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Fig. 4 in The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids
Fig. 4. Skulls of Dicynodontia illustrating the great variability of the shape and size of parietal foramen in Therapsida. A. Large and circular parietal foramen, with a pineal boss in Rachiocephalus, RC 95, Derdedrif, Adendorp, South Africa, Cistecephalus–Tropidostoma AZ, 260–255 Ma. B. Slit-like parietal foramen in Dinanomodon, RC09, Stylkrans, South Africa, Cistecephalus AZ, 250–255 Ma. C. Absent foramen in Cistecephalus, BPI/1/506, Towerwater, Murraysburg, South Africa, Cistecephalus AZ, 250–255 Ma.
Fig. 5 in The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids
Fig. 5. CT-sections through the sagittal crest in Cynodontia (A–D) and Therocephalia (E–H) illustrating the variability of the parietal foramina. A. Cynosaurus suppostus Schmidt, 1927, BPI/1/1563 (voxel size: 0.0291 mm); Ringsfontein, Murraysburg, South Africa, Daptocephalus AZ, 255–251 Ma. B. Cynosaurus suppostus Schmidt, 1927, BPI/1/3926 (voxel size: 0.0708 mm); Tweefontein, Nieu Bethesda, South Africa, Daptocephalus AZ, 255–251 Ma. C, D. Cynognathia. C. Diademodon tetragonus Seeley, 1895, BPI/1/3776a (voxel size: 0.0801 mm); Cragievar, Burgersdorp, South Africa, Cynognathus AZ, 245–237 Ma. D. Trirachodon berryi Seeley, 1895, AM461 (voxel size: 0.0668 mm); Burgersdorp, South Africa, Cynognathus AZ, 245–237 Ma. E, F. Whaitsiidae, Theriognathus microps Owen, 1876. E. BPI/1/512 (voxel size: 0.0801 mm); Suurplaas, Graaf-Reinet, South Africa, Daptocephalus AZ, 255–251 Ma. F. BPI/1/100 (voxel size: 0.0756 mm); Vlakteplaas, Graaf-Reinet, South Africa, Daptocephalus AZ, 255–251 Ma. G, H. Baurioidea. G. Tetracynodon darti Sigogneau 1963, NMQR3756 (voxel size: 0.0445 mm); Fairydale, South Africa, Lystrosaurus AZ, 251–245 Ma. H. Bauria cynops Broom 1909, BPI/1/3770 (voxel size: 0.0728 mm); Cragievar, Burgersdorp, South Africa, Cynognathus AZ, 245–237 Ma.
Fig. 2 in The sixth sense in mammalian forerunners: Variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids
Fig. 2. Evolution of the frequency of the presence of the parietal foramen ( Fq), and average (Av) and median (Med) size of the parietal foramen across the phylogeny of Therapsida. Number of specimens examined (n) is indicated for each group. Asterisks indicate the branches of the tree where a relaxation of constraints resulting from a functionless third eye is hypothesized (zone of variability). See material and methods section for the more details about the phylogenetic tree.
Fig. 39 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 39. Cladogram of phylogenetic relationships within Mammaliaformes based on analyses by Rougier et al. (1996a) and Hu et al. (1997).
Fig. 38 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 38. Cladogram of phylogenetic relationships within Multituberculata (a), based on the analysis in Rougier et al. (1997), with an enlargement of the tree section containing Kryptobaatar and its nearest relatives, all of which are Mongolian Late Cretaceous taxa with the exception of Pentacosmodon from the North American Paleocene (b). A similar Mongolian Late Cretaceous grouping was called Djadochtatheria by KielanJaworowska and Hurum (1997). In their phylogeny, Kryptobaatar is in a clade Djadochtatheriidae, with Djadochtatherium, Catopsbaatar, and Tombaatar.
Fig. 35 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 35. Reconstruction of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi in posterior view. Abbreviations bo basioccipital; exoc exoccipital; fr frontal; lac lacrimal; man mandible; pa parietal; pet petrosal; sq squamosal; sup supraoccipital.
