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13 results for “mollusc shells”
Рис. 4. Раковины видов Melanoididae иЗ термальных источников: А – Melanoides pamiricus Lindholm иЗ теплого источника ДЖаушангоЗ (Памир), высота раковины 16 мм; В – M. shahdaraensis Starobogatov et Izzatullaev, иЗ теплого источника ДЖаушангоЗ, высота раковины 15 мм; С – M. kainarensis Starobogatov et Izzatullaev иЗ теплого источника ХадЖа-Кайнар (юго-восток Туркмении), высота раковины 23 мм. Фото З. ИЗЗатуллаева, 1976, 1980 гг. Fig. 4. Shells of the Melanoididae species from thermal springs: A – Melanoides pamiricus Lindholm, the hot spring Dzhaushangoz (Pamir), shell height 16 mm; B – M. shahdaraensis Starobogatov et Izzatullaev, the hot spring Dzhaushangoz, shell height 15 mm; C – M. kainarensis Starobogatov et Izzatullaev, the hot spring Khadzha-Kainar (south-eastern Turkmenistan). Photo by Z. Izzatullaev, 1976, 1980. in Patterns of ecology and life cycles of aquatic molluscs from Central Asia
Рис. 4. Раковины видов Melanoididae иЗ термальных источников: А – Melanoides pamiricus Lindholm иЗ теплого источника ДЖаушангоЗ (Памир), высота раковины 16 мм; В – M. shahdaraensis Starobogatov et Izzatullaev, иЗ теплого источника ДЖаушангоЗ, высота раковины 15 мм; С – M. kainarensis Starobogatov et Izzatullaev иЗ теплого источника ХадЖа-Кайнар (юго-восток Туркмении), высота раковины 23 мм. Фото З. ИЗЗатуллаева, 1976, 1980 гг. Fig. 4. Shells of the Melanoididae species from thermal springs: A – Melanoides pamiricus Lindholm, the hot spring Dzhaushangoz (Pamir), shell height 16 mm; B – M. shahdaraensis Starobogatov et Izzatullaev, the hot spring Dzhaushangoz, shell height 15 mm; C – M. kainarensis Starobogatov et Izzatullaev, the hot spring Khadzha-Kainar (south-eastern Turkmenistan). Photo by Z. Izzatullaev, 1976, 1980.
Рис. 2. Laternula elliptica: А – раковина вЗрослого моллюска иЗ морЯ Дейвиса, L=87 мм, вид сбоку; Б – вид с дорсальной стороны (по: Егорова [1982]); В – расположение пустых раковин Laternula elliptica в осыпаюЩемсЯ песчаном грунте на склоне подводного холма (по рисунку иЗ полевого дневника Б.И. Сиренко, ЗИН РАН); Г – наружные отверстиЯ вводного и выводного сифонов Laternula elliptica (King, 1832) на поверхности грунта. Fig. 2. Laternula elliptica: А – shell of adult mollusc from the Davis Sea, L=87 mm, lateral view; Б – dorsal view (after: Егорова [1982]); В – empty shells of Laternula elliptica in friable sand on a slope of underwater hill (after sketch in the field journal of Dr. B.I. Sirenko, Zool. Inst. RAS); Г – external openings of inhalant and exhalant siphons of Laternula elliptica on surface of bottom deposits. in Species of warm-water origin Laternula elliptica (King, 1832) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Laternulidae), a widespread mollusk in recent Antarctica
Рис. 2. Laternula elliptica: А – раковина вЗрослого моллюска иЗ морЯ Дейвиса, L=87 мм, вид сбоку; Б – вид с дорсальной стороны (по: Егорова [1982]); В – расположение пустых раковин Laternula elliptica в осыпаюЩемсЯ песчаном грунте на склоне подводного холма (по рисунку иЗ полевого дневника Б.И. Сиренко, ЗИН РАН); Г – наружные отверстиЯ вводного и выводного сифонов Laternula elliptica (King, 1832) на поверхности грунта. Fig. 2. Laternula elliptica: А – shell of adult mollusc from the Davis Sea, L=87 mm, lateral view; Б – dorsal view (after: Егорова [1982]); В – empty shells of Laternula elliptica in friable sand on a slope of underwater hill (after sketch in the field journal of Dr. B.I. Sirenko, Zool. Inst. RAS); Г – external openings of inhalant and exhalant siphons of Laternula elliptica on surface of bottom deposits.
