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Figure 14 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 14. Detail of chimney at the Second Seep Site, where the location of a solemyid bivalve in figure 12A is situated at periphery of seep limestone .

Figure 4 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 4. Sketch of the Main Seep Site in east-west cross-sectional view. The sketch shows some representative positions of primary seep-related bivalves. Note relative positions of massive limestone in relation to areas dominated by nodules and carbonate blebs. Dashed symbol represents Keasey mudstone. A meter or more of black mudstone immediately subjacent to the limestone yield seep-related mollusks.

Figure 13 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 13. Early diagenetic infilling of botryoidal aragonite in shell interior of the epitonid gastropod Boreoscala condoni (Dall, 1908). Note different size bubbles in successive layers. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Figure 3 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 3. The Main Seep Site, east side, looking west. The numbers denote the top (1) and base (2) of the seep limestone body, respectively. The limestone is covered at top by approx. 1.8 m of Keasey mudstone, typical of middle member lithology..

Figure 12 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 12. Solemyid bivalve preservation in the seep mudstone facies. A. Chalky remnant shell material on an articulated internal mold collected in life orientation. B. Fragments of chalky articulated internal molds and extremely thin shell fragments that exfoliated during collection. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Figure 8 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 8. Select carbonate rock hand samples from the Main Seep Site, with some showing taphonomy of macrofossil occurrences. A. Articulated specimens of Conchocele taylori Hickman, 2015 on weathered (orange-brown stained) outer surface of medium gray colored microcrystalline carbonate; sample RC9(2). B. Articulated specimen of C. taylori with partial recrystallized shell, found in stratigraphic up position, and infilled with medium gray microcrystalline carbonate sample RC10B. C. Dark gray, homogeneous to slightly mottled microcrystalline carbonate with scattered, thin-shelled bivalve fragments; sample RC9. D. Irregular, coalesced nodular, medium to dark gray microcrystalline carbonate with scattered, straight bivalve shell fragments; sample RC10A. E. Irregularly nodular and mottled microcrystalline carbonate to cemented breccia of medium to dark gray microcrystalline carbonate with scattered, relatively thick, single curved valves of C. taylori shells; sample RC11. F. microcrystalline carbonate cemented, friable calcareous sandstone with nacreous molluscan shell fragments; sample RC21.

Figure 6 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 6. Photographs of exposures. A. Upper turbidite bed with meter-stick for scale. Note sharp base of bed. B. Closeup of the base of the upper turbidite bed showing scour channel filled with medium sand. C. Rockfall in predominantly medium- to thick-bedded mudstones 1-3 meters below lower turbidite bed. Blocks in background are pieces of turbidite bed fallen from the bank. D. Lower turbidite bed at a point where it descends to near river level. E. Medium-bedded mudstones at base of stratigraphic section. Upper part of bank exposure is composed of Pleistocene fluvial gravels.

Figure 5 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 5. Stratigraphic sections of the Main Seep Site in relation to Second and Third sites and stratigraphic position of UCMP localities. The Main Seep Site (Fig. 4) consists of a thick limestone lithosome including immediately subjacent black mudstone. The Second Seep Site about 70m west of the main seep, consists of a large conduit about 0.5 m wide by 3 meters high and a complex association of concretions. This site occurs at the east end of the exposure shown in Fig. 7. The Third Seep Site includes a localized concentration of small blebby concretions.

Figure 11 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 11. Depiction of solemyid burrow (Fig. 11A, from Hickman 1984) and lucinid burrow (Fig. 11B, from Hickman 1994, 2003b). Such burrows span oxic-anoxic boundaries to provide their symbionts with sulfide from the sediment and oxygen from the water column and as well as meeting their own oxygen needs. The presence of an articulated fossil solemyid in life position (i.e. in situ) indicates the presence of an ancient oxic-anoxic interface, regardless of whether the burrow is clearly preserved. Extensive bioturbation characteristic of the massive Keasey siltstone and mudstone units is likely to obliterate uncemented burrow ichnofabrics of solemyids. See Droser & Bottjer (1989) for history of bioturbation. On the other hand, burrows of decapods are more likely to be preserved since decapod crustaceans secrete a calcareous cement that prevents burrows from caving — e.g. collophanite (an amorphous calcium phosphate). See Weimer and Hoyt (1964).

