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68 results for “mesocosm experiment”
Ant Mesocosm Experiment in Harvard Forest Lath Houses 2011-2012
Direct and indirect consequences of global warming on ecosystem functions and processes mediated by invertebrates remain understudied but are likely to have major impacts on ecosystems in the future. Among animals, invertebrates are taxonomically diverse, responsive to temperature changes, and play major ecological roles which also respond to temperature changes. We used a mesocosm experiment to evaluate impacts of two warming treatments (+3.5 and + 5 °C, set points) and the presence and absence of the ant Formica subsericea (a major mediator of processes in north-temperate ecosystems) on decomposition rate, soil movement, soil respiration, and nitrogen availability. Replicate 19-Litre mesocosms were placed outdoors in lath houses and continuously warmed for 30 days in 2011 and 85 days in 2012. Warming treatments mimicked expected temperature increases for future climates in eastern North America. In both years, the amount of soil displaced and soil respiration increased in the warming and ant presence treatments (soil movement: 73 to 119%; soil respiration: 37 to 48% relative to the control treatments without ants). Decomposition rate and nitrogen availability tended to decrease in the warmest treatments (decomposition rate: -26 to -30%; nitrate availability: -11 to -42%). Path analyses indicated that ants had significant short term direct and indirect effects on the studied ecosystem processes. These results suggest that ants may be moving more soil and building deeper nests to escape increasing temperatures, but warming may also influence their direct and indirect effects on soil ecosystem processes.
Processed Net N2 Flux and Nitrous Oxide Production Rates from a mesocosm experiment, North River, MA, 2022
The data documented here show nitrogen cycling rates (net N2 flux and net N2O flux) from a tidal, freshwater wetland under two stressors in isolation and in combination over two different disturbance regimes. We used intact core mesocosms to examine how nitrogen cycling changed in response to increased temperature and salinity under pulse and press disturbances. We found that net N2 flux rates, defined as the balance between nitrogen fixation and denitrification did not directionally change in response to stressor pulse or press. Instead, it became more variable under both disturbance regimes. Nitrous oxide production rates, however, decreased and became more stable over time in the press scenario, but remained highly variable in the pulse scenario. These findings provide valuable knowledge on the functional potential of the nitrogen cycling microbial communities in tidal, freshwater wetlands when facing future climate variability.
Nutrient amendment effects on phytoplankton, water chemistry, and cyanotoxins in the 2018 Large-Scale Mesocosm Experiment at the University of Kansas Field Station
This dataset includes water physicochemical parameters, phytoplankton community composition, and cyanobacteria metabolites collected during a 21-day nutrient amendment experiment conducted from 23 July to 13 August 2018 at the University of Kansas Biological Station, Lawrence, KS, United States (39.049674°N, 95.190777°W). The experiment was performed using 18 large-scale, closed-bottom fiberglass tanks (volume: 11,000 L; height: 1.25 m; diameter: 3 m). Three tanks served as ambient controls (CON), while the others received one of the following nutrient treatments: nitrogen only (280 µM) as either ammonium chloride (NH4) or sodium nitrate (NO3); nitrogen (280 µM) plus phosphorus (200 µM) as either ammonium chloride + dipotassium phosphate (NHP) or sodium nitrate + dipotassium phosphate (NOP); and phosphorus only (200 µM) as dipotassium phosphate (P). Each tank received an initial nutrient dose on Day 0.5, followed by weekly additions of 20% of the initial amendment to maintain treatment conditions. All data were quality controlled to correct basic errors and to remove measurements outside the manufacturer’s standard operational ranges.
The dataset and model code pertinent to the Everglades Peat Elevation Model (EvPEM): The salinity and inundation mesocosm experiment in freshwater and brackish water sawgrass wetlands in Florida Coastal Everglades (2015-2017).
