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63 results for “microcosms”
Interlaboratory testing of CuSO4 toxicity in the “Standardized Aquatic Microcosm” protocol consisting of multiple phytoplankton and animals in a chemically defined medium.
Four different laboratories conducted a total of ten experiments of the “Standardized Aquatic Microcosm” to test the reproducibility of results to control, low, medium, and high concentrations of CuSO4. In nine experiments, treatments consisted of six replicates of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppb Cu++. One experiment, ME74, used 0, 127, 255, 509 ppb. The purpose was to test a chemically defined medium (thus negating differences due to local water supplies) and the same 10 species of phytoplankton and 5 animals, including Daphnia. Microbes were undefined. The protocol included the weekly re-introduction of small numbers of each species to allow potential recovery from toxicity. Control microcosms had a “spring algal bloom” terminated by zooplankton grazing and multiple competitive interactions. The copper inhibited some phytoplankton more than others and killed many grazers, especially Daphnia. The data set presented several interesting statistical properties that would yield new insights. (a) The results were very similar, but the timing varied— the higher the concentration of copper, the longer the inhibition and mortality of organisms, so those at 500 ppb recovered earlier, the 1000 ppb recovered later, and at 2000 ppb most never recovered. But if compared on each sampling day, e.g., 10, 14, … to 64, results appear highly variable. (b) In at least one experiment, the toxicity of copper was challenging to demonstrate statistically because high variability in the timing of recovery of the intermediate concentration increased pooled variances. (c) The elimination of highly-sensitive dominant organisms allowed less-sensitive organisms to increase in abundance. Within natural environments, the observation that some species increase in the presence of toxic substances has been used to discredit toxicity testing without considering the relative sensitivities of competing or predatory species. (d) The competitive interactions among organisms, e.g., cyanobacteria and green alga
Erosion and biomass measurements from microcosm experiments, 2022
This dataset accompanies the manuscript: "Microalgae and meiofauna induce heterogeneous biostabilization in marine sediments". It includes erosion and biomass measurements from microcosm experiments, along with R and MATLAB scripts to reproduce the analyses and figures. Initial diatom cultures were collected from Dauphin Island Alabama during the spring of 2022. All experiments were conducted at the Navel Research lab in Stennis Space Center, Stennis MS. in the summer of 2022.
Experimental microcosm incubations assessing the effect of hypoxia on aqueous iron and organic carbon, pH, sediment organic carbon, and sediment iron-bound organic carbon
To assess the effect of changing oxygen concentrations on coupled carbon and iron cycling in freshwater ecosystems, we performed 6-week microcosm incubations. Incubations were inoculated with sediment and water from Falling Creek Reservoir, Vinton, VA, USA. We started the experiment with 102 microcosms split evenly into oxic and hypoxic treatments. After two weeks, we switched the treatment of approximately half of the remaining microcosms, generating a total of four oxygen regimes: hypoxic, oxic, hypoxic to oxic, and oxic to hypoxic. We sampled the microcosms destructively approximately twice per week, collecting aqueous samples for total and dissolved carbon and iron, as well as sediment samples for organic carbon and iron-bound organic carbon analysis. Iron-bound organic carbon was determined using citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite extractions.
Data associated with a study on freshwater phenanthrene removal by three emergent wetland plants conducted in a microcosm experiment at the IISD Experimental Lakes Area, ON, Canada, in 2022.
The following package includes data from a study that evaluated the efficacy of three common wetland plants, Typha sp. (cattail), Carex utriculata (sedge a), and C. lasiocarpa (sedge b) in enhancing removal of phenanthrene (1 mg/L) from freshwater in a microcosm experiment conducted at the IISD Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario, Canada, in 2022. Over 21 days, microcosms were monitored for phenanthrene chemistry, basic water quality, plant growth metrics (height and final biomass), and root biofilm oxygen consumption (respirometry) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Data included in this package was first collected and used in the paper by Stanley et al., titled Freshwater Phenanthrene Removal by three Emergent Wetland Plants.