Figure 1 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 1.. Field area maps. A. Study site location in the vicinity of Vernonia, northwest Oregon State, U.S.A. B. Detail of UCMP IP localities along Rock Creek 8 kilometers west of Vernonia. UCMP IP locality 16636 at the west end is from the base of the measured section (Fig. 2) while UCMP IP locality 16621 is from the top of the measured section. The Main Seep Site is located between collections UCMP IP localities 16630 and 16621. C. Geologic map along Rock Creek from Vernonia to the former town of Keasey. Geology generalized from mapping by Alan Niem in Wells et al. (2020). Abbreviated geologic units in the map include the following: Qaf = Holocene and Pleistocene alluvial fan deposits; Qls = Holocene and Pleistocene landslide deposits; Qt = Holocene and Pleistocene talus; Qtd = Holocene and Pleistocene terrace deposits. M22= macrofauna locality from Warren et al. (1945) and benthic foraminiferal localities 249-251 and 239-247 from McDougall (1979).

Figure 2 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 2. Stratigraphic section of the Keasey Formation in the vicinity of the Rock Creek seep site, showing position of UCMP localities. Yellow highlighted area above the upper turbidite bed is the equivalent stratigraphic positions of the Main and Second Seep Sites, whereas the minor yellow highlighted area just below the upper turbidite gives the stratigraphic position of small blebby concretions defining the Third Seep Site

Figure 9 in A methane seep from the deep-marine, late Eocene Keasey Formation, Rock Creek, Columbia County, Oregon

Figure 9. Map occurrences of major macrofaunal elements and associations at the cold seep horizon in limestone, muddy siltstone, and siltstone facies and exemplar outcrops of non-chemosymbiotic. A. byssally attached bivalves from the Mud Pecten Association; C, D, E, M. Suspension-feeding heterodont bivalve association; B, F, L, deposit-feeding Protobranch Association; G, H I, J, chemosymbiotic Thyasirid-Solemyid Association; K. Turrid–Naticid–Epitoniid Association.

Fig. 14. The provannid gastropod Provanna antiqua Squires, 1995 in Mollusks and a crustacean from early Oligocene methane-seep deposits in the Talara Basin, northern Peru

Fig. 14. The provannid gastropod Provanna antiqua Squires, 1995, from early Oligocene seep deposits at Cerro La Salina (block 1, A, F; block 4, H; block 6, B, C, D, G; block 8, E), Talara Basin, northern Peru. A. NRM Mo187044, specimen with distinctive axial and spiral sculpture, in abapertural view. B. NRM Mo187045, specimen with distinctive sculpture and showing the basal groove, in apertural view. C. NRM Mo187046, specimen with weak axial sculpture in the upper whorl, in apertural view. D. NRM Mo187047, fragmentary specimen with mainly spiral sculpture, in apertural view. E. NRM Mo187048, nearly smooth specimen showing slightly sinuous growth lines, in apertural view. F. NRM Mo187049, specimen with small shoulder and sculpture mainly in upper part of whorls, in apertural view. G. NRM Mo187050, specimen with faint axial and spiral sculpture, in apertural view. H. NRM Mo187051, two specimens with small shoulder and sculpture mainly in upper part of whorls..

Fig. 13 in Mollusks and a crustacean from early Oligocene methane-seep deposits in the Talara Basin, northern Peru

Fig. 13. Neritimorpha indet. (PRI 80015) from the early Cenozoic Lomitos cherts seep deposits near Negritos, Talara Basin, northern Peru.

Fig. 17 in Mollusks and a crustacean from early Oligocene methane-seep deposits in the Talara Basin, northern Peru

Fig. 17. Neogastropod and opisthobranch gastropods from early Oligocene seep deposits at Cerro La Salina (block 2, A; block 4, B; block 6, E; block 7, D) and Belén seep site (C), Talara Basin, northern Peru. A, B. The buccinid Colus sekiuensis Kiel and Goedert, 2007. A. Large specimen (NRM Mo187062), showing shape of last whorl. B. NRM Mo187063, fragment of an early whorl. C. Buccinidae indet. (NRM Mo187064), fragmentary specimen. D. NRM Mo187065, the opisthobranch "Acteon" sp. in apertural (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. The opisthobranch Cylichna sp. (NRM Mo187066).