This is an assembled data and Everglades Peat Elevation Model (EvPEMv1.0) Stella code used to estimate and simulate net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) and peat elevation change in response to saltwater intrusion and level of inundations. Data from several studies were combined for the estimation of NECB, model parameterization, and calibration (Wilson, 2018; Wilson et al., 2018, 2019; Charles et al., 2019; Servais et al., 2020). The reported data includes aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), belowground net primary productivity (BNPP), peat elevation change, and decomposition rates that were collected from outdoor laboratory mesocosm experiments conducted at the Florida Bay Interagency Science Center in Key Largo, Florida during 2015-17. The plant-soil monoliths were obtained from a freshwater peat and a brackish water peat marsh located within the Florida Coastal Everglades and transported to the Key Largo facility for the experimental manipulations. In experiments focused on the brackish water marsh, three experiments were carried out reflecting the combined effect of salinity, inundation, and peat exposure to air. The brackish water experiments characterized submerged (SUB), exposed (EXP), and extended depth of exposure of peat surface (EXTEXP) conditions, as we varied water depth relative to the peat surface. Each experiment was subjected to two salinity manipulations: (1) ambient (~10 ppt) porewater salinity (AMB) and (2) elevated (~20 ppt) salinity (SALT). The experimental design included six (2 X 3) treatments: (1) submerged ambient salinity (AMB.SUB), (2) submerged elevated salinity (SALT.SUB.), (3) exposed ambient salinity (AMB.EXP), (4) exposed elevated salinity (SALT.EXP), (5) exposed with extended exposure/dry-down ambient salinity (AMB.EXTEXP), and (6) exposed with extended exposure/dry-down elevated salinity (SALT.EXTEXP). The water level was kept 4 cm above the peat surface for the brackish water SUB treatments. Exposure for the EXP treatment
Mesocosm experiment on fresh marsh plant community responses to salinity pulses in 2014 and 2015
We established mesocosm communities using seven freshwater species (Zizaniopsis miliacea, Pontederia cordata, Persicaria hydropiperoides, Peltandra virginica, Ludwigia peploides, Sagittaria lancifolia and Eleocharis palustris) collected in the same freshwater marsh (31°20’16”N, 81°27’52”W) between Apr 19th and Apr 22nd, 2014, and the sediments were collected from a freshwater pond (31°23'54"N, 81°16'47"W) on Sapelo Island, GA at the same time. Our experimental unit was a plastic round swimming pool (h = 18 cm, r = 122 cm) filled to the top with homogenized sediments. Each unit consisted of 2 individuals of Zizaniopsis, Pontederia, Peltandra and Sagittaria, 5 – 8 Persicaria and Ludwigia separately. Eleocharis was mixed up with other species, so there were uneven numbers in each unit. From May 22 to August 19, 2014, the mesocosm communities were treated with three salinity levels (3, 5, and 10 psu: practical salinity units) and five exposure durations (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days per month), relative to a freshwater control (n=3 per treatment combination). Except for 30 days treatment which equals saline press treatment, plants were watered with daily freshwater after treated with saline water for 5, 10, 15 and 20 days. Different salinities were achieved by mixing tap water with sea water. We simulated tides during the treatment, by watering the plants every morning and then pumping out the excess water through a 6-in (15 cm) slotted well (constructed of PVC pipe) in the afternoon. From August 20, 2014 to June 30, 2015, all mesocosm communities were flushed with fresh tap water to recover.
Abrupt and Gradual Salt Application Mesocosm Experiment Zooplankton, Phytoplankton, Periphyton and Abiotic Data, Troy, NY, 2018.
