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Sea-ice induced Southern Ocean subsurface warming and surface cooling in a warming climate: ROMS model data
<p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This data set contains model output data from the regional ocean modelling system (ROMS) that was set up for the Southern Ocean (south of 24 °S; Haumann, 2016) to analyze the effects of changing surface freshwater and momentum fluxes on Southern Ocean water-mass changes over the period 1980 to 2011. All data is provided in NetCDF format. The data set contains 3 sets 40-year long model spin-up, control, and 3 perturbation simulations each. The sets differ by their model mean state to assess the effect of surface salinity biases on the results. One set of simulations are reference simulations where salinity is restored to the observed surface salinity during model spin-up, and the other two sets are simulations in which the restoring surface salinity has been altered by plus and minus 0.1 PSU, respectively. The control and perturbation simulations are 40-year extensions of the respective model spin-up simulations. In the perturbation simulations either the surface freshwater fluxes or momentum fluxes are instantaneously perturbed after the spin-up simulation to reflect the observation-derived changes in these surface fluxes and then held constant (at the perturbed level) for 40 years. They consist of sea-ice freshwater flux, glacial meltwater flux, and atmosphere-ocean momentum flux changes. Details on the model setup, forcing, and simulations can be obtained from the related research article by Haumann et al. (2020; https://doi.org/10.1029/2019AV000132).</p> <p><br> <strong>Contacts:</strong></p> <p>F. Alexander Haumann, ORCID: 0000-0002-8218-977X. Email: alexander.haumann@gmail.com</p> <p><br> <strong>License:</strong></p> <p>When using this data users must cite the original research article by Haumann et al. (2020) published in AGU Advances (https://doi.org/10.1029/2019AV000132). This model output data set is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) whose full text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</p> <p><br> <strong>Citations:</strong></p> <p>Haumann, F. A., Gruber, N., Münnich, M. (2020): Sea-ice Induced Southern Ocean Subsurface Warming and Surface Cooling in a Warming Climate. AGU Advances, 1, e2019AV000132. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019AV000132</p> <p>Haumann, F. A., Gruber, N., Münnich, M. (2020): Sea-ice induced Southern Ocean subsurface warming and surface cooling in a warming climate: ROMS model data. (Version 1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3709154</p> <p><br> <strong>Data processing:</strong></p> <p>The model data provided here has been processed for analysis and, due to storage constraints, only variables and averages used in the related research article (Haumann et al., 2020) are published here. Years refer to model years since initiation, i.e. the start of the spin-up simulation, and reach a maximum of 80 at the end of the control and perturbation experiments. Averages are either annual means over an indicated period ('yearly'), overall means over an indicated period ('mean'), or monthly climatologies over an indicated period ('clim'). 'Yearly' and 'Clim' values are provided either for surface fields or vertically integrated fields ('surf'). 'Mean' values are provided on the native vertical model grid as 3D fields. 'Yearly' zonal mean ('zonalmean') values have been first interpolated to from the native vertical model grid to a regular vertical z-level grid and then zonally averaged. All data has been stored in NetCDF format and compressed using level 1 deflation (https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/blogs/developer/entry/netcdf_compression). Full monthly mean model output from these simulations and the forcing fields can be obtained from the corresponding author upon request (alexander.haumann@gmail.com).</p> <p><br> <strong>Standards:</strong></p> <p>Data files have been formatted as Network Common Data Form (NetCDF; https://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/) in Hierarchical Data Format, version 5 (https://portal.hdfgroup.org/display/knowledge/HDF5+Documentation)</p> <p><br> <strong>Contents:</strong></p> <p><em>Data</em><br> - ROMS_SO_d025_grd.nc, ROMS grid file (Note: one row of ghost points on either side of the grid), compressed netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_ref_spinup, ROMS output from reference spin-up simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_spinup_clim.31-40.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_spinup_mean.31-40.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_spinup_yearly.31-40.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_spinup_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.31-40.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_spinup, ROMS output from minus 0.1 PSU sensitivity spin-up simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_spinup_clim.31-40.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_spinup_mean.31-40.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_spinup_yearly.31-40.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_spinup_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.31-40.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_spinup, ROMS output from plus 0.1 PSU sensitivity spin-up simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_spinup_clim.31-40.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_spinup_mean.31-40.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_spinup_yearly.31-40.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_spinup_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.31-40.