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45 results for “mid Holocene”
Gridded depth and accumulation products from dated airborne radar stratigraphy over West Antarctica during the mid-Holocene, v.1.0.0
<p>This dataset comprises of codes (written in MATLAB) and gridded files (exported as GeoTIFF) presented in Bodart et al. (2023; The Crysophere; <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-199">https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-199</a>). A summary of the key findings from this study is provided as follows:</p> <p>"Using a spatially extensive IRH over Pine Island Glacier, Thwaites Glacier, and Institute and Möller Ice Streams (covering a total of 610 000 km2 or 30% of the WAIS), and a local layer approximation model, we infer mid-Holocene accumulation rates over the slow-flowing parts of these catchments for the past ~4700 years. By comparing our results with modern climate reanalysis models (1979 – 2019) and observational syntheses (1651 – 2010), we estimate that accumulation rates over the Amundsen-Weddell-Ross divide were on average 18% higher during the mid-Holocene than modern rates. However, no significant spatial changes in the accumulation pattern were observed."</p> <p>This dataset contains a series of files (5x .m files, 10x .tif files). The numbering of the figures in the description below refers to the order of the figures in the associated paper.</p> <ul> <li><strong> 5x MATLAB files:</strong> <ul> <li><strong>Calculate_accumulation_rates.m</strong>: calculates accumulation rates for the mid-Holocene-to-present, as well as uncertainties associated with the age and model structural uncertainty;</li> <li><strong>Calculate_D_parameter.m</strong>: calculates the D parameter (and associated L_path, L_H and L_b) to assess the feasability of the LLA over our grid;</li> <li><strong>Calculate_longitudinal_strain_rates.m</strong>: calculates the longitudinal strain rates over our grid from modern ice-flow velocities;</li> <li><strong>Calculate_vertical_strain_rates.m</strong>: calculates vertical strain rates for the mid-Holocene-to-present part of the ice column from accumulation estimates;</li> <li><strong>Resample_IRH_data.m</strong>: Re-samples the along-track IRH data into evenly distributed 500-m points for speeding up the gridding and calculations of accumulation rates;<br> </li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>10x GeoTIFF files:</strong> <ul> <li><strong>Holocene_IRH_depth_Fig2a.tif: </strong>Figure 2a;</li> <li><strong>Holocene_accumulation_rates_Fig3a.tif:</strong> Figure 3a;</li> <li><strong>Difference_Holocene_accumulation_RACMO2_Fig3c.tif:</strong> Figure 3c;</li> <li><strong>Relative_difference_Holocene_accumulation_RACMO2_Fig4.tif:</strong> Figure 4;</li> <li><strong>D_parameter_FigS1d.tif:</strong> Figure S1d;</li> <li><strong>Holocene_vertical_strain_rates_FigS2a.tif: </strong>Figure S2a;</li> <li><strong>Longitudinal_strain_rates_FigS2b.tif:</strong> Figure S2b;</li> <li><strong>Holocene_accumulation_lower_uncertainty_FigS4a.tif:</strong> Figure S4a;</li> <li><strong>Holocene_accumulation_upper_uncertainty_FigS4b.tif:</strong> Figure S4b;</li> <li><strong>Holocene_accumulation_relative_uncertainty_FigS4c.tif: </strong>Figure S4c;</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p>Please also cite the associated paper when using this dataset.</p> <p>Any questions, please direct them to the corresponding author, Julien Bodart (julien.bodart@ed.ac.uk).</p>
Data provided in manuscript Mid-Holocene rainfall seasonality and ENSO dynamics over the southwestern Pacific
<p>Here we provide datasets of trace elements (LA-ICP-MS), carbon and oxygen stable isotopes, and greyscale values extracted from stalagmite C132 from Niue Island, covering the mid-Holocene (6.4 to 5.4 ka BP). The dataset includes the speleothem 230Th dates, and layer counting.</p>
FIGURE 24 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 24. Length and width dimensions for coprolites investigated for cuticle in this work (red dots), overlain on a summary of Wood and Wilmshurst (2014, fig. 3). The blue curve contains the range of genetically confirmed moa coprolites in their study, and the small yellow dot indicates the size of their one genetically determined kakapo coprolite, and the green are those of their 'putative' kakapo coprolites. There is a clear group of coprolites in the present study which are well beyond the range of even 'putative' kakapo, and are regarded as moa (Coprolites-11, 14, 15, 16, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 51, 58, 60, 62, 78, 110, 111).
