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186 results for “metamorphosis”
Predator effects on metamorphosis: The effects of scaring versus thinning at high prey densities.
Organisms with complex life cycles face the challenge of when to switch between habitats and foraging strategies over ontogeny in ways that improve their fitness. Metamorphosis is a well-studied life history event in animals and ecologists have spent decades trying to understand how the size at and time to metamorphosis are altered by natural stressors such as competition and predation. The challenges in interpreting the effects of predators on metamorphic decisions include the need to compare predator species that pose different levels of risk, compare the roles of predators inducing fear versus thinning of the density of prey, and examine prey life history traits and behavior over ontogeny. We addressed these challenges in a mesocosm experiment in which we introduced a high initial density of hatchling Northern Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens) and exposed them to three different species of caged predators (to induce three different levels of fear), three rates of hand-thinning (to mimic the thinning effect of each predator), or three species of lethal predators (to cause induction and thinning). Under these initial high densities, we found that caged predators had no effects on tadpole activity, growth, and development. This outcome was likely due to the high density of tadpoles causing high competition, which can inhibit anti-predator responses. High rates of hand thinning caused decreased tadpole activity, greater mass, and faster development. Interestingly, lethal predators caused phenotypic changes that were largely in line with the hand thinning effects alone. These results suggest that at high initial prey densities, the thinning process of predation appears plays a much more important role in prey metamorphosis than induction from predatory chemical cues.
Numerical data for "Black Hole Metamorphosis and Stabilization by Memory Burden [arXiv:2006.00011]"
<p>This is the numerical data that belongs to the paper</p> <p>G. Dvali, L. Eisemann, M. Michel, S. Zell, <em>Black Hole Metamorphosis and Stabilization by Memory Burden</em>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.103523">Phys. Rev. D <strong>102</strong> (2020) 103523</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.00011">arXiv:2006.00011</a>.</p> <p>The numerical data is generated using the computer program <em>TimeEvolver</em>, which was presented in</p> <p>M. Michel, S. Zell, <em>TimeEvolver: A Program for Time Evolution With Improved Error Bound, </em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2022.108374">Comput. Phys. Commun. <strong>277</strong> (2022) 108374</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.15346">arXiv:2205.15346</a>.</p> <p>In the following, equation numbers refer to the latest arXiv-version of <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.00011">arXiv:2006.00011</a>, where also all relevant definitions can be found. In this paper, the procedure for generating the data, which we summarize in the following, is also described in more detail.</p> <p>First, among the five parameters N<sub>c</sub>; <sup><span class="math-tex">\(\epsilon\)</span></sup><sub>m</sub>; C<sub>0</sub>; ∆N<sub>c</sub>; K all but one are fixed (according to eq. (36)). Then for different values of the remaining unfixed parameter - subsequently called X - the following 2-step process is performed.</p> <ol> <li>Time evolution is computed (with the initial state shown in eq. (35)) for many different values of the parameter C<sub>m</sub> in the interval [0;1] (sampling step 10<sup>-3</sup>). The results for X are stored in five folders called "X", the subfolders of which contain data for different values of X. For example, the subfolder "01" of the folder "C0" consists of data for C<sub>0</sub>=0.01. Please note that the folders "Cgap", "N0" and "Q" correspond to X=<span class="math-tex">\(\epsilon\)</span><sub>m</sub>, X=N<sub>c</sub> and X=K, respectively. Subsequently, "rewriting values" of C<sub>m</sub> are selected as those for which the amplitude of n<sub>0</sub> is sufficiently large (1.2 times than in the case C<sub>m</sub>=0). This is done in Mathematica-notebooks "_New.nb". Finally, rewriting values for different values of X are collected using Mathematica-notebooks with names that start on "_Meta". These notebooks generate the 5 plots shown in figures 4(a), 5(a), 6(a), 7(a) and 8(a).</li> <li>Next finer scans are performed around some of the rewriting values determined in step 1 (new sampling step 5 10<sup>-5</sup>). The results are stored in five folders called "XRates", where again subfolders correspond to different values of X. For example, the subfolder "01" of the folder "C0Rates" consists of finer scans in C<sub>m</sub> around rewriting value of C<sub>m</sub> for C<sub>0</sub>=0.01. Next, Mathematica-notebooks with the names "_New.nb" or "_NewRates.nb" are used to select around each rewriting value the C<sub>m</sub> that leads to the largest rate (see definition in <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.00011">arXiv:2006.00011</a>). Finally, these maximal rates for different values of X are collected using Mathematica-notebooks with names that start on "_Meta" and end on "Rates.nb". These notebooks generate the 5 plots shown in figures 4(b), 5(b), 6(b), 7(b) and 8(b).</li> </ol>
Figure 1 in Eggs, final-instar caterpillars and metamorphosis of Cyclosia macularia Guérin Méneville (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) from its larval host plant Baccaurea motleyana
Figure 1. (A) Final instar larva of Cyclosia macularia on Baccaurea motleyana leaf found in orchard (scale bar = 10 mm); (B) final instar larvae of C. macularia on B. motleyana leaf (scale bar = 10 mm); (C) turned black before it underwent pupation (scale bar = 10 mm).