Increasing chloride concentrations from road salt applications are an emerging threat to freshwater diversity in cold weather regions. Few studies have focused on how road salt affects freshwater biota and even fewer have focused on how the rate of exposure alters organism responses. We hypothesized that road salt concentrations delivered gradually would result in slower population declines and more rapid rebounds due to evolved tolerance. To test this hypothesis, we examined the responses of freshwater lake organisms to four environmentally relevant salt concentrations (100, 230, 860, and 1600 mg Cl−/L) that differed in application rate (abrupt vs. gradual). We used outdoor aquatic mesocosms containing zooplankton, filamentous algae, phytoplankton, periphyton, and macroinvertebrates. We found negative effects of road salt on zooplankton and macroinvertebrate abundance, but positive effects on phytoplankton and periphyton, likely resulting from reduced grazing. Only rarely did we detect a difference between abrupt vs gradual salt applications and the directions of those differences were not consistent. This affirms the need for additional research on how road salt pollution entering ecosystems at different frequencies and magnitudes will alter freshwater communities.
Mangrove soil phosphorus addition experiment from June 2013 to August 2013 at the mangrove peat soil mesocosms (FCE), Key Largo, Florida - Nutrients in Porewater, Soil and Roots
Sea levels in South Florida are conservatively predicted to rise by 0.60 m by 2060. The key mechanisms that maintain coastal peatland elevation against increasing sea level are organic matter accumulation via plant production and mineral sedimentation rates (Smoak et al. 2013). Although coastal mangrove soils are regularly inundated with seawater, little is know about the drivers of carbon sequestration (above or below ground) versus atmospheric efflux under different conditions of salinity and elevated phosphorus (P) associated with sea-level rise and storm surge. A recent study using mangrove peat soils found that seawater inundation reduced soil carbon efflux losses and salinity concentration had little effect on carbon retention or loss pathways. The next logical steps are to understand how plant-soil interactions affect above and below ground carbon processes, as well as how increases in P associated with storm surge from the Gulf of Mexico will influence physical, chemical and biological components of mangrove soils that are associated with above and belowground carbon processes. We will manipulate P in inundated peat soil mesocosms with disturbed and undisturbed red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) seedlings to identify some of the fundamental mechanisms of soil elevation and carbon cycling given expected increases in seawater-based P availability in South Florida coastal mangroves.
Mangrove soil phosphorus addition experiment from July 2013 to August 2013 at the mangrove peat soil mesocosms (FCE), Key Largo, Florida - Nutrients in Surface Water and Aboveground Biomass
Sea levels in South Florida are conservatively predicted to rise by 0.60 m by 2060. The key mechanisms that maintain coastal peatland elevation against increasing sea level are organic matter accumulation via plant production and mineral sedimentation rates (Smoak et al. 2013). Although coastal mangrove soils are regularly inundated with seawater, little is know about the drivers of carbon sequestration (above or below ground) versus atmospheric efflux under different conditions of salinity and elevated phosphorus (P) associated with sea-level rise and storm surge. A recent study using mangrove peat soils found that seawater inundation reduced soil carbon efflux losses and salinity concentration had little effect on carbon retention or loss pathways. The next logical steps are to understand how plant-soil interactions affect above and below ground carbon processes, as well as how increases in P associated with storm surge from the Gulf of Mexico will influence physical, chemical and biological components of mangrove soils that are associated with above and belowground carbon processes. We will manipulate P in inundated peat soil mesocosms with disturbed and undisturbed red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) seedlings to identify some of the fundamental mechanisms of soil elevation and carbon cycling given expected increases in seawater-based P availability in South Florida coastal mangroves.
