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9 results for “meristic characters”
FIGURE 5 in Identification of past and present gobies: distinguishing Gobius and Pomatoschistus (Teleostei: Gobioidei) species using characters of otoliths, meristics and body morphometry
FIGURE 5 Otoliths (mesial view) of Gobius bucchichi (a–c: Selce, 3l, 1l, 4l), G. cruentatus (d–f: Selce, 2l, 3l, 8l), G. niger (g–i: Pilsey Island, 2l, 6l, 5l) and G. roulei (j–l: Selce, 2l, 1l, 3l). Numbers following the localities refer to the fish specimen from which the otolith was extracted; l, left otolith. SL denotes the standard length (in mm) of the corresponding fish specimen. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. All figured otoliths are kept in the Bavarian State Collection (collection number SNSB-BSPG 2020 LIV).
FIGURE 6 in Identification of past and present gobies: distinguishing Gobius and Pomatoschistus (Teleostei: Gobioidei) species using characters of otoliths, meristics and body morphometry
FIGURE 6 Otoliths (mesial view) of Pomatoschistus knerii (a–d: Krk, 1r, 2r, each mirrored, 9l, 4r mirrored), P. marmoratus (e–h: Selce, 1r, 2r, 3r, each mirrored, 4l), P. microps (i–l: Stralsund, 8l, 5l, 6l, 14l), P. minutus (m: Stralsund, 1l), P. montenegrensis (n–p: Skadar lake, 8l, 9l, 6l), P. pictus (m: Norway, 2r mirrored), and P. quagga (r–t: Krk, 2l, 8r mirrored, 4l). Numbers following the localities refer to the fish specimen from which the otolith was extracted; l, left otolith; r, right otolith, mirrored for better comparison. SL denotes the standard length (in mm) of the corresponding fish specimen. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. All figured otoliths are kept in the Bavarian State Collection (collection number SNSB-BSPG 2020 LIV). Downloaded from Brill.com10/07/2022 07:35:45PM via free access
FIGURE 4 in Identification of past and present gobies: distinguishing Gobius and Pomatoschistus (Teleostei: Gobioidei) species using characters of otoliths, meristics and body morphometry
FIGURE 4 Otoliths (mesial view) of Gobius cobitis (a–c: Montenegro, 7l, 4l, 1l), G. geniporus (d: Montenegro, 3l; e, f: Selce, 2l, 'medium'), G. incognitus (g–i: Pelješac Peninsula, J1914l, J1910r mirrored, J1906l), G. paganellus (j–l: Galicia, 1l, 6l, 8l) and G. vittatus (m, Selce, 2l; n, o, Krk, Krk, 1l; 2l; p: Selce 2l). Numbers following the localities refer to the fish specimen from which the otolith was extracted; l, left otolith; r, right otolith, mirrored for better comparison. SL denotes the standard length (in mm) of the corresponding fish specimen. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. All figured otoliths are kept in the Bavarian State Collection (collection number SNSB-BSPG 2020 LIV).
FIGURE 3 in Identification of past and present gobies: distinguishing Gobius and Pomatoschistus (Teleostei: Gobioidei) species using characters of otoliths, meristics and body morphometry
FIGURE 3 Otoliths (mesial view) of the species of the Gobius auratus complex, i.e. G. auratus (a: Selce, 6l; b: Selce, 5l; c: Krk, 2r mirrored), G. couchi (d–f: Krk, 2l, 3r mirrored, 1l), G. fallax (g, h: Unije Island, 2r mirrored, 1l), G. gasteveni (i, j: Galicia, 1l, 1r mirrored) and G. kolombatovici (k, l: Krk, 1l, 2l). Numbers following the localities refer to the fish specimen from which the otolith was extracted; l, left otolith; r, right otolith, mirrored for better comparison. SL denotes the standard length (in mm) of the corresponding fish specimen. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. All figured otoliths are kept in the Bavarian State Collection (collection number SNSB-BSPG 2020 LIV).