Fig. 10 in Mollusks and a crustacean from early Oligocene methane-seep deposits in the Talara Basin, northern Peru

Fig. 10. The possible neomphalid Retiskenea? sp. (PRI 80014) from the early Cenozoic Lomitos cherts seep deposits near Negritos, Talara Basin, northern Peru.

Fig. 7 in Mollusks and a crustacean from early Oligocene methane-seep deposits in the Talara Basin, northern Peru

Fig. 7. The vesicomyid Pleurophopsis talarensis sp. nov., from early Oligocene seep deposits at Cerro La Salina (block 6, A, D, F–H; block 7, E; block 9, B, C), Talara Basin, northern Peru. A. Holotype (NRM Mo187019), right valve showing shell outline. B. Paratype (NRM Mo187022), posteriorly damaged, articulated specimen; view on dorsal side (B1) and on right valve (B2). C. Paratype (NRM Mo187020), right valve with posterior tip missing. D. Paratype (NRM Mo187023), internal mold of left valve showing anterior adductor muscle scar and pallial line (D1), arrow indicates onset of pallial; close-up on hinge area (D2. E. Paratype (NRM Mo187021), semi-articulated specimen, view on incomplete right valve). F. Paratype (NRM Mo187024), anterior part of fight valve. G. Paratype (NRM Mo187026), anterior part of right valve (G1), view on hinge area (G2). H. Paratype (NRM Mo187025), hinge area of right valve.

Fig. 12 in Mollusks and a crustacean from early Oligocene methane-seep deposits in the Talara Basin, northern Peru

Fig. 12. Vetigastropoda from early Oligocene seep deposits at Cerro La Salina (block 1, A, D; block 2, C; block 9, B) Talara Basin, northern Peru. A, B. The colloniid Cantrainea sp. A. NRM Mo187040, specimen with base embedded in rock matrix in lateral (A1), oblique (A2) and apical (A3) views. B. NRM Mo187041, specimen with exposed base in lateral (B1) and basal (B2) views. C, D. The trochoid incertae sedis. C. NRM Mo187042. D. NRM Mo187043.

Fig. 6. The vesicomyid Pleurophopsis lithophagoides Olsson, 1931 in Mollusks and a crustacean from early Oligocene methane-seep deposits in the Talara Basin, northern Peru

Fig. 6. The vesicomyid Pleurophopsis lithophagoides Olsson, 1931, from the early Oligocene Belén seep site, Talara Basin, northern Peru. A. Specimen with strongly sloping posterodorsal margin (NRM Mo187014), left valve (A1), right valve (A2), and dorsal view (A3). B. Specimen with rather straight posterodorsal margin (NRM Mo187015), left valve (B1), right valve (B2), and dorsal view (B3). C. Large specimen (NRM Mo187016), left valve (C1), right valve (C2), and dorsal view (C3). D. Close-up on anterior side of left valve (NRM Mo187018), showing anterior adductor muscle scar and onset of pallial line. E. Internal mold showing hinge and anterior muscle scars (NRM Mo187017). Abbreviations: aams, anterior adductor muscle scar; aprm, anterior pedal retractor scar; cg, connecting grove between aams and aprs.

Fig. 8 in Mollusks and a crustacean from early Oligocene methane-seep deposits in the Talara Basin, northern Peru

Fig. 8. The vesicomyids "Vesicomya" tschudi Olsson, 1931 (A–C, E) and "Vesicomya" ramondi Olsson, 1931 (D), from early Oligocene seep deposits in the Talara Basin, northern Peru. A. Small specimen (NRM Mo187029) from Cerro La Salina block 1, view on left valve (A1), dorsal view (A2), view on anterodorsal side showing lunular incision (A3, arrow). B. Medium-sized specimen (NRM Mo187030) from Cerro La Salina block 5, view on left valve (B1) and dorsal view (B2). C. Holotype (PRI 1965) from Pajarabobo, view on left valve showing posterior end of pallial line (arrow). D. Holotype (PRI 1962) from Pajarabobo, view on right valve. E. Large left valve (NRM Mo187031) from Cerro La Salina block 5, view of the outer side.