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 31 to 40, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl, ROMS output from reference control simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_ctrl_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl, ROMS output from minus 0.1 PSU sensitivity control simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_ctrl_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl, ROMS output from plus 0.1 PSU sensitivity control simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_ctrl_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice, ROMS output from reference sea-ice freshwater flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_seaice_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice, ROMS output from minus 0.1 PSU sensitivity sea-ice freshwater flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_seaice_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice, ROMS output from plus 0.1 PSU sensitivity sea-ice freshwater flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_seaice_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial, ROMS output from reference glacial meltwater flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_glacial_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial, ROMS output from minus 0.1 PSU sensitivity glacial meltwater flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_glacial_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial, ROMS output from plus 0.1 PSU sensitivity glacial meltwater flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_glacial_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum, ROMS output from reference atmopshere-ocean momentum flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_ref_momentum_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum, ROMS output from minus 0.1 PSU sensitivity atmopshere-ocean momentum flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_minus01_momentum_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum, ROMS output from plus 0.1 PSU sensitivity atmopshere-ocean momentum flux perturbation simulation, 4 netcdf-files:<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum_clim.46-55.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum_clim.61-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated climatological monthly mean fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum_mean.46-55.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 46 to 55, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum_mean.61-80.nc, 3D averaged fields for years 61 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum_yearly.41-80.surf.nc, 2D surface or vertically integrated annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> -- ROMS_SO_d025_plus01_momentum_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.41-80.nc, vertically interpolated (z-level) and zonally averaged annual mean fields for years 41 to 80, netcdf-file<br> <br> <em>File headers</em><br> - ROMS_SO_d025_grd:<br> angle [radians]: angle between xi axis and east<br> f [second-1]: Coriolis parameter at RHO-points<br> h [meter]: Final bathymetry at RHO-points<br> hraw [meter]: Working bathymetry at RHO-points<br> lat_rho [degree_north]: latitude of RHO-points<br> lat_psi [degree_north]: latitude of PSI-points<br> lat_u [degree_north]: latitude of U-points<br> lat_v [degree_north]: latitude of V-points<br> lon_rho [degree_east]: longitude of RHO-points<br> lon_psi [degree_east]: longitude of PSI-points<br> lon_u [degree_east]: longitude of U-points<br> lon_v [degree_east]: longitude of V-points<br> mask_rho [-]: mask on RHO-points<br> mask_u [-]: mask on U-points<br> mask_v [-]: mask on V-points<br> pm [meter-1]: curvilinear coordinate metric in XI<br> pn [meter-1]: curvilinear coordinate metric in ETA<br> spherical [char]: Grid type logical switch<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_*_clim.*.surf.nc, ROMS_SO_d025_*_yearly.*.surf.nc:<br> time [days since 0000-01-01 00:00:00]: time<br> lon [degree_east]: longitude<br> lat [degree_north]: latitude<br> zeta [meter]: averaged free-surface elevation<br> temp [degree_celsius]: averaged potential temperature<br> salt [psu]: averaged salinity<br> rho [kilogram meter-3]: averaged density anomaly from model reference density of 1027 kilogram meter-3<br> mld [meter]: averaged mixed layer depth<br> n2 [seconds-2]: averaged buoyancy frequency (upper 100 m)<br> n2temp [seconds-2]: averaged buoyancy frequency due to temperature (upper 100 m)<br> n2salt [seconds-2]: averaged buoyancy frequency due to salinity (upper 100 m)<br> heat_100 [10^18 J]: averaged ocean heat content (upper 100 m)<br> heat_100_2000 [10^18 J]: averaged ocean heat content (between 100 m and 2000 m)" ;<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_*_mean.*.nc:<br> time [days since 0000-01-01 00:00:00]: time<br> lon [degree_east]: longitude<br> lat [degree_north]: latitude<br> zeta [meter]: averaged free-surface elevation<br> temp [degree_celsius]: averaged potential temperature<br> salt [psu]: averaged salinity<br> rho [kilogram meter-3]: averaged density anomaly from model reference density of 1027 kilogram meter-3<br> - ROMS_SO_d025_*_yearly.zlev.zonalmean.*.nc:<br> time [days since 0000-01-01 00:00:00]: time<br> lat [degree_north]: latitude of RHO-points<br> lat_v [degree_north]: latitude of V-points<br> depth [meter]: depth of levels<br> temp [degree_celsius]: averaged potential temperature<br> salt [psu]: averaged salinity<br> rho [kilogram meter-3]: averaged density anomaly from model reference density of 1027 kilogram meter-3<br> moc [10^6 meter^3 second^-1]: averaged meridional overturning circulation on V-points<br> Missing values: missing values are filled as '-9.99e+20'.</p> <p><em>Metadata</em><br> - README.txt, metadata, text format</p> <p><br> <strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Haumann, F. A. (2016): Southern Ocean response to recent changes in surface freshwater fluxes. Doctoral Thesis. ETH Zurich. doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000166276.</p> <p><br> <strong>Acknowledgments:</strong></p> <p>This work was supported by ETH Research Grant CH2-01 11-1 and by the SNSF grant numbers P2EZP2_175162 and P400P2_186681, as well as NSF’s SOCCOM Project under NSF Award No. PLR-1425989.</p>
Large-eddy simulation investigating the role of double-diffusive convection in basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves: model output
