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14 results for “marine tetrapod”
Evolution of ecospace occupancy by Mesozoic marine tetrapods
<p>Ecology and morphology are different, and yet in comparative studies of fossil vertebrates the two are often conflated. The macroevolution of Mesozoic marine tetrapods has been explored in terms of morphological disparity, but less commonly using ecological-functional categories. Here<b> </b>we use ecospace modelling to quantify ecological disparity across all Mesozoic marine tetrapods. We document the explosive radiation of marine tetrapod groups in the Triassic and their rapid attainment of high ecological disparity. Late Triassic extinctions led to a marked decline in ecological disparity, and the recovery of ecospace and ecological disparity was sluggish in the Early Jurassic. High levels of ecological disparity were again achieved by the Late Jurassic and maintained during the Cretaceous, when the ecospace became saturated by the Late Cretaceous. Sauropterygians, turtles and ichthyosauromorphs were the largest contributors to ecological disparity. Through the Mesozoic, we find that established groups remained ecologically conservative and did not explore occupied or vacant niches. Several parts of ecospace remained vacant for long spans of time. Newly evolved, radiating taxa almost exclusively explored unoccupied ecospace, suggesting that abiotic releases are needed to empty niches and initiate diversification. In the balance of evolutionary drivers in Mesozoic marine tetrapods, abiotic factors were key to initiating diversification events, but biotic factors dominated the subsequent generation of ecological diversity.</p>
Figure 2 in Checklist of marine tetrapods (reptiles, seabirds, and mammals) of Turkey
Figure 2. Map showing the distribution of marine mammal diversity along Turkish coasts.
Figure 1 in Checklist of marine tetrapods (reptiles, seabirds, and mammals) of Turkey
Figure 1. Larus argentatus individual observed at Samsun Harbor (by Nizamettin Yavuz).
Data for: Is the hyoid a constraint on innovation? A study in convergence driving feeding in fish-shaped marine tetrapods
<p><span>The hyoid apparatus is essential for underwater feeding in marine tetrapods, but it is unclear whether this complex has evolved as convergently as other traits, such as dentition or locomotion. Here we compare the ossified hyoid elements in ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs and odontocete cetaceans, two groups with an overall similar body shape, to understand whether the hyoid elements show any signs of convergence in the context of feeding. We examined three types of data (size, morphology, and internal bone microstructure) in ophthalmosaurid and odontocete taxa in which these elements are preserved. Our data show that ichthyosaurs never experienced a shift in feeding mode, which might indicate that their hyoid apparatus never adapted to suction feeding. Also, the internal microstructure of the two animal groups differs, where the odontocetes have an overall less compact structure, ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs have cancellous inner cones in an outer, more compact sheath. These differences are likely explained as biomechanical adaptations to different feeding modes. Thus, the hyoid changed less, and acted more as a constraint for feeding innovation in ichthyosaurs compared to cetaceans, and through a much longer time span (over 150 million years). </span></p>
Tracking marine tetrapod carcasses using a low-cost mixed methodology with GPS trackers, passive drifters, and citizen science
<div> <ol> <li> <span><span>Drift experiments are essential to understand stranding patterns and to estimate the mortality of beached animals.</span><span> Most studies do not use telemetry technology due to the high costs of this methodology. </span></span><span><span>The objective of this paper is to describe the possibilities of tracking marine tetrapod carcasses with a low-cost and replicable methodology.</span> <span>The study was conducted </span></span><span><span>in the Southern Subtropical Shelf (~ 28º–34º S), </span><span>a highly productive and key ecological </span><span>region of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA).</span></span><span> </span> </li> <li> <p><span><span>W</span></span><span><span>e designed and tested a low-cost mixed methodology including </span><span>Global Positioning System </span><span>trackers, passive drifters (reused glass bottles), and Citizen Science (through instant message platform and email) for tracking carcasses of marine </span><span>tetrapods</span><span>. We performed four drift experiments, </span><span>during the</span><span> four seasons </span><span>of</span><span> 2019</span><span>.</span> </span><span><span>We released 787 drifters (600 non-biological and 187 carcasses</span><span> of seabirds, </span><span>sea turtles</span><span>, and cetaceans</span><span>)</span></span><span><span> at sea, at five</span><span> equally</span> <span>separated </span><span>distances (5</span><span>–</span><span>25 km) from the coast.</span> <span>Beach surveys and Citizen Science were implemented to </span><span>recover </span><span>the beached drifters.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span><span>We</span><span> re</span><span>covered </span><span>71.83% of non-biological </span><span>and 27.27% of carcasses </span><span>released</span><span>. We tracked the movements of 38 carcasses </span><span>(25 sea turtles and 13 </span><span>cetaceans</span><span>) with 17 GPS devices. The drift</span><span>ing</span><span> time</span><span>,</span><span> until reaching the beach</span><span>,</span><span> ranged from 12h to 17 days</span><span> for carcasses and 12h to 406 days for bottles</span><span>. </span></span><span><span>Citizen Science was the most important source of rec</span><span>overies </span><span>of non-biological drifters, representing 66.67% of the total bottles rec</span><span>ove</span><span>r</span><span>ed</span><span>.</span> <span>For carcasses, active search was the most important recovery source, representing 64.7% of the total carcasses</span><span> recovered</span><span>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span>Our study contributes with new findings about drift patterns of marine tetrapods in the SWA and describes an accessible low-cost mixed methodology for small and medium-budget projects that can be </span><span>replicated in other coastal regions of the world for tracking a wide range of marine tetrapod species.</span></p> </li> </ol> </div>