Fig. 5. Mollusc grazing traces Radulichnus inopinatus from Nefiach, Pliocene. A in Bioerosion in shell beds from the Pliocene Roussillon Basin, France: Implications for the (macro)bioerosion ichnofacies model
Fig. 5. Mollusc grazing traces Radulichnus inopinatus from Nefiach, Pliocene. A. Inner surface of a pectinid valve with areas covered by Radulichnus (A1) and detail of the specimen (A2), displaying the arrangement of scratches in groups, JMC−UB/I−0103. B. Oyster shell with dense patches of Radulichnus (B1) and sculpture resulting from pervasive, deep Radulichnus bioerosion (B2), JMC−UB/I−0098. Scale bars 1 mm.
Eumelanin and pheomelanin pigmentation in mollusc shells may be less common than expected: insights from mass spectrometry
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Convergent evolution of barnacles and molluscs sheds lights in origin and diversification of calcareous shell and sessile lifestyle
<p><span>The calcareous shell and sessile lifestyle are the representative phenotypes of many molluscs, which happen to be present in barnacles, a group of unique crustaceans. The origin of these phenotypes is unclear, but it may be embodied in the convergent genetics of such distant groups (interphylum). </span><span>Herein, we perform comprehensive comparative genomics analysis in barnacles and molluscs, and reveal a genome-wide strong convergent molecular evolution between them, including coexpansion of biomineralisation and organic matrix genes for shell formation, and origination of lineage-specific orphan genes for settlement. Notably, the expanded biomineralisation gene encoding alkaline phosphatase evolves a novel, highly conserved motif that may trigger the origin of barnacle shell formation. Unlike molluscs, barnacles adopt novel organic matrices and cement proteins for shell formation and settlement, respectively, and their calcareous shells have potentially originated from the cuticle system of crustaceans. Therefore, our study corroborates the idea that selection pressures driving convergent evolution may strongly act in organisms inhabiting similar environments regardless of phylogenetic distance. The convergence signatures shed light on the origin of the shell and sessile lifestyle of barnacles and molluscs. In addition, notable nonconvergence signatures are also present and may contribute to morphological and functional specificities.</span></p>
Raw data and alignments for: Application of palaeogenetic techniques to historic mollusc shells reveals phylogeographic structure in a New Zealand abalone
<p>Natural history collections worldwide contain a plethora of mollusc shells. Recent studies have detailed the sequencing of DNA extracted from shells up to thousands of years old and from various taphonomic and preservational contexts. However, previous approaches have largely addressed methodological rather than evolutionary research questions. Here we report the generation of DNA sequence data from mollusc shells using such techniques, applied to <em>Haliotis virginea</em> Gmelin, 1791, a New Zealand abalone, in which morphological variation has led to the recognition of several forms and subspecies. We successfully recovered near-complete mitogenomes from 22 specimens including 12 dry-preserved shells up to 60 years old. We used a combination of palaeogenetic techniques that have not previously been applied to shell, including DNA extraction optimized for ultra-short fragments and hybridization-capture of single-stranded DNA libraries. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three major, well-supported clades comprising samples from: 1) the Three Kings Islands; 2) the Auckland, Chatham and Antipodes Islands; and 3) mainland New Zealand and Campbell Island. This phylogeographic structure does not correspond to the currently recognized forms. Critically, our non-reliance on freshly collected or ethanol-preserved samples enabled inclusion of topotypes of all recognized subspecies as well as additional difficult-to-sample populations. Broader application of these comparatively cost-effective and reliable methods to modern, historical, archaeological and palaeontological shell samples has the potential to revolutionize invertebrate genetic research.</p>
The shellome of the crocus clam Tridacna crocea emphasizes essential components of mollusc shell biomineralization
