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31 results for “mammalian carnivore”
Intraguild interactions and abiotic conditions mediate occupancy of mammalian carnivores: co-occurrence of coyotes-fishers-martens
<p>The widespread eradication of large carnivores and subsequent expansion of top mesopredators have the potential to impact species and community interactions with ecosystem-wide implications. An example of these trophic dynamics is the widespread establishment of coyotes following the extirpation of wolves and mountain lions in eastern North America. Here, we examined the occupancy of three carnivores in northern New York considering both environmental/habitat factors and interspecific interactions. We estimated the co-occurrence of coyotes, fishers, and martens from a landscape-scale winter camera trap survey repeatedly annually for three years. Martens occurred independently of both coyotes and fishers, while fishers and coyotes displayed positive intraguild interactions that were constant across the landscape. Both marten and fisher first-order occupancy was driven by a combination of biotic and abiotic factors, with both species displaying positive associations with forest cover but antithetical responses to average snow depth. The integral and antithetical role of snow depth in driving the occurrence of martens (positive) and fishers (negative) in the landscape indicates that future climatic warming could reduce the availability of current spatial refuges for martens created by severe winter conditions. Climate-driven alterations to established competitive interactions and co-existence patterns between marten and fishers have critical implications for the species' survival and conservation. We provide correlational evidence consistent with the potential for positive top-down effects of dominant mesocarnivores on subordinate species, with fisher occupancy increasing conditional on the presence of coyotes across the landscape. These findings align with the hypothesis that under certain conditions, coyotes may facilitate certain subordinate carnivores. The evidence produced here is consistent with hypotheses on the dynamic nature of trophic niches. We demonstrate the need to consider the interplay between climate, habitat, and interspecific interactions to understand wildlife occupancy patterns and inform wildlife management in a rapidly changing world.</p>
Fig. 5 in Sampling mammalian carnivores in western Thailand: Issues of rarity and detectability
Fig. 5. Model averaged estimates of detection probability for 15 carnivore species by camera trapping plotted as a function of log10(weight in kg). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Fitted line is derived from a second-order polynomial which described the best fit of the data. R2 is the coefficient of determination of the fitted line. The six species with lg(weight) greater than 1.0 are Asiatic golden cat, Asiatic jackal, dhole, sun bear, Asiatic black bear, and tiger, from left to right.
Fig. 4 in Sampling mammalian carnivores in western Thailand: Issues of rarity and detectability
Fig. 4. Model averaged estimates of detection probability across the models shown in Tables 2B and 2C for species functional groups (TRAIT; large vs small and terrestrial vs semi-arboreal behavior). Estimated detection probabilities of each species are also shown for TERRESTRIAL and SEMI-ARBOREAL species. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig. 3 in Sampling mammalian carnivores in western Thailand: Issues of rarity and detectability
Fig. 3. Model averaged estimates of detection probability of four functional groups of carnivores (top row) and for each of 15 species separately. Detection probabilities are estimated as functions of camera placement categories (road [no. cameras = 1], streams [5], trails [14], & trails by streams [tbs; 33]). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Estimates were presented without error bars when standard errors could not be estimated. Estimates with 95% confidence intervals less than zero and/or greater than one indicate a lack of model convergence. n refers to the number of independent photographs used to estimate detection probabilities.
Fig. 2 in Sampling mammalian carnivores in western Thailand: Issues of rarity and detectability
Fig. 2. Species discovery curves generated from rarefaction for mammalian carnivores based on camera trap surveys at four study sites within mosaic forest types of Thung Yai between November 2007 and August 2008. Bars represent 95% confidence intervals of the estimates scaled by survey effort (camera trap nights) combined across all active camera locations (n = 53). Curves were estimated using package BiodiversityR in program R.
Fig. 1 in Sampling mammalian carnivores in western Thailand: Issues of rarity and detectability
Fig. 1. Map of Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary showing camera trap polygons in four study sites, from south to north, Headquarters (HQ), Tikong (TK), Sesawo (SSW), and Mae Gatha (MGT) between November 2007 and August 2008.
Figure 7 in Elbow-joint morphology as a guide to forearm function and foraging behaviour in mammalian carnivores
Figure 7. Second principal component (PC2) of extinct giant mustelids and recent carnivorans plotted against body mass (kg). Hand-fitted arrows marking the two trajectories for recent carnivorans (filled circles) are shown. The postulated threshold at 21.5–25 kg, where carnivorans shift from small to large prey (Carbone et al., 1999), is shaded grey.
Figure 6 in Elbow-joint morphology as a guide to forearm function and foraging behaviour in mammalian carnivores
Figure 6. Second principal component (PC2) of recent carnivorans plotted against calculated body mass (kg). The postulated threshold at 21.5–25 kg, where carnivorans shift diet from small to large prey (Carbone et al., 1999), is shaded grey. Above this threshold, grapplers are clearly separated from nongrapplers on PC2. Hand-fitted arrows marking the two morphological trajectories, the top one for nongrapplers and the lower one for grapplers, are shown. For body mass see Appendix 1.
