the Philippines
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of the Rhinocerotidae, built from 278 unweighted craniomandibular, dental and postcranial characters scored in 30 ceratomorph species, and replaced in their stratigraphical context. Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758), Hyrachyus eximius Leidy, 1871, Trigonias osborni and Ronzotherium filholi were used as outgroups. Most-parsimonious tree (length: 1315 steps; CI = 0.2821; RI = 0.4858). Node ages were obtained using the approach of Brusatte et al. (2008), as implemented in the paleotree package (Bapst, 2012) in R 4.0.3 (R Core Team, 2020), with the first splitting event set to 60 Mya. Red star and green diamond indicate the earliest occurrences of Dicerorhinus sensu stricto (13 Mya; Heissig, 1972; Antoine et al., 2013) and Teleoceratina (25 Mya; see Supporting Information, Table S2). Aceini, Aceratheriini; DRc, Dicerorhinus–Rhinoceros clade; Dti, Diceroti; Elinae, Elasmotheriinae; Rti, Rhinoceroti; Telina, Teleoceratina. Recent species names are underlined.
Altitudinal dispersal process drives community assembly of montane small mammals
<p>Montane small mammals are subjected to strong forces of dispersal limitation and habitat filtering that mainly operate on their community structures along the altitudinal direction. However, so far little is known about the relative contributions of dispersal and niche processes to their community assembly. By applying the newly-proposed PER-SIMPER/DNCI (dispersal–niche continuum index) framework to small mammal occurrence data collected from 21 extensive altitudinal gradients, we quantitatively assess the relative importance of dispersal and niche processes on mammalian community assembly in a large mountainous region of southwest China. We compared the pairwise DNCI values among assemblages from low, middle, and high altitudinal zones and overall DNCI values between glires and insectivores that differ in dispersal abilities to test three explicit (altitudinal connectivity, environmental difference, and dispersal ability) hypotheses. The overall DNCI values for all small mammal species combined (-12.7 ± 0.4, 90 species), glires (-12.8 ± 0.5, 56 species) and insectivores (-13.5 ± 1.4, 34 species) values were all negative, while insectivores showed a lower value than glires. For both all species combined and glires, we found a lower pairwise DNCI value between the low and high altitudinal zones than that between the other two pairs of altitudinal zones. Our study indicated that altitudinal dispersal process dominates the taxonomic composition of small mammal assemblages in this region. Importantly, the results reinforced the idea that community structures of less vagile taxa are more subjected to dispersal limitation, yet another idea that assemblages from further altitudinal areas are more differentiated by dispersal process was only supported in glires and all species combined. Community biologists should therefore pay attention to recent climate-induced upward range shifts by montane species, which may dramatically alter their community structures in different altitudinal zones through dynamics of immigration and mountaintop extinction.</p>
Data from: Dispersal, niche, and isolation processes jointly explain species turnover patterns of nonvolant small mammals in a large mountainous region of China
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Altitudinal dispersal process drives community assembly of montane small mammals
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Seed predation and dispersal by small mammals in a landscape of fear: effects of personality, predation risk, and land-use change
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Data from: Cost of dispersal in a social mammal: body mass loss and increased stress
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Data from: Fine-scale spatiotemporal patterns of genetic variation reflect budding dispersal coupled with strong natal philopatry in a cooperatively breeding mammal
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