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opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Habitat structure modifies microclimate: an approach for mapping fine-scale thermal refuge

1. Contemporary techniques predicting habitat suitability under climate change projections often underestimate availability of thermal refuges. Habitat structure contributes to thermal heterogeneity at a variety of spatial scales, but quantifying microclimates at organism‐relevant resolutions remains a challenge. Landscapes that appear homogeneous at large scales may offer patchily distributed thermal refuges at finer scales. 2. We quantified the relationship between vegetation structure and the thermal environment at a scale relevant to small, terrestrial animals using a new approach for mapping fine‐scale thermal heterogeneity. We expected that vegetation would create attenuated microclimates and that the influence of vegetation structure would vary seasonally. We measured shrub volume, horizontal cover, and operative temperature (Te) in a sagebrush‐steppe habitat in Idaho, USA, at 534 microsites across two study sites of approximately 1 km2 each. We modeled relationships between habitat structure and both mean daily maximum temperature (urn:x-wiley:2041210X:media:mee313008:mee313008-math-0001max) and mean diurnal temperature range (urn:x-wiley:2041210X:media:mee313008:mee313008-math-0002) for each study site during summer and winter. Aerial imagery from unmanned aerial systems was used to estimate shrub volume and canopy cover at 1‐m resolution, and we applied the best fit model to map thermal heterogeneity across broader extents. 3. Increasing shrub volume and cover was associated with lower urn:x-wiley:2041210X:media:mee313008:mee313008-math-0003max and (urn:x-wiley:2041210X:media:mee313008:mee313008-math-0004, but strengths of the relationships differed between study sites. There was considerable heterogeneity in availability of thermal refuges across sagebrush‐steppe rangelands that have traditionally been considered relatively homogeneous. 4. This technique can help ecologists and land managers identify critical thermal refuges that large‐scale climate modelling can overlook and thus contribute to an understanding of animal‐habitat relationships under changing climates and land uses.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Impact of modified caneberry trellis systems on microclimate and habitat suitability for Drosophila suzukii

Caneberries are trellised to facilitate harvest and agrochemical applications as well as to improve crop yield and quality. Trellising can also increase airflow and light penetration within the canopy and affect its microclimate. We compared an experimental trellis that split the canopy into halves to standard I- and V-trellises, measuring Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) fruit infestation as well as canopy temperature and relative humidity in raspberries at two commercial you-pick diversified farms. To evaluate the combined effects of trellising systems and pruning, we pruned one half of each row in blackberry plantings at two research farms and assessed D. suzukii infestation, canopy microclimate (temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity), fruit quality parameters (interior temperature, total soluble solids, and penetration force), and spray coverage/deposition. Trellis installation costs, labor inputs, and yield were used to further evaluate the trellis systems from an economic perspective. Fruit quality was not affected by trellising or pruning and lower total yield was observed in the experimental trellis treatment on one farm. Although D. suzukii infestation was only affected by trellising and pruning at one site, we observed a relationship between higher temperatures and reduced infestation on nearly all farms. Occasionally, lower relative humidity and high light intensity corresponded with lower infestation. Ultimately, the experimental trellis was less economically efficient than other trellising systems and our ability to successfully manipulate habitat favorability varied in a site-specific manner. Drosophila suzukii management approaches that rely upon unfavorable conditions are likely to be more effective in hot, dry regions.

publicFeb 2024View details →

Impact of modified caneberry trellis systems on microclimate and habitat suitability for Drosophila suzukii

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publicApr 2018View details →

Data from: Habitat structure modifies microclimate: an approach for mapping fine-scale thermal refuge

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opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Sexual dimorphism modifies habitat‐associated divergence: evidence from beach and creek breeding sockeye salmon