CMI: Sea ice properties from mesocosm oil-in-ice experiments at University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2014-15
<p>Sea ice core properties (salinity) and raw ice temperature data measurement collected during the CMI mesocosm experiment aiming at assessing the impacts of crude oil on ice biota lead at UAF in 2014 and 2015.</p>
Code and data for "KGML-ag: A Modeling Framework of Knowledge-Guided Machine Learning to Simulate Agroecosystems: A Case Study of Estimating N2O Emission using Data from Mesocosm Experiments "
<p>This is code and data for manuscript: <br> "KGML-ag: A Modeling Framework of Knowledge-Guided Machine Learning to Simulate Agroecosystems: <br> A Case Study of Estimating N<sub>2</sub>O Emission using Data from Mesocosm Experiments"<br> Licheng Liu, Shaoming Xu, Zhenong Jin*, Jinyun Tang, Kaiyu Guan, Timothy J. Griffis, <br> Matt D. Erickson, Alexander L. Frie, Xiaowei Jia, Taegon Kim, Lee T. Miller, Bin Peng, Shaowei Wu, Yufeng Yang, Wang Zhou, Vipin Kumar</p> <p>All the files belong to Prof. Zhenong Jin, University of Minnesota, UA. jinzn@umn.edu<br> "code" foler includes code for data processing, model training, and results plotting.<br> "trained_model_saved" includes all trained model so you can use to reproduce the results showed in the study;<br> "data" includes all data presented in the study. Finetuning data is refering to Miller, L.T. , Griffis, T. J., Erickson, M. D., Turner, P. A., Deventer, M. J., Chen, Z., Yu, Z., Venterea, R.T., Baker, J. M., and Frie, A. L. (2021). Response of nitrous oxide emissions to future changes in precipitation and individual rain events. Journal of Environmental Quality, In review</p>
Data to support "delta13C and delta15N values from a mesocosm experiment showing sea urchins mediate the availability of kelp detritus to benthic consumers"
The purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is an important herbivore and detritivore in southern California giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests that grow on shallow rocky reefs (~3-20m depth) off southern California, including Santa Barbara where this study was done. To investigate the shredder activity of purple urchins, we assembled communities of common detritivores and suspension feeders from local reefs in mesocosms. Three species of brittle stars (Ophiopteris papillosa, Ophioplocus esmarki, and Ophiothrix spiculata), one vermetid gastropod (Thylacodes squamigerus), two barnacles (Chthamalus sp. and Megabalanus californicus), one polychaete worm (Chaetopterus sp.), and three sea cucumbers (Cucumaria piperata, Pachythyone rubra, and Cucumaria salma) were collected from the seafloor of local kelp forests at 5-15m depth in the Santa Barbara Channel. Ten of each species were placed in each of six 50 L (51x38x27 cm) flow-through unfiltered seawater tanks, each containing two concrete bricks for hard substrate on top of 3 cm of sand. Because sea urchins are highly mobile, capable of bulldozing other occupants, we isolated them above the experimental communities on plastic mesh (1cm). Mesh dividers were secured horizontally across each mesocosm 16 cm above the bottom. Ten individuals of each consumer species, along with 2-3 blades, totaling 47.3 g (±1.2 SE), of isotopically labeled kelp (see below) were placed on the floor of each tank, below the divider. On top of the mesh divider, we placed an additional 229.8 g (±6.1 SE) of enriched kelp blades, and in half of the tanks, 10 adult urchins (total mass 343.3 g ±1.3 SE) per tank. The kelp below the mesh ensured that the detritivores had direct access to degrading kelp detritus regardless of the urchin treatment, similar to the situation in the kelp forest, allowing us to more clearly ascertain the degree to which the detritivores were dependent on urchins for kelp detritus assimilation. The experiment wa
Mesocosm (Marsh Organ) experiment at Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, MD, 2012
This experiment examines the effects of tidal inundation on the growth of salt marsh vegetation. We measured the response of plants to disturbance across a gradient in inundation times by transplanting tussocks of Schoenoplectus americanus into mesocosms of different elevation. The mesocosms were arranged into structures commonly described as �marsh organs�. Here we utilize two marsh organs each containing 54 mesocosms constructed of 6-inch diameter (0.0182, m2) polyvinyl chloride pipe, arranged into nine rows containing six pipes of identical elevation. We conducted the experiment in a large brackish marsh on the Atlantic Coast of North America. The study site is adjacent to the Blackwater River, a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay (Maryland, USA) (Blackwater, 38.40�N, 76.07�W). Changes in water level are primarily driven by meteorological events, with mean astronomical tides of <0.25 m. Long-term porewater salinities average 10 p.p.t. within the marsh soil, and intertidal vegetation is dominated by Schoenoplectus americanus and Spartina patens.