<p>Model output used in the publication:</p> <p>M. G. Rosevear, B. Gayen, B. K. Galton-Fenzi, The role of double-diffusive convection in the basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves. <em>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. </em>(2021) https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.207541118</p> <p>See README.md for a description of the data.</p>
Data from PISM-LakeCC: Implementing an adaptive proglacial lake boundary in an ice sheet model
<p>In our study, we describe the implementation of an adaptive proglacial lake boundary in the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM). The model was tested by applying it to the glacial retreat of the North American ice sheets after the LGM.</p> <p>This dataset contains selected timeslices and variables of the model output for our three main experiments (LAKE, CTRL and DEF). More details about the experiments can be found in our study:</p> <blockquote> <p>Hinck, S., Gowan, E. J., Zhang, X., and Lohmann, G.: PISM-LakeCC: Implementing an adaptive proglacial lake boundary in an ice sheet model, The Cryosphere, 16, 941–965, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-941-2022, 2022.</p> </blockquote>
Geothermal heat source estimations through ice flow modelling at Mýrdalsjökull, Iceland - Datasets
<p>This repository contains data used in the study "<em>Geothermal heat source estimations through ice flow modelling at</em><br><em>Mýrdalsjökull, Iceland", </em>to be published in <strong>The Cryosphere. </strong>A detailed reference will be added after publication.</p> <p>Details on processing of the data and the creation of the simulated data can be found in the aforementioned publication.</p> <p><strong>Data Specifications:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Cartographic projection: ISN93 / Lambert 1993 (EPSG:3057, <a href="http://https/epsg.io/3057">https://epsg.io/3057</a>)</li> <li>Origin of Elevation: meters above GRS80 ellipsoid (WGS84)</li> <li>Raster data format: GeoTIFF</li> <li>Pléiades dataset includes only DEMs because the Pléiades ortho imagery is for licensed use only. Please contact the authors for further information on this.</li> </ul> <p><strong>File descriptions:</strong></p> <ul> <li><em><strong>bedrock_Magnusson_etal_2021.tif: </strong></em>contains bedrock data published by Magnússon et al. 2021 for the simulation domain used in the paper. See reference below.</li> <li><em><strong>surface_27092016_pleiades.tif: </strong></em>contains glacier surface data from September 27th, 2016 which is used as a starting geometry for the simulations described in the paper. This data is based on Pléiades satellite images.</li> <li><em><strong>surface_01092017_pleiades.tif: </strong></em>contains glacier surface data from September 1st, 2017 which is used as a reference target geometry for the simulations described in the paper. This data is based on Pléiades satellite images.</li> <li><em><strong>HM_run04.tif:</strong></em> contains the best fitting simulation based surface which was compared to <em><strong>surface_01092017_pleiades.tif </strong></em>in the paper.</li> <li><em><strong>HM_run04_hillshade.png: </strong></em>a simple hillshade image for preview purposes.</li> </ul> <p> </p>
GFN2-xTB structures of iCOM adsorbed on a cluster model of water molecules derived from a periodic model of crystalline ice
<p>This dataset contains the atomic coordinates in the <a href="http://www.moldraw.unito.it/">.</a>xyz format of the GFN2-xTB optimized structures of 20 iCOMs adsorbed at the surface of a cluster of 84 water molecules mimicking the periodic model of crystalline water icy grain as described by Ferrero, S.; Zamirri, L., Ceccarelli, C.; Witzel, A.; Rimola, A.; Ugliengo, P. ApJ, (2020) 904:11. For all considered structures we also provided a specific file in the Gaussian format with the computed harmonic frequencies. Each file can be easily converted in input for the variety of quantum mechanical programs, like VASP, QE, Gaussian 16 etc.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data for figures in the Publication "The importance of mixed-phase and ice clouds for climate sensitivity in the global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6-HAM2"
<p>This repository contains the data to produce figures for the paper:</p> <p>"Lohmann, U. and Neubauer, D.: The importance of mixed-phase and ice clouds for climate sensitivity in the global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6-HAM2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 8807–8828, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-8807-2018, 2018."</p> <p>Note that the scripts are to be found in the accompanying package (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8183412)</p>
Simulations of Miocene Antarctic ice-sheet variability under increased precipitation and sub-shelf melt, using the ice-sheet model IMAU-ICE
<p>To demonstrate the viability of a precipitation regime change leading to a fundamentally different volume-to-area ratio of the Antarctic ice sheet, we deploy the 3D thermodynamical ice sheet/shelf model IMAU-ICE v1.1.1. In the standard set-up (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2023-12">Stap et al., 2021a</a>, <a href="https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.939114">2021b</a>), climate forcing follows from pre-run warm and cold snapshot climate simulations. The applied climate forcing is transiently calculated based on the prescribed CO<sub>2</sub> concentration and the modelled ice sheet size, through a matrix interpolation method. Equilibrium experiments are performed at various CO<sub>2</sub> levels between preindustrial and 3x preindustrial CO<sub>2</sub> values, with insolation at present-day levels and initiated from an ice-free Miocene Antarctic topography (dataset <a href="https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.923109">Hochmuth et al., 2020</a>). Here, we perform additional sensitivity experiments, in which we apply a fixed precipitation increase and extreme sub-shelf melt rates. The precipitation anomaly is calculated as 25% of the warm snapshot precipitation fields, sub-shelf melt rates are set to 400 m/yr.</p> <p> </p>