FIGURE 23 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 23. Coprolites regarded here as moa, based on their size (scale bar equals 30 mm). A. Coprolite-25, containing Poaceae (Shelter-32). B. Coprolite-26, containing Pseudopanax ferox, Pittosporum tennuifolium, Sophora microphylla (Shelter-32). C. Coprolite-15, containing Coprosma sp., Olearia sp, Pittosporum tennuifolium, Pseudopanax ferox, Rubus sp., Sophora microphylla (Shelter-102). D. Coprolite-111, containing Sophora microphylla, Pittosporum tennuifolium, Rubus sp.,?Hebe (Shelter-50). E. Coprolite-16, containing Sophora microphylla, Hebe?cupressoides (Shelter-102). F. Coprolite-62, containing Sophora microphylla (Shelter-70). G. Coprolite-14, containing Hebe cupressoides, Sophora microphylla, Rubus sp., Pittosporum tennuifolium (Shi.e. elter-102). H. Coprolite-60, containing Sophora microphylla (Shelter-103).
FIGURE 22 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 22. Pseudopanax leaf (reflected light) and cuticle morphology (transmitted light microscopy). A. Intact Pseudopanax ferox leaf (LX3111, Shelter-37, scale bar equals 10 mm). B. Pseudopanax ferox stomatal complexes on abaxial surface (LX2711, Shelter-1, scale bar equals 100 μm). C. Pseudopanax ferox (LX5490, Coprolite-15, scale bar equals 100 μm). D. Pseudopanax crassifolious, abaxial surface showing much larger and more irregular epidermal cells (modern reference material, OPH5338, scale bar equals 100 μm). E. Pseudopanax crassifolious, abaxial surface also showing much larger and more irregular epidermal cells (modern reference material, OPH9835, scale bar equals 100 μm).
FIGURE 21 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 21. Pittosporum tenuifolium cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Paracytic stomatal complexes on adaxial surface with a relatively sharply bounded trichome base at lower left (LX2576, Shelter-63, scale bar equals 40 μm). B. Paracytic stomatal complexes on abaxial surface with a more typical indistinctly bounded trichome base at upper right (LX2455, Shelter-111, scale bar equals 40 μm).
FIGURE 20 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 20. Olearia sp. cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Abaxial surface showing a dense mass of trichome bases obscuring most stomatal complexes (LX2495, Coprolite-13, scale bar equals 40 μm). B. Non-stomatal (adaxial) surface showing a trichome attachment scar extending over several epidermal cells (LX3147, Shelter-12, scale bar equals 40 μm).
FIGURE 13 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 13. Loranthaceae (Korthalsella and Illiostylus) cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Korthalsella sp., showing generally aligned stomatal complexes (LX2450, Shelter-82, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. Korthalsella sp., detail showing a single stomatal complex (LX2450, Shelter-82, scale bar equals 40 μm). C. Korthalsella sp., showing stomatal orientation perpendicular to epidermal cell rows (LX3371, Coprolite-79, scale bar equals 100 μm). D. Korthalsella sp., detail of stomatal complex (LX3371, Coprolite-79, scale bar equals 40 μm). E. Korthalsella salicornioides for comparison (Herbarium specimen, OPH9239, scale bar equals 100 μm). F. Korthalsella salicornioides for comparison (Herbarium specimen, OPH9239, scale bar equals 40 μm). G. Illiostylus micranthus for comparison (Herbarium specimen, OPH8301, scale bar equals 100 μm). H. Illiostylus micranthus for comparison (Herbarium specimen, OPH8301, scale bar equals 100 μm).
FIGURE 17 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 17. Coprosma propinqua (both LX3272, Shelter-62, scale bars equals 40 μm). A. Four stomatal complexes on abaxial surface with prominent fine ridges perpendicular to the stomatal pore. B. Zone of simple trichomes.
FIGURE 12. Kunzea ericoides. A in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 12. Kunzea ericoides. A. Abaxial surface, showing lid cell to left and stomatal complexes to right (LX3256, Shelter-62, scale bar equals 40 μm). B. Single lid cell (LX3253, Shelter-62, scale bar equals 40 μm).
FIGURE 8 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 8. Carmichaelia sp. cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Showing transversely oriented stomatal complexes along the stem (long-axis of the stem is left-right) (LX2570, Shelter-46, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. Also with transversely oriented stomatal complexes, but including trichome attachment (arrowed, SL6583, LX2478, Coprolite-11, scale bar equals 100 μm).