Fig. 36 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 36. Reconstruction of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi in left lateral view (A) with the major cranial arteries (white outline) and veins (black) added (B). Zygomatic arch is cut to show vessels in the floor of the orbit. Vessels in shadow pass through intramural canals, with the exception of the part of the ramus superior immediately rostral to the dorsalmost ramus temporalis branch which is endocranial. Abbreviations: adm arteria diploëtica magna (and accompanying vein); ea ethmoidal artery (and accompanying vein); ef ethmoidal foramen; fbu foramen buccinatorium; fdac foramen of dorsal ascending canal; fdv foramen for frontal diploic vein; fma foramen masticatorium; frt foramen for ramus temporalis; ioa infraorbital artery (and accompanying vein); iof infraorbital foramen; lhv lateral head vein; mef metoptic foramen (which transmitted pituitoorbital vein); oa ophthalmic artery; oca occipital artery (and accompanying vein); ompf orbital opening of minor palatine foramen; opf optic foramen; otc orbitotemporal canal; psa proximal stapedial artery; ptc posttemporal canal; ptv posttrigeminal vein; ri ramus inferior; rio ramus infraorbitalis (and accompanying vein); rm ramus mandibularis (and accompanying vein); rs ramus superior (and accompanying vein); rso ramus supraorbitalis (and accompanying vein); rt ramus temporalis (and accompanying vein); sgf supraglenoid foramen; son supraorbital notch; spa sphenopalatine artery (and accompanying vein); spf sphenopalatine foramen sphf sphenorbital fissure; tc transverse canal; tcv transverse canal vein.
Fig. 32 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 32. Reconstruction of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi in dorsal view. Abbreviations: al anterior lamina; exoc exoccipital; fr frontal; ju jugal; lac lacrimal; mx maxilla; na nasal; pa parietal pmx premaxilla; sq squamosal; sup supraoccipital.
Fig. 34 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 34. Reconstruction of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi in ventral view. Abbreviations: al anterior lamina; ali alisphenoid; bo basioccipital; bs basisphenoid; exoc exoccipital; fr frontal; mx maxilla; pal palatine; pet petrosal; pmx premaxilla; pt pterygoid; sq squamosal; vo vomer.
Fig. 37 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 37. Reconstruction of the right basicranium of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi in ventral view (A) with the major cranial arteries (white outline) and veins (black) added (B). Abbreviations: adm arteria diploëtica magna (and accompanying vein); ali alisphenoid; aptca artery of pterygoid canal; cp crista parotica; ctpp caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er epitympanic recess; fma foramen masticatorium; foi foramen ovale inferium; fv fenestra vestibuli; gica groove for internal carotid artery; gl glenoid fossa; gpsa groove for proximal stapedial artery; ica internal carotid artery; jf jugular fossa; jfo jugular foramen; lhv lateral head vein; lpt lateral pterygopalatine trough;
Fig. 31 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 31. Reconstruction of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi in anterior view. Abbreviations: fr frontal; lac lacrimal; man mandible; mx maxilla; na nasal; pmx premaxilla; sq squamosal.
Fig. 27 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 27. Reconstruction of the floor of the endocranium of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi. Parallel lines represent the cut edge of the braincase. Abbreviations: al anterior lamina; bo basioccipital; ce cavum epiptericum; ds dorsum sellae; exoc exoccipital; fica foramen for internal carotid artery; fpv foramen for pituitoorbital vein; fr frontal; hf hypophyseal fossa; iam internal acoustic meatus; jfo jugular foramen; jsp jugum sphenoidale; mef metoptic foramen; ocon occipital condyle; opf optic foramen; or orbitosphenoid; pa parietal; pan pila antotica; pet petrosal; pm pila metoptica; pop postorbital process prc prootic canal; sf subarcuate fossa; son supraorbital notch; sphf sphenorbital fissure; sq squamosal sup supraoccipital.