Model data from GRL paper: "Warm Arctic, cold Siberia pattern: role of full Arctic amplification versus sea ice loss alone"
<p>This folder includes monthly model data (experiments using SC-WACCM4 and E3SMv1) of temperature (TEMP) and sea level pressure (SLP) that were used in the Geophysical Research Letters paper "<strong>Warm Arctic, cold Siberia pattern: role of full Arctic amplification versus sea ice loss alone</strong>", # 2020GL088583. See also for additional information/data: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3066448">https://zenodo.org/record/3066448</a></p> <p>Labe, Z., Peings, Y., & Magnusdottir, G. (2020). Warm Arctic , cold Siberia pattern : role of full Arctic amplification versus sea ice loss alone. <em>Geophysical Research Letters</em>, 1–26. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088583">https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088583</a></p> <p><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2020GL088583">[Paper]</a><a href="https://sites.uci.edu/zlabe/arctic-amplification/">[Plain Language Summary]</a><a href="https://github.com/zmlabe/AA">[GitHub]</a></p>
Brazilian Earth System Model: CMIP5 Sea ice concentration and Air Temperature data
<p>The Brazilian Earth System Model, Version 2.5 (BESM-OAV2.5) used here is a global climate coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice model, and is part of CMIP5 project. The atmospheric component of BESM-OAV2.5 is BAM (Brazilian Atmospheric Model) and was described in detail by Figueroa et al., (2016). BAM, developed at Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies of the National Institute for Space Research CPTEC-INPE has been constantly reformulated over the last years (Figueroa et al., 2016; Nobre et al., 2013). The lastest version, used here and described by Veiga et al., (2019), has spectral horizontal representation truncated at triangular wave number 62, grid resolution of approximately 1.875∘×1.875∘, and 28 sigma levels in the vertical, with unequal increments between the vertical levels (i.e., a T62L28). The oceanic component of BESM-OAV2.5 is the Modular Ocean Model, Version 4p1, from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (MOM4p1/NOAA-GFDL), described in detail by Griffies, (2009). The MOM4p1 includes a Sea Ice Simulator (SIS) built-in ice model (Winton 2000). The SIS has five ice thickness categories and three vertical layers (one snow and two ice). To calculate ice internal stresses are used the elastic-viscous-plastic technique described by Hunke and Dukowicz, (1997). The thermodynamics is given by a modified Semtner’s three-layer scheme (Semtner, 1976). SIS is able to calculate sea ice concentration, snow cover, thickness, brine content and temperature. Furthermore, SIS calculates ice-ocean fluxes and transmits fluxes between atmosphere and ocean. The horizontal grid resolution of MOM4p1 in the longitudinal direction is a set to 1˚. The latitudinal direction varies uniformly, in both hemispheres, from 1∕4<sup>o </sup>between 10<sup>o</sup> S and 10<sup>o </sup>N to 1<sup>o </sup>of resolution at 45<sup>o</sup> and to 2<sup>o</sup> of resolution at 90<sup>o</sup>. The vertical axis has 50 levels (upper 220m, has 10 m resolution, increasing to about 360 at deeper levels. The MOM4p1 and BAM models were coupled using FMS coupler. FMS coupled was developed by NOAA-GFDL. The BAM model receives SST and ocean albedo from MOM4p1 and SIS (hour by hour). The MOM4p1 receives momentum fluxes, specific humidity, pressure, heat fluxes, vertical diffusion of velocity components and freshwater. </p> <p>This study used two numerical experiments from CMIP5: (i) piControl: it runs for 700 years, forced by invariant pre-industrial atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration level (280ppmv) and (ii) Abrupt 4xCO<sub>2</sub>: it runs for 460 years, comprising an abrupt instantaneous quadrupling of atmospheric CO<sub>2 </sub>level concentration from the piControl simulation. The design of both experiments follows the CMIP5 protocol (Taylor et al., 2012).</p> <p> </p>
FESOM2 simulations with increasing sea-ice model complexity under different atmospheric forcings
<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>This dataset has been compiled in support of the paper "Impact of sea-ice model complexity on the performance of an unstructured sea-ice/ocean model under different atmospheric forcings" by Zampieri et al., submitted to the Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (JAMES) published by the American Geophysical Union (AGU).</p> <p><strong>Scientific description of the dataset</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains the results of sea-ice simulations performed with the Finite-volumE Sea ice-Ocean Model version 2 (FESOM2), based on six model configurations: C1-E, C1-N, C2-E, C2-N, C3-E, and C3-N. As described in the paper, the complexity of the sea-ice model increases from the setup C1 to C3. The suffix -E and -N indicate respectively the ERA5 and NCEP atmospheric forcings used as boundary conditions for the FESOM2 model. As two iterations of the Green's function approach for the optimization of the parameter space have been performed, each configuration features three separate simulations: a control run (cnt), a first-round of optimization (opt_1), and a second and final round of optimization (opt_2). The parameter optimization is based on various sea-ice observations retrieved over the period 2002–2015. In total, 18 simulations compose the dataset (6 configurations x 3 realizations). The following 2D monthly-averaged variables are provided: the sea-ice concentration, the sea-ice thickness, the meridional and zonal components of the sea-ice velocity, and the snow thickness on top of the sea ice. The fields are defined on a global unstructured mesh denominated "CORE2", which is also included in the database.</p> <p><strong>Technical description of the dataset</strong></p> <p>As an unstructured model output is not widely diffused in the sea-ice community, we include here some suggestions for handling and analyzing the simulation results.