Figure 3. Second principal component mapped onto a in Elbow-joint morphology as a guide to forearm function and foraging behaviour in mammalian carnivores
Figure 3. Second principal component mapped onto a composite phylogeny for the order Carnivora. Carnivorans traditionally regarded as primarily using their forelimbs for locomotion (nongrapplers) are written in bold typeface. PC2 largely follows the phylogeny. Transitions are rare, but have occurred, e.g. in the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Ancestral stages are reconstructed by minimizing the sum of squared changes. The value for the root is not reconstructed. The phylogeny is a composite from the following sources: Decker & Wozencroft (1991); Bryant, Russell & Fitch (1993); Tedford, Taylor & Wang (1995); Veron (1995); Masuda et al. (1996); Talbot & Shields (1996); Dragoo & Honeycutt (1997); Wayne et al. (1997); Flynn & Nedbal (1998); Seymour (1999); Flynn et al. (2000); Veron & Heard (2000); Gaubert, Veron & Tranier (2002); X. Wang (pers. comm.).
Figure 5 in Elbow-joint morphology as a guide to forearm function and foraging behaviour in mammalian carnivores
Figure 5. Moving average of PC2 variance body mass. Variation is low and uniform at small sizes. At around 10 kg variation starts to increase with size. There is a marked decrease in variation around 30–40 kg. The species are ranked according to body size and the average over a moving succession of ten increments calculated.
Figure 2 in Elbow-joint morphology as a guide to forearm function and foraging behaviour in mammalian carnivores
Figure 2. Thin-plate spline comparison of wolverine (Gulo gulo) against grey wolf (Canis lupus) graphically illustrating the difference in shape of the distal humerus articulation between carnivorans scoring high (C. lupus) on the second principal component (PC2) and low (G. gulo). The broken line shows the outline of the articulation of G. gulo. The thin-plate spline is calculated from the consensus configurations of the two species (G. gulo, reference species, N = 6; C. lupus, N = 5; Bookstein, 1991) generated through generalized least squares (GLS) orthogonal Procrustes analysis (Rohlf & Slice, 1990).
Figure 1 in Elbow-joint morphology as a guide to forearm function and foraging behaviour in mammalian carnivores
Figure 1. Results of the principal component analysis of recent carnivorans. PC1 plotted against PC2 (A), PC2 against PC3 (B). For species scores see Appendix 1.
Intraguild interactions and abiotic conditions mediate occupancy of mammalian carnivores: co-occurrence of coyotes-fishers-martens
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Data from: Dominant carnivore loss benefits native avian and invasive mammalian scavengers
<p>Scavenging by large carnivores is integral for ecosystem functioning by limiting the build-up of carrion and facilitating widespread energy flows. However, top carnivores have declined across the world, triggering trophic shifts within ecosystems. In this study, we use a natural 'removal experiment' of disease-driven decline and island extirpation of native mammalian (marsupial) carnivores to investigate top-down control on utilisation of experimentally placed carcasses by two mesoscavengers – the invasive feral cat and native forest raven. Ravens were the main beneficiary of carnivore loss, scavenging for five times longer in the absence of native mammalian carnivores. Cats scavenged on half of all carcasses in the region without dominant native carnivores. This was eight times more than in areas where other carnivores were at high densities. All carcasses persisted longer than the three-week monitoring period in the absence of native mammalian carnivores, while in areas with high carnivore abundance, all carcasses were fully consumed. Our results reveal the efficiency of carrion consumption by mammalian scavengers. These services are not readily replaced by less-efficient facultative scavengers. Overall, our results demonstrate the significance of global carnivore conservation and support management approaches, such as rewilding in areas where the natural suite of carnivores is missing.</p>
Data from: Not all mammalian small carnivores are equal: A global review of the research effort in urban areas
<p>Human population increase and anthropogenic land-use changes are impacting biodiversity globally. Information on their impacts on urban wildlife is becoming increasingly apparent. Despite an increasing trend in urban wildlife studies, a systematic assessment of mammalian small carnivores in urban areas is lacking. We evaluated urban studies in international peer-reviewed journals using a systematic review process. We assessed urban wildlife publications from 1970–2021 to quantify trends over time regarding the taxonomic family and geographical focus of publications across the globe. Urban small carnivore studies have increased progressively through the decades, with 87.2% of all studies conducted in the last 20 years. Geographically, we found that small carnivore studies were disproportionately conducted, with 77.0% of all studies taking place in either North America (46.5%) or Europe (30.5%). Furthermore, the United States of America (39.8%) and the United Kingdom (11.4%) contributed to 51.2% of all studies focused on small carnivores. We found seven carnivore families represented in urban studies, consisting of 76 species. Two canid species, <em>Vulpes vulpes</em> (21.9%) and <em>Canis latrans</em> (16.9%), accounted for 38.8% of all studies conducted on urban small carnivores. The majority of studies took place in mixed or urban areas (79.8%), with suburban and exurban zones explored to a lesser extent (16.6%). Animal behaviour was the most studied scientific topic (24.6%), with the least being species conservation (0.3%). Critical gaps persist in the research of small mammalian carnivores, particularly in rapidly urbanising areas of Asia, Africa, and South America. While the field of urban ecology will certainly continue to advance, we urge future research to adopt a multi-disciplinary stance that explores the landscape transitional zones, from the periphery of the urban core (sub-urban, peri-urban, and exurban) into natural systems; or urban mosaic landscapes with natural and managed green spaces as refugia. The importance of urban fringe and margin areas for small carnivores remains largely unclear.</p>