Viroplant Project - Microcosm studies on the effect of bacteriophages used as plant protection products on soil microbial communities
<p>This file contains the description, data and DNA analyses on the effect of bacteriophages with a potential to be used as plant protecction products on the structure and function of soil microbial communities. The objective was to evaluate two different microcsom incubation systems with phages and microbial cells from soil, or soil itself and to analyses in a time dependent manner how the phages affect the natural soil microbiomes. The microbial communities were quantified with qPCR and their diversity analyzed with PCR amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences. Bioinformatic analyses were used to evaluate microbial community responses</p>
Fig. 1 in Microbial Respiration of Organic Carbon in Freshwater Microcosms: The Potential for Improved Estimation of Microbial CO Emission from Organically Enriched Freshwater Ecosystems
Fig. 1. Densities (ordinate) of ciliates (N × 104 L–1) black bars, and densities of bacteria (N × 109 ml–1) grey bars; for Experiment One and Experiment Two with carbon-enriched (E) and control (C) preparations (abscissa).
Figure 1 in Soil quality, leaf litter quality, and microbial biomass interactively drive soil respiration in a microcosm experiment
Figure 1. Principal components analysis of (A) soil quality and (B) leaf litter quality across the experimental treatments (Table S1-2). Soil quality was quantified as a combination of soil pH, C, N, and C:N; leaf litter quality was quantified as a combination of leaf Ca, C, lignin, Mg, N, P, C:N, C:P, and N:P. Soil and leaf litter were collected from Hainich National Park, Germany.
Data from: Effects of fungicides on aquatic fungi and bacteria: a comparison of morphological and molecular approaches from a microcosm experiment
<p>Data files and R code for the manuscript: Effects of fungicides on aquatic fungi and bacteria: a comparison of morphological and molecular approaches from a microcosm experiment. Published in Environmental Sciences Europe.</p>
Freeze-thaw microcosm experiment data 2021
Warmer winters with less snowfall are increasing the frequency of soil freeze-thaw cycles across temperate regions. Soil microbial responses to freeze-thaw cycles vary and some of this variation may be explained by microbial conditioning to prior winter conditions, yet such linkages remain largely unexplored. We investigated how differences in temperature history influenced microbial community composition and activity in response to freeze-thaw cycles. We collected soil microbial communities that developed under colder (high elevation) and warmer (low elevation) temperature regimes in spruce-fir forests, then added each of these soil microbial communities to a sterile bulk-soil in a laboratory microcosm experiment. The inoculated high-elevation cold and low-elevation warm microcosms were subjected to diurnal freeze-thaw cycles or constant above-freezing temperature for 9 days. Then, all microcosms were subjected to a 7-day above-freezing recovery period. Overall, we found that the high-elevation cold community had, relative to the low-elevation warm community, a smaller reduction in microbial respiration (CO2 flux) during freeze-thaw cycles. Further, the high-elevation cold community, on average, experienced lower freeze-thaw-induced bacterial mortality than the warm community and may have partly acclimated to freeze-thaw cycles via increased lipid membrane fluidity. Respiration of both microbial communities quickly recovered following the end of the freeze-thaw treatment period and there were no changes in soil extractable carbon or nitrogen. Our results provide evidence that past soil temperature conditions may influence the responses of soil microbial communities to freeze-thaw cycles. The microbial community that developed under a colder temperature regime was more tolerant of freeze-thaw cycles than the community that developed under a warmer temperature regime, although both communities displayed some level of resilience. Taken together, our data suggest that
Contrasting effects of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on nitrogen absorption of C3 and C4 grasses: Evidence from microcosm and 15N labeling experiments
<p><strong><em>Background and aims</em></strong></p> <p>Nitrogen (N) captured by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a major pathway in the N uptake of host plants. However, the relative contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to N uptake in different plant functional types has not been well assessed.</p> <p><strong><em>Methods</em></strong></p> <p>Two dominant plant species in semiarid steppe ecosystems on the Mongolian plateau, i.e. <em>Leymus chinensis </em>(C<sub>3</sub> grass) and <em>Cleistogenes squarrosa</em> (C<sub>4</sub> grass), were selected in this study. We conducted a greenhouse manipulation experiment using novel microcosms combined with <sup>15</sup>N labeling techniques and investigated the effect of indigenous AMF on plant growth and quantified their relative contribution to N uptake under high and low levels of available soil N. </p> <p><strong><em>Results</em></strong></p> <p>Indigenous AMF contribute more to N uptake in C<sub>3</sub> grass than that in C<sub>4</sub> grass, and mycorrhizal partners act as parasites for C<sub>4</sub> plant growth. For <em>L. chinensis</em>, indigenous AM symbiosis suppressed plant growth under low soil N but improved plant growth under high soil N conditions. AMF contributed to <em>c.