</p> <p>The files can be interpolated to a regular grid using the following <strong><a href="https://code.mpimet.mpg.de/projects/cdo">CDO</a></strong> commands:</p> <ol> <li>Add grid description to model file: <strong><em>cdo setgrid,CORE2_mesh.nc var.fesom.yyyy.nc temp.nc</em></strong></li> <li>Interpolate to regular grid: <strong>cdo remapycon,r360x180 temp.nc var.fesom.interpolated.yyyy.nc</strong></li> </ol> <p>Furthermore, the python package<strong> <a href="https://code.mpimet.mpg.de/projects/cdo">pyfesom2</a></strong> can be used for plotting the unstructured model data and for interpolating it to a regular grid. The R package <strong><a href="https://github.com/FESOM/spheRlab">spheRlab</a></strong> can be used for plotting the model data directly on its unstructured grid and for performing further analysis. More information can be found on the <strong><a href="https://fesom.de/cmip6/work-with-awi-cm-unstructured-data/">FESOM website</a></strong>.</p> <p>The following naming convention is adopted for the model variables:</p> <ul> <li><strong><em>a_ice</em></strong> → sea-ice concentration</li> <li><strong><em>m_ice</em></strong> → sea-ice volume per unit area of ice</li> <li><strong><em>m_snow </em></strong>→ snow-volume per unit area of ice</li> <li><strong><em>vice</em></strong> → meridional component of the sea-ice velocity</li> <li><strong><em>uice</em></strong> → zonal component of the sea-ice velocity</li> </ul> <p>Three types of simulation are included:</p> <ul> <li><strong>cnt </strong>→ control run before the parameters optimization (2000–2019)</li> <li><strong>opt_1 </strong>→ after the first iteration of the parameter optimization method (2000–2015)</li> <li><strong>opt_2</strong> → after the second iteration of the parameter optimization method (2000–2019)</li> </ul> <p>Do not hesitate to contact the corresponding author (lorenzo.zampieri@awi.de) for additional information about the data processing and for any other issue with this dataset.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Next generation global ice-ocean-biogeochemistry coupled model with 13C-cycling (GFDL MOM5-BLING13C)
<p> </p> <p>======= DESCRIPTION =======</p> <p>This is the model output supporting our paper <em>A next generation ocean carbon isotope model for climate studies I: Steady state controls on ocean <sup>13</sup>C</em> (2021 Global Biogeochemical Cycles).</p> <p>This model output simulates the transient response of ocean carbon biogeochemistry to anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> and <sup>13</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> atmospheric emissions with a nominal lateral resolution of 1° and 50 vertical levels. The model uses the NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) MOM5 coupled to the NOAA-GFDL Biogeochemistry with Light Iron Nutrients and Gas (BLING) with <sup>13</sup>C-cycling. Atmospheric forcing is prescribed using the repeating annual cycle of the Common Ocean Reference Experiment version 2 normal year forcing dataset (COREv2-NYF). The implementation of <sup>13</sup>C-cycling applies isotopic fractionations during air-sea gas exchange, photosynthetic production of organic matter, and formation of calcium carbonate. The sensitivity of dissolved inorganic <sup>13</sup>C in the ocean to the CO<sub>2</sub> gas exchange rate is explored by repeating the simulation twice, once using the latest OMIP-CMIP6 protocol for the k-U<sub>10 </sub>parameterization (standard) and once using the previous OCMIP2 protocol (fast-gas-exchange).</p> <p> </p> <p>Files information:</p> <ul> <li><strong>ocean_static.nc</strong>: Static fields (longitude, latitude, area).</li> <li><strong>1990-2002.ocean_month.nc</strong>: Monthly output between 1990 and 2002 of ocean physical variables (temperature, salinity, averaged mixed layer depth, maximum mixed layer depth).</li> <li><strong>1990-2002.ocean_bling_trc_month_CMIP6.nc</strong>: Monthly output between 1990 and 2002 of biogeochemical variables* for the simulation using the OMIP-CMIP6 air-sea gas exchange protocol.</li> <li><strong>1970_1989_d13c_org_mldave_CMIP6.nc</strong>: Monthly output between 1970 and 1989 of d<sup>13</sup>C of organic matter averaged over the mixed layer.</li> <li><strong>1990-2002.ocean_bling_trc_month_OCMIP2.nc</strong>: Monthly output between 1990 and 2002 of biogeochemical variables* for the simulation using the OCMIP2 air-sea gas exchange protocol.</li> </ul> <p>* Biogeochemical variables are dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon-13, oxygen, and dissolved inorganic phosphate.</p> <p> </p> <p>======= HOW TO CITE =======</p> <p>This model output can be freely distributed, but please cite it using the following paper:</p> <p>Claret, M., Sonnerup, R. E., & Quay, P. D. (2021). A next generation ocean carbon isotope model for climate studies I: Steady state controls on ocean <sup>13</sup>C. <em>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</em>, 35, e2020GB006757. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006757">https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006757</a></p> <p> </p> <p>======= ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS =======</p> <p>This work was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF-OCE 1356756 and NSF-OCE 1829796). We would also like to acknowledge high-performance computing support from Cheyenne (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RX99HX">doi:10.5065/D6RX99HX</a>) provided by NCAR's Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, sponsored by the NSF.</p> <p> </p> <p>======= QUESTIONS AND REQUESTS? =======</p> <p>Please contact Mariona Claret (mclaret@uw.edu) or Rolf Sonnerup (rolf@uw.edu).</p> <p> </p>
Additional steady-state simulations of Miocene Antarctic ice-sheet variability using 3D thermodynamical ice-sheet model IMAU-ICE