Data from: Dominant carnivore loss benefits native avian and invasive mammalian scavengers
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Data from: Not all mammalian small carnivores are equal: A global review of the research effort in urban areas
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Data from: Human activities influence the occupancy probability of mammalian carnivores in the Brazilian Caatinga
The Caatinga is a semi-arid domain, characterized by reduced humidity and high rates of anthropogenic impact. In addition to the low availability of water, carnivorous mammals are still exposed to a number of threats related to landscape modifications. We used data from camera traps and occupancy models to investigate the habitat use by carnivores in an area of Caatinga in northeastern Brazil. We found a negative correlation between the presence of wind farms and the occupancy probability of the jaguar, and a positive relationship with the presence of the jaguarundi. Puma and jaguarundi occupied primarily sites near watercourses, whereas the occupancy of the crab-eating fox was correlated positively with the presence of poachers. The ocelot was detected more frequently at sites distant from human settlements, whereas the jaguar was detected more often in areas far from wind farms. We found a negative correlation between the distance of water and the detection of the ocelot. The detection of the crab-eating fox was influenced positively by the detection of cattle. In addition to the negative influence of some anthropic activities, our results indicate that water is a very important resource for species, and the few permanent sources of this resource available in the area must be preserved. The replication of our research in other systems, worldwide, that are experiencing similar pressures, should permit a systematic evaluation of the management and conservation strategies needed to rebuild or maintain populations, restore ecosystems, and support conservation policies in human-altered landscapes.
Data from: Abiotic conditions mediate intraguild interactions between mammalian carnivores
1. Intraguild (IG) interactions are common among mammalian carnivores, can include intraguild predation (IGP) and interspecific killing (IK), and are often asymmetrical, where a larger more dominant species (IGpredator) kills a smaller one (IGprey). According to ecological theory, the potential for a IGpredator and IGprey to coexist depends on whether the direct consumptive benefits for the IGpredator are substantial (IGP) or insignificant (IK), the extent to which the IGprey is the superior exploitative competitor on shared prey resources, and overall ecosystem productivity. 2. We used resource selection models and spatially-explicit age and harvest data for two closely related mesopredators that engage in IG interactions, American martens (Martes americana; IGprey) and fishers (Pekania pennanti; IGpredator), to identify drivers of distributions, delineate areas of sympatry and allopatry, and explore the role of an apex predator (coyote; Canis latrans) on these interactions. 3. Model selection revealed that fisher use of this landscape was strongly influenced by late winter abiotic conditions, but other bottom-up (forest composition) and top-down (coyote abundance) factors also influenced their distribution. Overall, fisher probability of use was higher where late winter temperatures were warmer, snowpack was deeper, and measures of productivity were greater. Martens were constrained to areas of the landscape where the probability of fisher use, coyote abundance, and productivity were low and selected for forest conditions that presumably maximized prey availability. Marten age data indicated an increased proportion of juveniles outside of the predicted area of sympatry, suggesting that few animals survived >1.5 years in this area that supported higher densities of fishers. 4. Consistent with asymmetrical IG interaction theory, the IGpredator (fishers and, to a lesser degree, coyotes) competitively excluded the IGprey (martens) from highly productive, milder temperature habitats, whereas IGpredators and IGprey coexisted in low productivity environments, where a combination of abiotic and biotic conditions enabled the IGprey to be the superior exploitative competitor.
Figure 1 in The killer's toolkit: remarkable adaptations in the canine teeth of mammalian carnivores
Figure 1. Variation in mammalian canine tooth shape (sharpness, robustness and curvature) as shown for representative marsupial and placental taxa. Each tooth shown is an upper canine. Top to bottom: leopard (Panthera pardus; NMV C36818), coyote (Canis latrans; NMV C31314), wolverine (Gulo gulo; USNM 290407), Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii; NMV C6246) and Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana; USNM 149726).
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