</em> 23% and 20% of the total plant N uptake under low and high soil N conditions, respectively. For <em>C. squarrosa</em>, indigenous AM symbiosis consistently inhibited plant growth under both low and high soil N conditions, and the percent contributions of AMF to N uptake were only <em>c.</em> 9% and 7%, respectively.</p> <p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong></p> <p>Our results demonstrate that indigenous AM symbiosis plays a vital role in N uptake by host plants, even in the absence of a positive growth response. AMF can modify the fitness of C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> grasses and thereby alter plant community composition and ecosystem N cycling, particularly under high N conditions. Our study has important implications for improving global N cycling models in the face of increasing global N deposition.</p>
Data, scripts and supplementary information for analysis of the functioning of a three-species microcosm under cadmium pressure
<p>Data files of different experiments conducted with a three-species microcosm + Rscript for infering paremeters from a mechanistic EDO based model describing the functioning of the microcosm and the effect of cadmium + JAGS script of the model + supplementary information</p>
Data from: Resident-disperser differences and genetic variability affect communities in microcosms
<p>Dispersal is a key process mediating ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Its effects on the dynamics of spatially-structured systems, population genetics, or species range distribution can depend on phenotypic differences between dispersing and non-dispersing individuals. However, scaling up the importance of resident-disperser differences to communities and ecosystems has rarely been considered, in spite of intraspecific phenotypic variability being an important factor mediating community structure and productivity. Here, we used the ciliate <em>Tetrahymena thermophila</em>, in which phenotypic traits are known to differ between residents and dispersers, to test (i) whether these resident-disperser differences affect biomass and composition in competitive communities composed of four other Tetrahymena species, and (ii) whether these effects are genotype-dependent. We found that dispersers led to lower community biomass compared to residents. This effect was highly consistent across the twenty <em>T. thermophila</em> genotypes used, despite intraspecific variability in resident-disperser phenotypic differences. We also found a significant genotypic effect on biomass production, showing that intraspecific variability has consequences for communities. Our study suggests that individual dispersal strategy can scale up to community productivity in a predictable way, opening new perspectives to the functioning of spatially structured ecosystems.</p>
Data from: Aquatic ecosystem responds differently to press and pulse nutrient disturbances as revealed by a microcosm experiment
<p><span>Due to climate change and increasing anthropogenic activities, lakes are disturbed frequently, usually by press (e.g., diffused pollution, rising temperatures) or pulse (e.g., storms, rainfall, pollution events) disturbances. Both press and pulse disturbances can affect abiotic and biotic environments, changing the structure of ecosystems and affecting ecosystem services. To confront with the effects of climate change and increasing anthropogenic activities, understanding the different effects of press and pulse disturbances on lake ecosystems is essential. This study assessed the effect of press and pulse disturbances of phosphorus on a microcosmic </span><span>aquatic </span><span>eco</span><span>system</span><span> by measuring the total phosphorus (TP), algae density, and physiological indicators of submerged macrophytes. We found that the microcosmic aquatic ecosystem responded differently to press and pulse disturbances. Our results suggested that it had a lower resistance to pulse phosphorus disturbances than to press phosphorus disturbances. There were significantly higher nutrient concentrations and algal densities in the pulse treatment than in the press treatment. Positive feedback was found between the biomass of submerged macrophytes and the water quality. There was a higher submerged macrophytes biomass at low TP concentration and algal density. In the context of climate change, press and pulse disturbances could have severe impacts on lake ecosystems. Our findings will provide some insight for further research and lake management.</span></p>