Tracking marine tetrapod carcasses using a low-cost mixed methodology with GPS trackers, passive drifters, and citizen science
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Evolution of ecospace occupancy by Mesozoic marine tetrapods
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Data for: Is the hyoid a constraint on innovation? A study in convergence driving feeding in fish-shaped marine tetrapods
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Data from: Fish and tetrapod communities across a marine to brackish salinity gradient in the Pennsylvanian (early Moscovian) Minto Formation of New Brunswick, Canada, and their palaeoecological and palaeogeographical implications
Euryhaline adaptations in Pennsylvanian vertebrates allowed them to inhabit the marine to freshwater spectrum. This is illustrated by new assemblages of fish and tetrapods from the early Moscovian Minto Formation of New Brunswick, Canada. Fish include chondrichthyans (xenacanthids and the enigmatic Ageleodus), acanthodians (gyracanthids and acanthodiforms), sarcopterygians (rhizodontids, megalichthyids and dipnoans), and actinopterygians (eurynotiforms). Tetrapods include small- to medium-sized, and largely aquatic, stem tetrapods (colosteids) and anthracosaurs (embolomeres). A key finding is that the parautochthonous fossil assemblages are preserved across a salinity gradient, with diversity (measured by the Simpson Index) declining from open marine environments, through brackish embayments, and reaching a nadir in tidal estuaries. Chondrichthyans dominate the entire salinity spectrum (65% of fossils), a distribution that demonstrates a euryhaline mode of life, and one large predatory chondrichthyan, Orthacanthus, may have practised filial cannibalism in coastal nurseries because its heteropolar coprolites contain juvenile xenacanthid teeth. In contrast, other fish communities were more common in open marine settings while tetrapods were more common in coastal brackish waters. While all these faunas were also likely to have been euryhaline, their osmoregulation was, perhaps, less versatile. The demonstration of widespread euryhalinity among fish and aquatic tetrapods explains why Pennsylvanian faunas generally show a cosmopolitan biogeography because taxa were able to disperse via seaways. It also resolves the paradox of enriched strontium isotopic signatures observed in these faunas because organisms would have been, at times, exposed to continental water bodies as well. Therefore, our new findings contribute to the long-running debate about the ecology of Pennsylvanian fishes and tetrapods.
Data from: Fish and tetrapod communities across a marine to brackish salinity gradient in the Pennsylvanian (early Moscovian) Minto Formation of New Brunswick, Canada, and their palaeoecological and palaeogeographical implications
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Data from: Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition
Marine and terrestrial animals show a mosaic of lineage extinctions and diversifications during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition. However, despite its potential importance in shaping animal evolution, few palaeontological studies have focussed on this interval and the possible climate and biotic drivers of its faunal turnover. In consequence evolutionary patterns in most groups are poorly understood. We use a new, large morphological dataset to examine patterns of lineage diversity and disparity (variety of form) in the marine tetrapod clade Plesiosauria, and compare these patterns with those of other organisms. Although seven plesiosaurian lineages have been hypothesised as crossing the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary, our most parsimonious topology suggests the number was only three. The robust recovery of a novel group including most Cretaceous plesiosauroids (Xenopsaria, new clade) is instrumental in this result. Substantial plesiosaurian turnover occurred during the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary interval, including the loss of substantial pliosaurid, and cryptoclidid diversity and disparity, followed by the radiation of Xenopsaria during the Early Cretaceous. Possible physical drivers of this turnover include climatic fluctuations that influenced oceanic productivity and diversity: Late Jurassic climates were characterised by widespread global monsoonal conditions and increased nutrient flux into the opening Atlantic-Tethys, resulting in eutrophication and a highly productive, but taxonomically depauperate, plankton. Latest Jurassic and Early Cretaceous climates were more arid, resulting in oligotrophic ocean conditions and high taxonomic diversity of radiolarians, calcareous nannoplankton and possibly ammonoids. However, the observation of discordant extinction patterns in other marine tetrapod groups such as ichthyosaurs and marine crocodylomorphs suggests that clade-specific, factors may be more important than overarching extrinsic factors in driving faunal turnover during the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary interval.
Figure 3 in Checklist of marine tetrapods (reptiles, seabirds, and mammals) of Turkey
Figure 3. Monachus monachus, the single critically endangered marine mammal in Turkey (by Cem Orkun Kıraç/SAD-AFAG).
Data from: Trophic convergence drives morphological convergence in marine tetrapods
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Data from: Faunal turnover of marine tetrapods during the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition
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