Task 3.1. Effect of MNPs on soil aggregations in field and mesocosm experiments
<p>This folder includes the raw data of Task 3.1. "Effect of MNPs on soil aggregations in field and mesocosm experiments". The soil aggregate size fractions and water stable aggretaes were analyzed with the samples from field (first and second year; Germany, Spain, and Finland) and mesocosm experiments (first and third rounds). </p>
Fig. 1 in Response of Sphagnum Testate Amoebae to Drainage, Subsequent Re-wetting and Associated Changes in the Moss Carpet - Results from a Three Year Mesocosm Experiment
Fig. 1. Left: schematic cross-section through a mesocosm showing the peat and Sphagnum layer. Right: expected evolution of community structure or traits over the stress and recovery phases. At the onset of the experiment (T0) the community included the whole range of species living in pool, lawn and hummock, taken in a natural Sphagnum peatland. D1 is the point of maximum disturbance effect and R1 and R2 are sampling points during the recovery phase. Dotted lines represented the possible evolution of both species community structure and community weighted mean of functional traits in response to disturbance. Full recovery depended on the survival potential of species. The new equilibrium represents the situation when the local conditions or present species pool do not allow a fully recovery of original state. In our case this is due to the fact that some species are likely to be lost during the disturbance phase.
Fig. 3 in Response of Sphagnum Testate Amoebae to Drainage, Subsequent Re-wetting and Associated Changes in the Moss Carpet - Results from a Three Year Mesocosm Experiment
Fig. 3. Evolution of standardized effect size of mean pairwise distance between sampling plots relatively to a null model (random species matrix with respect to observed species richness, see text for details) of testate amoeba community weighted mean (CWM) of functional trait data from a Sphagnum fallax mesocosm experiment simulating water table changes. The mean pairwise distance represents the distance separating communities based on the pool of functional traits. Horizontal grey dotted line represents p-value of 0.05, points below the line are significantly different from the null model. Each replicate was represented separately, with a grey scale.
Fig. 2 in Response of Sphagnum Testate Amoebae to Drainage, Subsequent Re-wetting and Associated Changes in the Moss Carpet - Results from a Three Year Mesocosm Experiment
Fig. 2. Principal component analyses (PCA) of a) testate amoeba species and b) community weighted mean (CWM) of functional traits in Sphagnum fallax from a mesocosm experiment simulating water table changes. The species dataset was Hellinger transformed and the CWM data were scaled. Projection of descriptors (left) and samples (right), scaling 2. On the right plots, arrows represent the time line for each treatment (mean coordinates of the five sampling plots of each treatment and time). In both PCAs, axes 1 and 2 were the only significant axes and accounted respectively for 60.4% (species based) and 80.2% (CWM based) of the variance. Characteristic plots for wet and intermediate treatments were labelled. Taxa abbreviations: Amp_wri: Amphitrema wrightianum, Pse_gra: Pseudodifflugia gracilis, Arc_fla: Archerella flavum, Cyc_arc: Cyclopyxis arcelloides, Phy_gri: Physochila griseola, Hya_pap: Hyalosphenia papilio, Cen_acu: Centropyxis aculeata, Hel_syl: Heleopera sylvatica, Cry_ovi: Cryptodifflugia oviformis, Eug_cil: Euglypha ciliata, Phr_acr: Phryganella acropodia, Hel_ros: Heleopera rosea, Cor_dub: Corythion dubium, Neb_tin: Nebela tincta s.l., Arc_cat: Arcella catinus, Ass_mus: Assulina muscorum.