<div> </div> <div> <div> <div>We supplement our previous dataset (<a href="https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.939114">doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.939114</a>), with six additional steady-state simulations of the Miocene Antarctic ice sheet using the reference Miocene settings.</div> <div> </div> <div>IMAU-ICE was run using a 40x40km grid covering the Antarctic continent. Initial conditions were obtained from reconstructions of the Antarctic bathymetry and bedrock topography pertaining to 23 to 24 million years (Myr) ago (dataset <a href="https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.923109" target="_self">doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.923109</a>). The simulations were forced by climate input data obtained from GENESIS simulations with varying CO2 levels (280 to 840 ppm) and Antarctic ice sheet cover (no ice to a large East-Antarctic ice sheet), and with present-day insolation. We utilized a matrix interpolation method to construct the time-varying climate forcing, based on the prescribed CO2 levels and ice cover simulated by IMAU-ICE.</div> <div> </div> <div>For each simulation, we provide the run script, 1D output variables including CO2 level and the sea level contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet, and 3D output variables including ice thickness, bedrock and surface height, surface mass balance, basal mass balance, ice velocities, and ice temperatures. For more information, please contact L.B. Stap at l.b.stap@uu.nl.</div> </div> </div>
FESOM2.1 model data used in the paper "Atlantic Water warming increases melt below Northeast Greenland's last floating ice tongue"
<p><span>This data set includes the minimal data necessary to reproduce the findings of Wekerle et al., in revision. Output of model simulations with the global ocean sea ice model FESOM2.1 is provided. In particular, the data set includes:</span></p> <p><span>a) long term means of potential temperature, salinity, velocity and basal melt of the 79N Glacier averaged over 1970-2021 (</span>Wekerle2024_FESOM2_ltm_REF.nc<span>)</span></p> <p><span>b) annual means of maximum potential temperature and basal melt rate of the 79N Glacier from the reference experiment REF for the years 1970-2021 (</span>Wekerle2024_FESOM2_annual_avg_REF.nc<span>)</span></p> <p><span>c) annual means of maximum potential temperature and basal melt rate of the 79N Glacier from experiment CLIM for the years 2000-2021 (</span>Wekerle2024_FESOM2_annual_avg_CLIM.nc<span>)</span></p> <p><span>d) daily mean basal melt rates of experiments with varying subglacial discharge averaged over the years 2010-2014 (</span>Wekerle2024_FESOM2_daily_avg_EXP_subglacial_discharge.nc<span>)</span></p> <p><span>e) daily mean basal melt rates of experiments with varying drag coefficients for the year 2000 (</span>Wekerle2024_FESOM2_daily_EXP_basal_drag.nc<span>)</span></p> <p><span>Each netcdf file includes information on the model grid (longitude and latitude of nodes, depths of the vertical layers, elements, nodal areas).</span></p>
Dataset and neural network weights to the paper: "Generative diffusion for regional surrogate models from sea-ice simulations"
<p>All the needed code and data to reproduce the results from the paper: "Generative diffusion for regional surrogate models from sea-ice simulations".<br>While most of the code is a frozen clone of the original <a href="https://github.com/cerea-daml/diffusion-nextsim-regional">Repository</a>, this capsule also includes the dataset and neural network weights to train and apply the surrogate models.</p> <p>The <strong>dataset</strong> for training and evaluation can be found at <em>data/nextsim</em>, which includes three different Zarr folders for training/validation/testing. The dataset is based on neXtSIM simulation data and ERA5 forcing data and extracted from the <a href="https://ige-meom-opendap.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/thredds/catalog/meomopendap/extract/catalog.html">SASIP shared data OpenDAP server</a>:</p> <ul> <li>The neXtSIM simulations were performed by Gauillaume Boutin and published in the paper "<a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-617-2023">Arctic sea ice mass balance in a new coupled ice–ocean model using a brittle rheology framework</a>" (Boutin et al., 2023) and available as Zenodo <a href="../records/7277523">dataset</a> (Boutin et al., 2022).</li> <li>The forcing data is based on the ERA5 reanalysis dataset published in the paper: "<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803">The ERA5 global reanalysis</a>" (Hersbach et al., 2020) and available as dataset from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S, Copernicus Climate Change Service, 2023). The here used forcing data is based on the <a href="https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels">hourly reanalysis data on single levels</a> and interpolated with nearest neighbors to the curvilinear grid as used in the output from the neXtSIM simulations. <strong>Disclaimer:</strong> The results contain modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information, 2023. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.</li> </ul> <p>The <strong>neural network weights</strong> are included under <em>data/models </em>and split into weights for the deterministic models and the diffusion models.<br>These neural network weights have been used to generate the results presented in the paper.</p> <p>In this capsule, the <em>notebooks</em> folder includes also the figures used within the paper and additional trajectory data used in the qualitative analysis of the paper.</p> <p>Generally, we recommend to just download the <em>data.tar.gz </em>file and use otherwise the original <a href="https://github.com/cerea-daml/diffusion-nextsim-regional">Repository</a>, since the here included code can be outdated. We further refer to the repository for additional information.</p> <p> </p> <p>Contained in this capsule:</p> <ul> <li>configs.tar.gz: The configuration files for the experiments.</li> <li>data.tar.gz: The dataset and neural network weights.</li> <li>diffusion_nextsim.tar.gz: The main code for the neural network etc.</li> <li>environment.yaml: The anaconda environment file, can be used to install the needed packages.