Studies of parallel or convergent evolution (the repeated, independent evolution of similar traits in similar habitats) rarely explicitly quantify the extent of parallelism (i.e., variation in the direction and/or magnitude of divergence) between the sexes; instead they often investigate both sexes together or exclude one sex. However, differences in male and female patterns of divergence could contribute to overall variation in the extent of parallelism among ecotype pairs, especially in sexually dimorphic traits. Failing to properly attribute such variation could lead to underestimates of the importance of environmental variation in shaping phenotypes. We investigate the extent of parallelism in the body shape of male and female beach and creek spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from two lake systems in western Alaska that were colonized independently after the last ice age. Although both sexes showed some degree of parallelism, patterns of beach‐creek body shape divergence vary between the sexes and between lake systems. Phenotypic change vector analyses revealed highly parallel aspects of divergence between males from different lake systems (males from beaches had deeper bodies than males from creeks) but weaker parallelism in females, and high parallelism between the sexes in one lake system but not the other. Body shape also had population‐specific components, which were mostly, but not entirely, explained by environmental variation in the form of creek depth. Our results highlight the importance of explicitly considering the extent of parallelism between the sexes, and environmental variation among sites within habitat types.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Ecological opportunity and the evolution of habitat preferences in an arid-zone bird: implications for speciation in a climate-modified landscape

Bioclimatic models are widely used to investigate the impacts of climate change on species distributions. Range shifts are expected to occur as species track their current climate niche yet the potential for exploitation of new ecological opportunities that may arise as ecosystems and communities remodel is rarely considered. Here we show that grasswrens of the Amytornis textilis-modestus complex responded to new ecological opportunities in Australia's arid biome through shifts in habitat preference following the development of chenopod shrublands during the late Plio-Pleistocene. We find evidence of spatially explicit responses to climatically driven landscape changes including changes in niche width and patterns of population growth. Conservation of structural and functional aspects of the ancestral niche appear to have facilitated recent habitat shifts, while demographic responses to late Pleistocene climate change provide evidence for the greater resilience of populations inhabiting the recently evolved chenopod shrubland communities. Similar responses could occur under future climate change in species exposed to novel ecological conditions, or those already occupying spatially heterogeneous landscapes. Mechanistic models that consider structural and functional aspects of the niche along with regional hydro-dynamics may be better predictors of future climate responses in Australia's arid biome than bioclimatic models alone.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Habitat features and long-distance dispersal modify the use of social information by a long-distance migratory bird

1. The processes by which individuals select breeding sites have important consequences for individual tness as well as population- and community-dynamics. Although there is increasing evidence that many animal species use information acquired from conspecics to assess the suitability of potential breeding sites, little is known about how the use of this social information is modified by biotic and abiotic conditions. 2. We used an automated playback experiment to simulate two types of social information, post-breeding public information and pre-breeding location cues, to determine the relative importance of these cues for breeding site selection by a migratory songbird, the American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). In addition, we used stable hydrogen isotopes to determine the dispersal status of individuals that responded to our experimental treatments and quantify whether long-distance dispersers use different social cues to select breeding sites compared to philopatric individuals. 3. We found that points that received pre-breeding location cue treatments were signi cantly more likely to be settled by redstarts than control points that received no playback. However, we found no evidence the redstarts used post-breeding public information gathered during one season to select breeding sites the following year. Breeding site habitat structure was also a strong predictor of settlement probability, indicating that redstarts modi ed the use of social information based on habitat cues. Furthermore, stable hydrogen isotope signatures from individuals that responded to location cue treatments suggest that long-distance dispersers may rely more heavily on these cues than local recruits. 4. Collectively, these results indicate that redstarts use multiple sources of information to select breeding sites, which could buffer individuals from selecting suboptimal sites when they breed in unfamiliar locations or when habitat quality becomes decoupled from social cues.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Lophuromys medicaudatus, L. woosnami, and L. luteogaster are in subgenus Kivumys and woosnami species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to the Albertine Rift, occurring around Lake Kivu in E DR Congo and Rwanda and SW Uganda (Bwindi). Descriptive notes. Head—body 92-112 mm, tail 73-95 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 29-43 g. Similar to other species in subgenus Kivumys, the Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has unspeckled pelage, and tail ¢.85% of head-body length. Dorsum is uniform dark brown-olive, and venter is orange. Females have three pairs of mammae. Habitat. Mountain swamps and mountain forests at elevations of 1850-2500 m. Food and Feeding. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is omnivorous; diets contain 30-100% arthropods, mollusks, seeds, and fruits. Breeding. Female Western Rift Brush-furred Rats can have 1-2 embryos. Pregnant females were observed in February, April, and July. Activity patterns. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has never been found in modified secondary environment and is quite rare. Bibliography. Dieterlen (1976b, 1987 2013g), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Verheyen et al. (1996). in Muridae