Data from: Mesocosm experiment reveals scale-dependence of movement tendencies in sticklebacks
<p><span>Habitat fragmentation can have negative impacts on migratory organisms that rely on the functional connectivity between growing and breeding grounds. Quantifying the population-level phenotypic consequences of such fragmentation requires fine-scaled tracking of individual behaviour and movements across relevant scales. We here make use of a natural experiment where some populations of 'migrant' three-spined sticklebacks (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) became 'residents', following habitat fragmentation five decades ago. To test whether residents have a lower movement tendency than migrants, we developed a novel experimental platform that allows the automated tracking of individual movements via RFID technology in a semi-natural mesocosm where spatio-temporal scales and environmental conditions can be manipulated. We found that residents moved significantly less than migrants at large but not at small spatial scale. This pattern was consistent across time and contexts (water flow and group size). Our study substantiates prior literature on rapid phenotypic divergence in sticklebacks in response to human-induced isolation and highlights the importance of observing behaviour in ecologically relevant setups that bridge the gap between lab and field studies.</span></p>
Growth Chamber mesocosm experiment to assess the effects of the OSS decoupled from the presence of G. senegalensis (PRJNA930014)
<p>The Sahel region of West Africa is a vulnerable eco-region where a growing population and climate-change induced drought threaten food security. The subsistence farmers here grow pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) without fertilizers or irrigation. Local and biologically-based means of maintaining yields are needed, and an agroforestry system in Senegal - the Optimized Shrub-intercropping System (OSS) - provides a solution. In the OSS, the shrub Gueira senegalensis performs hydraulic lift, distributing deep subsurface water to neighboring millet plants. The shrub also supports a distinct microbial community and significantly improves carbon storage and nutrient dynamics. Here, we aimed to test whether shrub-impacted soils differed in microbiome and millet outcomes under simulated early-season drought in a growth chamber. Shrub impact was separated into residual impacts on microbiome and soil, versus ongoing shrub-derived organic matter (OM) input. decoupled from the effects of the growing shrub. Methods: We characterized the microbiota through dry-down and rewetting periods, with particular attention to lineages with known plant growth promoting (PGP) properties, via amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region and the ITS2, . Results: Both bacterial and fungal communities were significantly altered by imposed drought, OM amendment, and original soil type (+/-OSS). The largest significant bacterial community impact under dry down occurred for +shrub/-OM treatments, and under rewetting for -OM treatment regardless of +/- OSS. Known bacterial PGP lineages were only enriched under drought in +OSS/-OM treatments. The fungal community behaved differently with a significant dry-down impact only in +OSS/+OM treatments, while rewetting enriched for fungal pathogens but only in -OSS/+OM soils. Decoupled from ongoing shrub growth, both residual shrub impacts and shrub OM inputs altered microbiota and increased millet biomass under drought. These results are part of a growing body of work aimed at understanding microbiome roles in increasing ecological resilience and combating food insecurity. Metagenomic and amplicon sequencing data are publicly available via NCBI PRJNA930014. Here we present all associated soil chemical, enzyme, and plant physical and chemical data </p>
Data from: Mesocosm experiment reveals scale-dependence of movement tendencies in sticklebacks
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Drought and heatwave mesocosm experiment on Canadian Rocky mountain periphyton communities from alpine ponds.
The accelerating rate of global climate change at higher elevations and latitudes is increasing the potential for extreme climatic events. Here, a knowledge gap exists in how the order of exposure to and duration of droughts and heatwaves affect their cumulative impact on aquatic communities. We tested experimentally for the effects of simultaneous versus sequential exposures to drought and heatwave on sediment-dwelling algal communities (epipelon) from small fishless alpine lakes. In both simultaneous and sequential exposure treatments involving drought followed by a heatwave the negative effect of drought offset the negative effect of warming on chlorophyll-inferred algal biomass and taxonomic composition. Reversal of order of exposure (i.e., heatwave followed by drought) lowered their cumulative effect on community structure. These findings highlight the potential for drought events to dominate over heatwaves in altering shallow littoral ecosystems at high elevations under a rapidly warming climate.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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