</li> <li>notebooks.tar.gz: The notebooks that were used to create the figures in the paper. The figures from the paper and the data from the qualitative analysis are included as well.</li> <li>readme.md: The readme file from the repository.</li> <li>scripts.tar.gz: The scripts used for the experiments.</li> <li>setup.py: the file to install the <em>diffusion_nextsim</em> package in a python environment.</li> </ul> <p>References:</p> <p>Guillaume Boutin, Heather Regan, Einar Ólason, Laurent Brodeau, Claude Talandier, Camille Lique, & Pierre Rampal. (2022). Data accompanying the article "Arctic sea ice mass balance in a new coupled ice-ocean model using a brittle rheology framework" (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7277523</p> <p>Boutin, G., Ólason, E., Rampal, P., Regan, H., Lique, C., Talandier, C., Brodeau, L., and Ricker, R.: Arctic sea ice mass balance in a new coupled ice–ocean model using a brittle rheology framework, The Cryosphere, 17, 617–638, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-617-2023, 2023.</p> <p>Copernicus Climate Change Service (2023): ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47">10.24381/cds.adbb2d47</a>.</p> <p>Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P, et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. <em>Q J R Meteorol Soc</em>. 2020; 146: 1999–2049. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803">https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803</a></p> <p> </p>
Sea ice satellite and model data between October 2014 and December 2015
<p>These images contain monthly averages for Arctic sea ice concentration and thickness between October 2010 and December 2015 from two simulations, one with the TOPAZ4 ocean-sea ice data assimilation system (Sakov et al., 2012 and https://resources.marine.copernicus.eu/?option=com_csw&view=details&product_id=ARCTIC_REANALYSIS_PHYS_002_003) and another with the S4K Arctic regional model. Image names are self-explanatory. Images with S4K results include a rectangle delimiting S4K domain, inserted in the larger TOPAZ4 domain. This was done to emphasize the transition between the two models, where the latter provides the boundary conditions to the former. </p> <p> </p>
Model Lagrangian trajectories and deformation data analyzed in the Sea Ice Rheology Experiment - Part I
<p>Model Lagrangian trajectories and deformation estimates for sea-ice models participating in the Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx) - Part I. Model Lagrangian trajectories are integrated offline, starting on January 1st with all available raw RGPS cells positions (interpolated to January 1st 00:00:00 UTC). The trajectories are advected at an hourly time step with the models daily velocity output until March 31st. The trajectories are then sampled at a 3-day interval to match the RGPS composite time stamps, and the velocity derivatives (deformation) are calculated using the line integral approximations on the cells' contour. All model trajectories and Lagrangian deformation data therefore have nominal temporal and spatial scales of 3-days and 10-km (same as the RGPS composite), regardless of the original resolution of the model output. The model Lagrangian deformation estimates form the basis quantity for the statistical and spatio-temporal scaling analysis presented in Bouchat et al., Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx), Part I: Scaling and statistical properties of sea-ice deformation fields, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (2022). This paper also provides further details on the model trajectory integration and deformation calculation.</p> <p>There is one netCDF file per model, per year (1997 and/or 2008). Data are organized in matrices where the (i,j) indices are the Lagrangian cells identifier. This allows us to keep track of neighbouring cells for the scaling analysis. See below for more information on what variables are included in the files, their structure, and how to cite. </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>1. File naming convention</strong></p> <p>"< Model simulation label >" + _ + "deformation" + _ + "< year >" </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>2. Variables included</strong></p> <ul> <li><em>(x1,y1), (x1,y2), (x3,y3), (x4,y4)</em>: Position of the cells' corners (Lagrangian trajectories) - (meters);</li> <li><em>A</em>: Cells' area - (meters squared);</li> <li><em>dudx, dudy, dvdx, dvdy</em>: Cell's velocity derivatives (strain rates/deformation) - (1/seconds);</li> <li><em>d_dudx, d_dudy, d_dvdx, d_dvdy</em>: Trajectory error on cells' velocity derivatives - (1/seconds);</li> <li><em>time</em>: Day of year.</li> </ul> <p><strong>*Note:</strong> the model trajectories are terminated if they move within 100 km from land. Before computing deformation statistics to compare with RGPS composite data, one should mask both deformation sets to only keep cells available in both the model and RGPS data sets.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>3. Variable structure</strong></p> <p>All variables (except <em>time</em>) are matrices with axes (<em>it, i, j </em>), where <em>it</em> is the time stamp/iteration and<em> i,j </em>are the cells identifiers. See below for how the cells are defined: </p> <p> |--------------------------------------------------------------><sub> <strong>j-axis</strong> </sub> <br> | <br> | <strong>(</strong><strong>x1_ij,y1_ij</strong><strong>)</strong> <strong>o</strong> -------------------<strong> o</strong> <strong>(</strong><strong>x2_ij,y2_ij</strong><strong>)</strong> <br> | | | <br> | | <strong>A_ij or dudx_ij</strong> | <strong> </strong><br> | | | <br> | <strong>(</strong><strong>x4_ij,y4_ij</strong><strong>) </strong><strong>o</strong> ------------------- <strong>o</strong> <strong>(</strong><strong>x3_ij,y3_ij</strong><strong>)</strong> <br> | <br> |<br> V<sub><strong>i-axis</strong></sub> </p> <p> </p> <p>Hence, coordinates are repeated between neighbouring cells, for example: (x2_ij,y2_ij) = (x1_ij+1,y1_ij+1) and (x4_ij,y4_ij) = (x1_i+1j,y1_i+1j)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>4. Recommended citation usage</strong></p> <p>If <em>all</em> simulations included in the current archive are used in a future study, we ask to cite this archive and the SIREx paper (Bouchat et al., 2022). If only <em>selected </em>simulations are used, we ask to cite both this archive and the reference paper(s) applying to the selected simulation(s) (as stated indicated in Table 1 of the SIREx papers).</p>