Lophuromys medicaudatus, L. woosnami, and L. luteogaster are in subgenus Kivumys and woosnami species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to the Albertine Rift, occurring around Lake Kivu in E DR Congo and Rwanda and SW Uganda (Bwindi). Descriptive notes. Head—body 92-112 mm, tail 73-95 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 29-43 g. Similar to other species in subgenus Kivumys, the Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has unspeckled pelage, and tail ¢.85% of head-body length. Dorsum is uniform dark brown-olive, and venter is orange. Females have three pairs of mammae. Habitat. Mountain swamps and mountain forests at elevations of 1850-2500 m. Food and Feeding. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is omnivorous; diets contain 30-100% arthropods, mollusks, seeds, and fruits. Breeding. Female Western Rift Brush-furred Rats can have 1-2 embryos. Pregnant females were observed in February, April, and July. Activity patterns. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has never been found in modified secondary environment and is quite rare. Bibliography. Dieterlen (1976b, 1987 2013g), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Verheyen et al. (1996).

Figure 7 in Herpetological diversity across intact and modified habitats of Nosy Komba Island, Madagascar

Figure 7. Amphibian abundance during daytime surveys (a: n = 205) and night-time surveys (b: n = 32). Bars show standard error. Abundance was measured in individuals encountered per 20 minute survey conducted within a 20 x 20 m quadrant. Habitat types are as follows: CC = closed canopy forest, DC = disturbed canopy forest, SCP = shade-grown coffee plantation, OP = open plantation. Figures marked with * were found to be statistically significant (p <0.05).

Figure 5 in Herpetological diversity across intact and modified habitats of Nosy Komba Island, Madagascar

Figure 5. Newly recorded species on Nosy Komba: (a) Indotyphlops braminus, (b) Indotyphlops braminus detail, (c) Madascincus stumpffi, (d) Pseudoxyrhopus microps, (e) Paracontias sp., (f) Paracontias sp. detail, (g) Thamnosophis stumpffi, (h) Stumpffia psologlossa.

Figure 6 in Herpetological diversity across intact and modified habitats of Nosy Komba Island, Madagascar

Figure 6. Reptile abundance during daytime surveys (a: n = 205) and night-time surveys (b: n = 32). Bars show standard error. Abundance was measured in individuals encountered per 20 minute survey conducted within a 20 x 20 m quadrant. Habitat types are as follows: CC = closed canopy forest, DC = disturbed canopy forest, SCP = shade-grown coffee plantation, OP = open plantation. Figures marked with * were found to be statistically significant (p <0.05).

Figure 4 in Herpetological diversity across intact and modified habitats of Nosy Komba Island, Madagascar

Figure 4. Newly recorded species on Nosy Komba: (a) Acrantophis madagascariensis, (b) Amphiglossus mandokava, (c) Amphiglossus sp., (d) Brookesia ebenaui, (e) Gephyromantis granulatus, (f) Hemidactylus frenatus, (g) Hemidactylus mercatorius, (h) Liophidium torquatum.

Figure 3 in Herpetological diversity across intact and modified habitats of Nosy Komba Island, Madagascar

Figure 3. Amphibian species richness in different habitats including all species encountered both within timed surveys and opportunistic sightings. Darker bars represent the proportion of species classified as Threatened on the IUCN Red List. Habitat types are as follows: CC = closed canopy forest, DC = disturbed canopy forest, SCP = shade-grown coffee plantation, OP = open plantation.

Figure 2 in Herpetological diversity across intact and modified habitats of Nosy Komba Island, Madagascar

Figure 2. Reptile species richness in different habitats including all species encountered both within timed surveys and opportunistic sightings. Darker bars represent the proportion of species classified as Threatened on the IUCN Red List. Habitat types are as follows: CC = closed canopy forest, DC = disturbed canopy forest, SCP = shade-grown coffee plantation, OP = open plantation.

Figure 1 in Herpetological diversity across intact and modified habitats of Nosy Komba Island, Madagascar

Figure 1. Map showing the location of Nosy Komba in relation to mainland Madagascar. The research camp is marked with a white dot. Map sourced from Google EarthTM. © 2016 Google, Image © 2016 CNES/Astrium Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO, US Dept of State Geographer, Image © 2016 Digital Globe.