Fig. 29 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 29. Stereophotograph of the left lower jaw of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 113 in lateral view.
Fig. 25 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 25. Stereophotograph of the floor of the endocranium of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 123 in dorsal (A) and oblique dorsal (B) views, with accompanying line drawings. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines denote breakage. Abbreviations: al anterior lamina; bo basioccipital; ce cavum epiptericum; ds dorsum sellae; exoc exoccipital; ff facial foramen; fica foramen for internal carotid artery; fpv foramen for pituitoorbital vein; fr frontal; fV3 foramen for mandibular nerve; hf hypophyseal fossa; iam internal acoustic meatus; jn jugular notch; jsp jugum sphenoidale; mef metoptic foramen mx maxilla; na nasal; opf optic foramen; or orbitosphenoid; ow orbital wing (pila preoptica); pan pila antotica; prc prootic canal; pm pila metoptica; sf subarcuate fossa; sphf sphenorbital fissure; tus tuberculum sellae.
Fig. 24 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 24. Schematic drawings of embryonic chondrocrania in left lateral view. A, generalized sauropsid; B, generalized multituberculate, as reconstructed from here; C, generalized monotreme D, generalized marsupial; E, generalized placental. Abbreviations: ais anterior intercavernous sinus; cev capsuloparietal emissary vein; ea ethmoidal artery; en ethmoidal nerve; ev ethmoidal vein; ips inferior petrosal sinus; nc nasal capsule oa ophthalmic artery; oc otic capsule; pan pila antotica; pis posterior intercavernous sinus; pm pila metoptica; pp pila preoptica; ps prootic sinus pv pituitoorbital vein; II optic nerve; III oculomotor nerve; IV trochlear nerve; V trigeminal nerve; VI abducens nerve, VII facial nerve.
Fig. 23 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 23. Pencil drawing of the left zygomatic arch of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 113 in dorsal view, with accompanying line drawing. Abbreviations: fr frontal; ju jugal; lac lacrimal; mx maxilla; pa parietal; sq squamosal; tr temporal ridge.
Fig. 22 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 22. Pencil drawings of the right and left zygomatic arches (A and B) of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 101 in dorsal view, with accompanying line drawings. Gray pattern represents matrix parallel lines denote breakage. Abbreviations: al anterior lamina; fr frontal; ju jugal; juf jugal facet lac lacrimal; lacf lacrimal foramen; mx maxilla; pa parietal; son supraorbital notch; sq squamosal.
Fig. 18 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 18. Stereophotograph of the left orbitotemporal region of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 101 in oblique dorsolateral view, with accompanying line drawing. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines denote breakage. Abbreviations: al anterior lamina; ali alisphenoid; fdv foramen for frontal diploic vein; fr frontal; frt foramen for ramus temporalis; lac lacrimal; man mandible; mx maxilla; na nasal; oiof orbital aperture of infraorbital canal; or orbitosphenoid; pa parietal; sgf supraglenoid foramen; spf sphenopalatine foramen; sq squamosal.
Fig. 10 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 10. Stereophotograph of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 101 in right lateral view. Gray pattern represents matrix; parallel lines denote breakage. Abbreviations: al anterior lamina ali alisphenoid; fbu foramen buccinatorium; fr frontal; iof infraorbital foramen; lac lacrimal; mc masseteric crest; mx maxilla; naf nasal foramen; ocon occipital condyle; ompf orbital opening of minor palatine foramen; opf optic foramen; or orbitosphenoid; pmx premaxilla; son supraorbital notch; spf sphenopalatine foramen; sq squamosal; tg temporal groove.
Fig. 13 in Cranial Anatomy Of Kryptobaatar Dashzevegi (Mammalia, Multituberculata), And Its Bearing On The Evolution Of Mammalian Characters
Fig. 13. Stereophotograph of the skull of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi PSSMAE 113 in right lateral view.
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