BSIOM Baltic Sea-Ice Ocean Model 1950-2022
<p>Daily temperature, dissolved oxygen and salinity concentration data from the <a name="_Hlk167710471"></a>Baltic Sea Ice Ocean Model (BSIOM) from 1950 to 2022. A detailed description of the equations and modifications made, necessary to adapt the model to the Baltic Sea, can be found in Lehmann et al. (see references below). The model is forced realistically using the ERA5 global re-analysis in the preliminary extension version back to 1950. The resolution of the original output from BSIOM is specified with vertical 60 levels, which enables to resolve the upper 100m by layers of 3 m thickness. The horizontal resolution of the model is 2.5km. The datasets here presented are divided into surface and bottom files. We calculated the sea surface temperature (SST) using the average values from the first three depth layers (upper nine meters), while the sea bottom temperature (SBT) was the average of the last three depth layers following the bathymetry of the Western Baltic Sea (lower nine meters). The values for dissolved oxygen and salinity concentration were calculated in the same manner. The data is spatially constrained to the area between 9° 45’ to 14° 45’ East and 53° 53’ to 56° 30’ North.</p> <p>In the datasets, the following data is available: </p> <ul> <li>Lat: latitude values in degrees (°)</li> <li>Long: longitude values in degrees (°)</li> <li>Depth: depth values (m). The surface file shows a constant value of 1.5, while the bottom file shows the maximum depth (m) for that pixel. To show the depth in reference to the sea-level reference (0 meters) the values should be multiplied by -1.</li> <li>temp: temperature (°C)</li> <li>SO: salinity (g/kg)</li> <li>O2: dissolved oxygen (ml/L-1)</li> <li>t: day of the year (YYYY-MM-DD)</li> <li>LongLat: string with the combination of longitute and latitude values (only for the bottom file)</li> <li>GridID: identification value for each set of coordinates (Long and Lat)</li> </ul>
Data archive and code for "Predicting September Arctic Sea Ice: A Multi-Model Seasonal Skill Comparison"
<p>This upload contains data and code related to the paper "Predicting September Arctic Sea Ice: A Multi-Model Seasonal Skill Comparison" by M. Bushuk, S. Ali, D. Bailey, Q. Bao, L. Batte, U. S. Bhatt, E. Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, E. Blockley, G. Cawley, J. Chi, F. Counillon, P. Goulet Coulombe, R. Cullather, F. X. Diebold, A. Dirkson, E. Exarchou, M. Gobel, W. Gregory, V. Guemas, L. Hamilton, B. He, S. Horvath, M. Ionita, J. E. Kay, E. Kim, N. Kimura, D. Kondrashov, Z. M. Labe, W. Lee, Y. J. Lee, C. Li, X. Li, Y. Lin, Y. Liu, W. Maslowski, F. Massonnet, W. N. Meier, W. J. Merryfield, H. Myint, J. C. Acosta Navarro, A. Petty, F. Qiao, D. Schroder, A. Schweiger, Q. Shu, M. Sigmond, M. Steele, J. Stroeve, N. Sun, S. Tietsche, M. Tsamados, K. Wang, J. Wang, W. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Williams, Q. Yang, X. Yuan, J. Zhang, and Y. Zhang, published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0163.1.</p> <p>See README.txt for a description of the datasets and code.</p>
Cuzzone2024: Ice sheet model simulations reveal polythermal ice conditions existed across the NE USA during the Last Glacial Maximum
<p>Here you will find model output associated with Cuzzone et al. (2024) for simulations conducted to reconstruct the Last Glacial Maximum conditions across the Northeast United States. Model output is available as: 1) Simulated Ensemble Mean LGM Ice Thickness, 2.) Simulated Ensemble Mean LGM Velocity 3.) Simulated Ensemble Mean LGM Velocity in X and Y direction, and 4.) The simulated LGM thermal state, shown as the Model ensemble agreement for warm and cold-based ice.</p> <p>These outputs are given for 3 model domains: 1) The Northeast USA (NE Domain), 2) The Adirondack Mountains (ADK), 3) The White Mountains (White), and 4) Mount Katahdin (Kat).</p> <p>Model output is given in .tif format, and the Map Projection is ESPG: 4326 , WGS 84</p> <p>Units for model output is:</p> <p>1) Ice Thickness: meters</p> <p>2) Velocity (vel, vx, vy): meters/yr</p> <p>3) Model Thermal Agreement: -5 to 5</p> <p>-5: All ensemble members agree cold-based ice</p> <p>-4: 4/5 ensemble members agree cold-based ice</p> <p>-3: 3/5 ensemble members agree cold-based ice</p> <p>-2: 2/5 ensemble members agree cold-based ice</p> <p>-1: 1/5 ensemble members agree cold-based ice</p> <p>0: 50% ensemble members either cold or warm-based</p> <p>1: 1/5 ensemble members agree cold-based ice</p> <p>2: 2/5 ensemble members agree cold-based ice</p> <p>3: 3/5 ensemble members agree cold-based ice</p> <p>4: 4/5 ensemble members agree cold-based ice</p> <p>5: 5/5 ensemble members agree cold-based ice</p>
Exploring the Relationship Between Upper Ocean States and the Falling Ice Radiative Effects using ECCO Product and Global Climate Models
<p><strong><span>Sensitivity test using CESM1-CAM5 following CMIP5 protocool from 1980-2005</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>NOS: no falling ice radiative effects (FIREs), four data sets</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>SON: with FIREs, for data sets</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span> Xsize = 362 Ysize = 182 Zsize = 18</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>Format: netcdf</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>Upper 200 meter ocean variables</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>Annual mean (ANN)</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>CESM2-var-NOS (or SON)-ANN.nc, var = (UO, VO, WO, TO) = (zonal velocity, meridional velocity, ascending velocity, potential temperature) : (cm/s, cm/s, cm/s, K)</span></strong></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.