FIGURE 2 in Identification of past and present gobies: distinguishing Gobius and Pomatoschistus (Teleostei: Gobioidei) species using characters of otoliths, meristics and body morphometry
FIGURE 2 Plots of the discriminant function scores derived from the different arrays of variables (as indicated in the figure) of the studied species of Gobius (a–c) and Pomatoschistus (d–f). The reduced datasets for Gobius and Pomatoschistus were used for this analysis. LD1, 2, linear discriminant functions 1 and 2. See tables 3 and 5 for details and values.
FIGURE 1 a–b in Identification of past and present gobies: distinguishing Gobius and Pomatoschistus (Teleostei: Gobioidei) species using characters of otoliths, meristics and body morphometry
FIGURE 1 a–b, Schematic drawing of a goby skeleton depicting the standard morphometric (1a) and meristic (1b) characters used in this study; c–d, Schematic drawing (c) and SEM image (d) of a right goby otolith (based on G. bucchichi) showing the measured distances and areas (after Gierl et al., 2018) and the established otolith terminology. Colors in a: red, horizontal measurements; blue, measurements along fin bases; green vertical measurements. Abbreviations: (a) Ab, length of anal fin base; B, body depth at origin of first dorsal fin; CP, length of caudal peduncle; D2b, length of second dorsal fin base; D2C, distance between end of second dorsal fin and first dorsal (procurrent) ray of caudal fin; SL, standard length (from snout to begin of caudal fin); SN/A, distance from snout to origin of anal fin; SN/D1, distance from snout to origin of first dorsal fin; SN/D2, distance from snout to origin of second dorsal fin; TL, total length; (b) AbVert, abdominal vertebrae; AP, anal fin pterygiophores inserting in front of haemal spine of first caudal vertebra; Arays, rays of anal fin; CaudVert, caudal vertebrae; D2rays, rays of second dorsal fin; DProCur, dorsal procurrent rays; VProCur, ventral procurrent rays; (c) OA, otolith area; OH, otolith height; OL, otolith length; OP, otolith perimeter; SuA, sulcus area; SuH, sulcus height; SuL, sulcus length; SuP, sulcus perimeter; SuEndV, vertical distance from posterior end of sulcus to ventral margin of otolith; SuTipV, vertical distance from anterior end of sulcus to ventral margin of otolith.
Do meristic characters used in phylogenetic analysis evolve in an ordered manner?
The use of ordered characters in phylogenetic analysis has been inconsistent through research history. It has become more widespread in recent years, and some have advocated that all characters representing continuous or meristic traits should be ordered as a matter of course. Here, using the example of dental evolution, we examine two factors that may impact on whether meristic characters actually evolve in an ordered manner: the regulatory hierarchy governing the development of teeth that allows large sections of the entire tooth-row to be supressed in a single transition, and regionalisation of the tooth row where different modules have a degree of independence in their evolution. These are studied using both empirical and simulated data. Models of evolution of such characters are examined over molecular phylogenies to see if ordered or unordered models fit best. Simulations of tooth-row evolution are designed to incorporate changes in region size and multiple levels developmental control to supress individual regions or the entire row. The empirical analyses show that in a clade with largely homodont dentition the characters evolve in an ordered manner, but if dentition is heterodont with distinct regionalisation their evolution better fits an unordered model. In the simulations, even if teeth are added and removed from the tooth row in an ordered manner, dividing the row into independently evolving modules can lead to characters covering multiple modules better fitting an unordered model of evolution. Adding the ability to suppress regions or the entire tooth row has a variable effect depending on the rates of suppression relative to the rates of addition and subtraction of individual teeth. We therefore advise not following a single policy when deciding whether to order meristic traits, but to base the decision on the evolution and developmental biology of the clade under study.
FIGURE 5. Four meristic characters for Parupeneus jansenii and P in Redescription and new records of Jansen's goatfish, Parupeneus jansenii (Mullidae), from the Western Pacific and Eastern Indian Ocean
FIGURE 5. Four meristic characters for Parupeneus jansenii and P. heptacanthus, with results of statistical interspecific comparisons indicating significant differences based on χ2 test for trends (upper three charts) or Fisher's exact test for 2x2 tables (lowermost chart).
Do meristic characters used in phylogenetic analysis evolve in an ordered manner?
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