Fig. 2. Glycera nicobarica Grube, 1866. A in First Record of Epitokous Metamorphosis and Swimming Behaviour of Glycera nicobarica (Polychaeta: Glyceridae), in the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan
Fig. 2. Glycera nicobarica Grube, 1866. A, Whole body, epitokous male (NSMT-Pol 111422), dorsal view; B, enlargement of proboscis and prostomium, epitokous male (NSMT-Pol 111422), dorsal view; C, anterior part of an atoke with everted proboscis (NSMT-Pol 111429), lateral view; D, spermatozoon obtained from an epitokous male (NSMT-Pol 111426). Scale bars: 5 mm (A, C); 1 mm (B); 5 µm (D).
Fig. 6. Glycera nicobarica Grube, 1866 in First Record of Epitokous Metamorphosis and Swimming Behaviour of Glycera nicobarica (Polychaeta: Glyceridae), in the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan
Fig. 6. Glycera nicobarica Grube, 1866. Comparison of parapodia and chaetal arrangement in chaetiger 110 between epitoke (A) and atoke (B), posterior view. A, Epitokous female, 1.9 mm BW, NSMT-Pol 111427; B, atoke, 1.8 mm BW, NSMT-Pol 111428. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
Fig. 1 in First Record of Epitokous Metamorphosis and Swimming Behaviour of Glycera nicobarica (Polychaeta: Glyceridae), in the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan
Fig. 1. Collection sites of epitokes (solid circles) and atokes (open circles) of Glycera nicobarica Grube, 1866 in the Seto Inland Sea and Ariake Sea, Japan. 1, Uno Port, Okayama Prefecture; 2, Tadanoumi, Hiroshima Prefecture; 3, Imabari Port, Ehime Prefecture; 4, Yanai Port, Yamaguchi Prefecture; 5, off Nagashima Island, Kaminoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture; 6, Himeshima Port, Oita Prefecture; a, Kasaoka Bay, Okayama Prefecture; b, Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture; c, Bouchi-no-su, Ehime Prefecture; d, Nukari-no-seto, Hiroshima Prefecture; e, off Iwaijima Island, Yamaguchi Prefecture; f, Kojiro-nagahama, Isahaya Bay, Nagasaki Prefecture.
Fig. 4. Glycera nicobarica Grube, 1866 in First Record of Epitokous Metamorphosis and Swimming Behaviour of Glycera nicobarica (Polychaeta: Glyceridae), in the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan
Fig. 4. Glycera nicobarica Grube, 1866. Scanning electron micrographs of two kinds of papillae on proboscis. A, B, Epitokous male (NSMT-Pol 111423); C, D, atoke (NSMT-Pol 111429). A, C, conical papillae with 3 U-shaped ridges; B, D, oval papilla. Scale bars: 10 µm.
Fig. 9 in First Record of Epitokous Metamorphosis and Swimming Behaviour of Glycera nicobarica (Polychaeta: Glyceridae), in the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan
Fig. 9. Small holes (one arrowed) on ventral surface of bases of parapodia of spent G. nicobarica Grube, 1866 (MS). Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 8 in First Record of Epitokous Metamorphosis and Swimming Behaviour of Glycera nicobarica (Polychaeta: Glyceridae), in the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan
Fig. 8. Timing of reproductive swimming of epitokes of Glycera nicobarica Grube, 1866 at six sites in July to November in 2009 to 2011. Numbers above black squares indicate the number of epitokes collected on each ocassion. The locality numbers () correspond to those in Fig. 1.
Fig. 7 in First Record of Epitokous Metamorphosis and Swimming Behaviour of Glycera nicobarica (Polychaeta: Glyceridae), in the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan
Fig. 7. Presumed parasites attached to epitokous males of Glycera nicobarica Grube, 1866. A, Copepod (arrow) (NSMT-Cr 22387) attached to parapodia of male (NSMT-Pol 111425); B, enlargement of copepod, dorsal view; C, nematodes (arrows) (NSMT-As 3962) attached to parapodia in mid-body of another male (NSMT-Pol 111424); D, enlargement of nematode. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–C); 0.1 mm (D).