FIGURE 5 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 5. Examples of shelters the Cromwell Region. A. Shelter-29. Note relict Sophora microphylla tree (c. 350 mm diameter) outside. B. Shelter-71 (arrowed). This picture encapsulates the typical rocky and treeless environment of the Gorges today – and how the record of the rock shelters represents tiny windows into the very different vegetation of the past. C. Shelter-58, view from within the shelter, out over Lake Dunstan in the Cromwell Gorge. D. Shelter-69 (arrowed) above the vehicle track. E. Shelter-31. Vehicle track in the background. F. Shelter-43 (arrowed). Longest icicles are about 400 mm. G. Shelter-83. Trowel (260 mm) for scale. H. Shelter-83, internal view to show 'piedmont' of remaining sediment. Grey and brown mid-late Holocene material is overlain by a post-European cap of light material with rabbit and sheep coprolites. Trowel (260 mm) for scale.
FIGURE 16 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 16. Myrsine divaricata cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Margin of a leaf showing dark glandular structures, situated just inside the margin, and veins, projecting from below (LX2515, Shelter-103, scale bar equals 1 mm). B. Typical abaxial surface cuticle showing scattered stomatal complexes and the stem of a peltate trichome (the cap has detached) at right (LX2557, Shelter-50, scale bar equals 100 μm). C. Detail showing an intact peltate trichome at left and two stomatal complexes at right. Note the highly sinuous margins of the epidermal and subsidiary cells (LX2789, Coprolite-21, scale bar equals 40 μm). D. Typical non-stomatal (adaxial) surface showing the distinctive ridged ornamentation and obscured outlines of the epidermal cells (LX2811 Shelter-96, scale bar equals 40 μm).
FIGURE 7 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 7. Poaceae cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Showing characteristic long and short epidermal cells, and an (arrowed) stomatal complex (LX2529, Shelter-102, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. Detail, including a stomatal complex (LX2533, Shelter-80, scale bar equals 40 μm). C. A zone of long and short epidermal cells above, and a zone of epidermal cells with trichomes below (LX3184, Shelter-10, scale bar equals 100 μm). D. Two zone of long and short epidermal cells with a zone of purely long cells between (LX3224, Shelter-108, scale bar equals 100 μm).
FIGURE 4 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 4. The Roxburgh Region, showing shelter locations (blue dots) centered on the Roxburgh Gorge. Groups of closely spaced shelters are surrounded by an ellipse. Lines indicate the 'sectors'.
FIGURE 1 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 1. General location, indicating Central Otago in New Zealand and the three 'regions' that were studied.
FIGURE 3 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 3. The Cromwell Region, showing shelter locations (blue dots) to the east of Lake Dunstan and within the Cromwell Gorge. Groups of closely spaced shelters are surrounded by an ellipse. Groups of closely spaced shelters are surrounded by an ellipse. Lines indicate the 'sectors'.
FIGURE 6 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 6. Examples of the dried vegetation zone in Cromwell Region shelters. A. Shelter-41. Surface view of an extracted mass of chewed twigs and leaf fragments. Ballpoint pen (140 mm) for scale. B. Shelter-40. Cross section showing a brown zone of dry vegetation (arrowed) below a grey zone of lithic rubble and capped by a zone within which sheep and rabbit coprolites are prominent. Ballpoint pen (140 mm) for scale. C. Shelter-46. Lens of twigs and leaf material below ballpoint pen (140 mm) and trowel, exposed in the face of a relict 'piedmont' of sediment. D. Shelter-71. A relatively thick brown, vegetation-rich zone adjacent trowel, capped by a pale lithic rubble. This is a close up of the floor of the shelter in Figure 5B. Trowel (260 mm) for scale. E. Shelter-78. Cross-section of an extracted lump of fine twigs and leaf material. Hand for scale. F. Shelter-28. Cross section of a sand-rich zone of dry vegetation and moa feathers. Rock hammer (handle 35 mm wide) for scale. G. Shelter-83. Surface view of extracted block of silt-rich sediment, with dried leaves on the partings. Ballpoint pen (140 mm) for scale. H. Shelter-88. Small relict 'piedmont' of sediment to left of trowel (260 mm), with brown zone of dry vegetation (arrowed).
FIGURE 11. Melicytus alpinus. A in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 11. Melicytus alpinus. A. Abaxial surface, showing typical range of stomatal complexes and orientation (LX5560, Shelter-6, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. Detail of stomatal complexes showing the prominent outer stomatal ledges and thickened polar T-pieces (LX5338, Coprolite-106, scale bar equals 40 μm).
FIGURE 15 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 15. Malvaceae (Plagianthus sp. or Hoheria sp.) abaxial surface cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Stellate trichome at upper right (LX2520, Shelter-103, scale bar equals 40 μm. B. Stellate trichome at upper right, group of stomatal complexes at lower left (LX2951, Shelter-33, scale bar equals 40 μm). C. 'balloon' trichome (LX2520, Shelter-103, scale bar equals 40 μm). D. two-armed trichome (LX2520, Shelter-103, scale bar equals 40 μm).
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