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8 results for “milksnakes”
Ecological divergence and the history of gene flow in the Nearctic milksnakes (Lampropeltis triangulum complex)
<p>Many phylogeographic studies on species with large ranges have found genetic-geographic structure associated with changes in habitat and physical barriers to gene flow. These studies may conclude absence of population structure, lineage structure that indicates unique species have been discovered, or suggest more research is needed prior to delimitation. Comparative risks of delimiting species incorrectly or failing to delimit species are usually not weighed and a more detailed return to these problems with more data often does not occur. With genomic data and better modeling capabilities we can more clearly delimit species by understanding causes of speciation with respect to biogeography and migration between lineages, the location of hybrid zones in relationship to the ecology of parental lineages, and differential introgression of genes between taxa. Here we examine the origins of three Nearctic milksnakes (<i>Lampropeltis elapsoides, L. triangulum, </i>and <i>L. gentilis</i>) using genomic-scale data to better understand the diversification of these taxa previously delimited based on a smaller genetic dataset. Methods that reject pure isolation by distance in favor of environmentally driven reduction in gene flow clearly indicate that all three lineages should continue to be recognized as unique species. These results underscore conspicuous environmental changes that occur between the sister-taxa forming due to changes in habitat from the Great Plains (GP) to the forested regions of the Eastern Nearctic (ENA). This area has been recognized for turnover of reptile and amphibian species but with few phylogeographic studies examining environmental-genetic structure in this region. We show that the two species meeting at the GP/ENA, <i>L. triangulum </i>and <i>L. gentilis</i>, likely formed in the mid-Pleistocene and have maintained partial reproductive isolation over much of this time, exchanging fewer than one migrant/generation, and formed a hybrid zone with differential introgression of loci. We also show that when <i>L. triangulum</i> and <i>L. gentilis</i> are each in contact with the much older <i>L. elapsoides</i>, some limited gene flow has occurred. We conclude that phylogenetic reticulation in this genus, and likely for many other taxa, is common across throughout time. Furthermore, the application of the biological species concept to the whole genome will give rise to grave misunderstandings of the complexities of how species form and remain unique even in the face of gene flow.</p>
Figure 2 in Using geometric morphometrics for integrative taxonomy: an examination of head shapes of milksnakes (genus Lampropeltis)
Figure 2. The eleven landmarks used for geometric morphometric analyses (A) and the Procrustes superimpostition consensus of the landmarks averaged across all specimens (B).
Figure 4 in Using geometric morphometrics for integrative taxonomy: an examination of head shapes of milksnakes (genus Lampropeltis)
Figure 4. Thin-plate splines of each species warped from the Procrustes consensus alignment of all species.
Figure 1 in Using geometric morphometrics for integrative taxonomy: an examination of head shapes of milksnakes (genus Lampropeltis)
Figure 1. Representatives of the six milksnake species used in the present study; A, Lampropeltis triangulum. B, Lampropeltis gentilis. C, Lampropeltis elapsoides. D, Lampropeltis polyzona. E, Lampropeltis abnorma. F, Lampropeltis micropholis.
Ecological divergence and the history of gene flow in the Nearctic milksnakes (Lampropeltis triangulum complex)
<p>Many phylogeographic studies on species with large ranges have found genetic-geographic structure associated with changes in habitat and physical barriers preventing or reducing gene flow. These interactions with the geographic space, contemporary and historical climate, and biogeographic barriers may have complex effects on population genetic structure and speciation. While allopatric speciation at biogeographic barriers is considered the primary mechanism for generating species, more recently it has been shown that parapatric modes of divergence may be equally or even more common. With genomic data and better modeling capabilities we can more clearly define causes of speciation in relation to biogeography and migration between lineages, the location of hybrid zones with respect to the ecology of parental lineages, and differential introgression of genes between taxa. Here we examine the origins of three Nearctic milksnakes (<i>Lampropeltis elapsoides, L. triangulum, </i>and <i>L. gentilis</i>) using genomic-scale data to better understand the diversification of these taxa. Results from artificial neural networks show that a mix of a strong biogeographic barrier, environmental changes, and physical space has driven geographic structure in these taxa. These results underscore conspicuous environmental changes that occur as sister taxa diverged near the Great Plains into the forested regions of the Eastern Nearctic. This area has been recognized as a region for turnover for many vertebrate species but as we show here, the contemporary boundary does not isolate the sister species, <i>L. triangulum </i>and <i>L. gentilis</i>. These two species likely formed in the mid-Pleistocene and have remained partially reproductively isolated over much of this time, exchanging fewer than one migrant/generation with hybrid zones showing differential introgression of loci. We also show that when <i>L. triangulum</i> and <i>L. gentilis</i> are each in contact with the much older <i>L. elapsoides</i>, some limited gene flow has occurred. Given the strong agreement between nuclear and mtDNA genomes, along with estimates of fundamental niche, we suggest that all three lineages should continue to be recognized as unique species. Furthermore, this work emphasizes the importance of considering parapatric modes of divergence and differential allelic introgression over a complex landscape when considering mechanisms of speciation. </p>
Ecological divergence and the history of gene flow in the Nearctic milksnakes (Lampropeltis triangulum complex)
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Ecological divergence and the history of gene flow in the Nearctic milksnakes (Lampropeltis triangulum complex)
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Data from: Coalescent species delimitation in milksnakes (genus Lampropeltis) and impacts on phylogenetic comparative analyses
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