Percentage distribution of plant-fixed carbon in orchid shoots and roots, protocorms, and mycorrhizal fungal mycelium and amount (total and concentration) of carbon transferred to protocorms and mycorrhizal fungal mycelium by green orchids in each experimental microcosm
<p> The minute 'dust seeds' of some terrestrial orchids preferentially germinate and develop as mycoheterotrophic protocorms near conspecific adult plants. In this paper we tested the hypothesis that mycorrhizal mycelial connections provide a direct pathway for transfer of recent photosynthate from conspecific green orchids to achlorophyllous protocorms. Mycelial networks of <em>Ceratobasidium cornigerum </em>connecting green <em>Dactylorhiza fuchsii</em> plants with developing achlorophyllous protocorms of the same species were established on oatmeal or water agar before the shoots of green plants were exposed to <sup>14</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>. After incubation for 48 hours, the pattern of distribution of fixed carbon was visualised in intact entire autotrophic/protocorm systems using digital autoradiography and quantified in protocorms by liquid scintillation counting. The data presented here represent the percentage distribution of the <sup>14</sup>C fixed by the orchids in our experimental systems to plant shoots, roots, protocorms and the mycorrhizal mycelium. We also show the total amount of <sup>14</sup>C present in plant shoots and protocorms when grown in each of the three media tested (100% water agar, 100% oatmeal agar, and 50:50 water: oatmeal agar). We also show the amount of carbon (total and concentration) transferred from green orchids to protocorms and mycorrhizal mycelium in each microcosm across the three media treatments.</p>
Microcosm data and water potential
<p>Sheet 1. Data of the mean weight diameter (MWD) for dry and wet sieving (MWDd and MWDw respectively). Also the stability index (SI), water loss, geometric water content, water contact angle (WCA), sorptivity, fungal biomass and colony density and growth rate of colonies. The data was obtained after inoculation of 29 fungal strains and one control at low and high moisture.</p> <p>Sheet 2: Data for sieve fractions from microcosm experiment. Data used in Supplementary S3. Fig S3, the data was obtained after inoculation of 29 fungal strains and one control at low and high moisture.</p> <p>Sheet 3. Data from water potential experiment, the data was obtained after inoculation of 29 fungal strains and one control at low and high moisture which were divided in 3 blocks.</p>
Data from: Fast drug rotation reduces bacterial resistance evolution in a microcosm experiment
<p><span>Drug rotation (cycling), in which multiple drugs are administrated alternatively, has the potential for limiting resistance evolution in pathogens. The frequency of drug alternation could be a major factor to determine the effectiveness of drug rotation. Drug rotation practices often have low frequency of drug alternation, with an expectation of resistance reversion. Here we, based on evolutionary rescue and compensatory evolution theories, suggest that fast drug rotation can limit resistance evolution in the first place. This is because fast drug rotation would give little time for the evolutionarily rescued populations to recover in population size and genetic diversity, and thus decrease the chance of future evolutionary rescue under alternate environmental stresses. We experimentally tested this hypothesis using the bacterium <em>Pseudomonas</em> <em>fluorescens</em> and two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and rifampin). Increasing drug rotation frequency reduced the chance of evolutionary rescue, and most of the final surviving bacterial populations are resistant to both drugs. Drug resistance incurred significant fitness costs, which did not differ among the drug treatment histories. A link between population sizes during the early stages of drug treatment and the end-point fates of populations (extinction versus survival) suggested that population size recovery and compensatory evolution before drug shift increase the chance of population survival. Our results therefore advocate fast drug rotation as a promising approach to reduce bacterial resistance evolution, which in particular could be a substitute for drug mixing when the latter has safety risks.</span></p>
Data from: Fast drug rotation reduces bacterial resistance evolution in a microcosm experiment
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Transparent soil microcosms for live-cell imaging and non-destructive stable isotope probing of soil microorganisms
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Contrasting effects of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on nitrogen absorption of C3 and C4 grasses: Evidence from microcosm and 15N labeling experiments
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Percentage distribution of plant-fixed carbon in orchid shoots and roots, protocorms, and mycorrhizal fungal mycelium and amount (total and concentration) of carbon transferred to protocorms and mycorrhizal fungal mycelium by green orchids in each experimental microcosm
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