<p class="FirstParagraph">Molluscan shells are among the most fascinating research objects because of their diverse morphologies and textures. The formation of these delicate biomineralized structures is a matrix-mediated process. A question that arises is what are the essential components required to build these exoskeletons. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of molluscan shell formation, it is crucial to identify organic macromolecules in different shells from diverse taxa. In the case of bivalves, however, taxon sampling in previous shell proteomics studies are biased and focus exclusively on representatives of the class Pteriomorphia such as pearl oysters, edible oysters and mussels. In this study, we have characterized the shell organic matrix from the crocus clam, <i>Tridacna crocea</i>, (Heterodonta) using various biochemical techniques, including SDS-PAGE, FT-IR, monosaccharide analysis, and enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA). Furthermore, we have identified a number of shell matrix proteins (SMPs) using a comprehensive proteomics approach combined to RNA-seq. The biochemical studies confirmed the presence of proteins, polysaccharides, and sulphates in the <i>T. crocea</i> shell organic matrix. Proteomics analysis revealed that the majority of the <i>T. crocea</i> SMPs are novel and dissimilar to known SMPs identified from the other bivalve species. Meanwhile, the SMP repertoire of the crocus clam also includes proteins with conserved functional domains such as chitin-binding domain, VWA domain, and protease inhibitor domain. We also identified BMSP (Blue Mussel Shell Protein, originally reported from <i>Mytilus</i>), which is widely distributed among molluscan shell matrix proteins. <i>Tridacna</i> SMPs also include low-complexity regions or LCRs that are absent in the other molluscan genomes, indicating that these genes may have evolved in specific lineage. These results highlight the diversity of the organic molecules - in particular proteins - that are essential for molluscan shell formation.</p>
Raw data and alignments for: Application of palaeogenetic techniques to historic mollusc shells reveals phylogeographic structure in a New Zealand abalone
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The shellome of the crocus clam Tridacna crocea emphasizes essential components of mollusc shell biomineralization
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Convergent evolution of barnacles and molluscs sheds lights in origin and diversification of calcareous shell and sessile lifestyle
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Data from: Coastal acidification impacts on shell mineral structure of bivalve molluscs
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Data from: Mollusc-shell debris can mitigate the deleterious effects of organic pollution on marine sediments
Organic pollution is widespread in coastal areas and can have profound impacts on the seabed. Coastal sediments play an important role at a global scale in the recycling of organic matter, and this process is influenced by the habitat complexity of the sediments, among other factors. Mollusc shells are produced as a waste product from a range of anthropogenic activities, but we demonstrate that they can be used to increase the habitat complexity of sediments. We studied the effect of mussel-shell debris (shell-hash) on the biogeochemical processes of marine sediments affected by organic pollution, using a mesocosm experiment simulating the bioturbation effects of macrofauna. We found that shell-hash improved the ecological status of organically polluted sediments by reducing the accumulation of sulphide from anaerobic metabolic pathways. Additionally, when shell-hash was present in an organically polluted sediment, there was a decrease in ammonium release to the water column, thus preventing the negative ecological consequences of eutrophication. Synthesis and applications. Our study indicates that shell-hash debris can be used as a potential tool to mitigate the effects of organic enrichment on marine sediments. A density of shell-hash debris of 1900 g m−2 in the sediment can diminish toxic by-products (sulphides and ammonium) derived from the stimulation of anaerobic metabolic pathways by organic pollution, at levels that are biologically relevant. The mitigation effect of shell-hash is more pronounced in sediments where macrofauna is not present.
Data from: Mollusc-shell debris can mitigate the deleterious effects of organic pollution on marine sediments
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