Figure 2 in Characteristic analysis of prolactin and its receptor genes from Rana chensinensis and expression pattern during metamorphosis
Figure 2. Nucleotide and deduced aa sequences of rcPRLR. The predicted site of signal peptide cleavage is marked by a triangle. The conserved cysteine residues are circled. Three potential N-glycosylation sites are underlined by dotted lines. The WS motif is boxed and TMD is underlined with a solid line. Within the ICD, boxes 1 and 2 are underlined with a double line and a wavy line, respectively. The stop codon is marked by an asterisk.
Figure 7 in Characteristic analysis of prolactin and its receptor genes from Rana chensinensis and expression pattern during metamorphosis
Figure 7. Expression analysis of rcPRLR by qRT-PCR in liver (A), skin (B), tail (C), and kidneys (D) of different stages. The data for rcPRLR mRNA levels were normalized by those for rpl8 mRNA levels and expressed relative to the value for stage 43 tissue, respectively. The experiments were repeated 3 times using 3 independent biological samples. Each bar represents mean ± SD. Those with different letters were regarded as statistically significant at the 5% level (Duncan test).
Figure 6 in Characteristic analysis of prolactin and its receptor genes from Rana chensinensis and expression pattern during metamorphosis
Figure 6. Detection of rcPRL and rcPRLR in tadpoles by RT-PCR. (A) and (B): Upper panel, RT-PCR using rcPRL and rcPRLR gene-specific primers, respectively; lower panel, control RT-PCR using rpl8 gene-specific primers.
Figure 1 in Characteristic analysis of prolactin and its receptor genes from Rana chensinensis and expression pattern during metamorphosis
Figure 1. Nucleotide and deduced aa sequences of rcPRL. The predicted site of signal peptide cleavage is marked by a triangle. The conserved cysteine residues are circled and the potential phosphorylation site is boxed, while the four α-helical domains are boxed in shaded rectangles. The stop codon is marked by an asterisk.
Figure 5 in Characteristic analysis of prolactin and its receptor genes from Rana chensinensis and expression pattern during metamorphosis
Figure 5. Construction of neighbor-joining tree based on aa sequences of PRL (A) and PRLR (B). The sequences used above are: Rana catesbeiana (CAA34199.1, BAD14941.1), Xenopus laevis (AAH75216.1, AAI70439.1), Chelonia mydas (XP_007059983.1, EMP31801.1), Anser anser (ADG03649.1, ABW74516.1), Sus scrofa (NP_999091.1, ABA41035.1), Mus musculus (P06879.1, CAA51789.1), Homo sapiens (NP_001157030.1, NP_000940.1), Oncorhynchus mykiss (NP_001118205.1, NP_001118071.1), Danio rerio (AAH92358.1, AAI63012.1), Bufo japonicus (BAF75354.1), and Cynops pyrrhogaster (BAB61107.1). Bootstrap percentage values are indicated for each node.
Figure 4 in Characteristic analysis of prolactin and its receptor genes from Rana chensinensis and expression pattern during metamorphosis
Figure 4. Alignment of aa sequences of various PRLRs. Conserved cysteines are circled; 3 potential N-glycosylation sites (His 212; WS motif, Box 1; and DSGRGS motif) are marked by boxes; Trp165 and Tyr609 are marked by triangles. Dots (·) represent spaces inserted to maximize similarity, and small letters represent the conserved amino acids in that position.
Figure 3 in Characteristic analysis of prolactin and its receptor genes from Rana chensinensis and expression pattern during metamorphosis
Figure 3. Alignment of aa sequences of various PRLs. Conserved cysteines are boxed, while motifs 1 and 2 are marked by arrows.
Figure 4 in Identification of thyroid hormone receptors α and β genes and their expression profiles during metamorphosis in Rana chensinensis*
Figure 4. The levels of rcTRα and rcTRβ mRNA in several (n = 6) tadpoles as assessed by qRT-PCR. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05) between developmental stages.
Figure 2 in Identification of thyroid hormone receptors α and β genes and their expression profiles during metamorphosis in Rana chensinensis*
Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationship of TRs among R. chensinensis and other species. Numbers at the branches are the bootstrap values.
Figure 3 in Identification of thyroid hormone receptors α and β genes and their expression profiles during metamorphosis in Rana chensinensis*
Figure 3. Organ-specific expression of rcTRα and rcTRβ in tadpoles during stages 33–46 by RT-PCR. M: DL2000 DNA marker.
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