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24 results for “monogamy”
Fig. 6 in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications
Fig. 6. Box and jitter plots of L/H ratios of different categories of Ostrea jibananandai sp. nov. specimens. Categories as defined in text and Table 1. Boxes represent 25–75 per cent quartiles and horizontal lines inside the boxes indicate median values. Abbreviations: ♀, female; ♂, male; O, other with indeterminate sex.
Fig. 5 in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications
Fig. 5. Ostreid bivalve Ostrea jibananandai sp. nov. from Mangrol open pit mine, Surat, western India, Ypresian Cambay Basin. A. PG/CB/Os 5, paratype, right valve, external view (A1); detail showing 3 attached spat, all more or less rounded (A2, rotated 180° with respect to A1 to make the spat upright). B. PG/ CB/Os 41a, paratype, juvenile, left valve, attached on a small right valve (not shown), internal view. C. PG/CB/Os 39, right valve, juvenile, external view showing rounded and convex nature. D. PG/CB/Os 34, right valve of a specimen at mid-ontogeny, external (D1) and internal (D2) views; close-up of dorsal area showing rounded form in early ontogeny (D3); close-up of hinge area (D4) with arrow pointing to chomata. E. PG/CB/Os 36, paratype, juvenile, left valve, internal (E1) and external (E2) views. F. PG/CB/Os 12, juvenile, left valve, external view showing rounded and rotated early growth stage.
Fig. 2 in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications
Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphic section of the lower part of the Mangrol open pit mine. The type and relative proportion of fossils in different levels are indicated. The star demarcates the level from which the Ostrea jibananandai sp. nov. specimens were collected.
Fig. 1. A in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications
Fig. 1. A. Geographic location of the studied area. B. Geological map of a part of the Cambay Basin with locations of the Mangrol and the Vastan (now abandoned) open pit mines (modified after Sahni et al. 2006).
Data from: Genetic Monogamy despite frequent extra-pair Copulations in “strictly monogamous” wild Jackdaws
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Data from: Adaptation to monogamy influences parental care but not mating behavior in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides
<p>The mating system is expected to have an important influence on the evolution of mating and parenting behaviors. Although many studies have used experimental evolution to examine how mating behaviors evolve under different mating systems, this approach has seldom been used to study the evolution of parental care. We used experimental evolution to test whether adaptation to different mating systems involves changes in mating and parenting behaviors in populations of the burying beetle, <i>Nicrophorus vespilloides</i>. We maintained populations under monogamy or promiscuity for six generations. This manipulation had an immediate impact on reproductive performance and adult survival. Compared to monogamy, promiscuity reduced brood size and adult (particularly male) survival during breeding. After six generations of experimental evolution, there was no divergence between monogamous and promiscuous populations in mating behaviors. However, we found that parents from the promiscuous populations (especially males) displayed less care than parents from the monogamous populations. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that male care will increase with the certainty of paternity. However, it appears that this change is not associated with a concurrent change in mating behaviors.</p>
Data from: Social monogamy versus polyandry: ecological factors associated with sex-roles in two closely related birds within the same habitat
Why mainly males compete and females take a larger share in parental care remains an exciting question in evolutionary biology. Role-reversed species are of particular interest, because such exceptions′ help to test the rule. Using mating systems theory as a framework, we compared the reproductive ecology of the two most contrasting coucals with regard to sexual dimorphism and parental care: the black coucal with male-only care and the bi-parental white-browed coucal. Both species occur in the same lush habitat and face similar ecological conditions, but drastically differ in mating system and sexual dimorphism. Black coucals were migratory and occurred at high breeding densities. With females being obligatory polyandrous and almost twice as heavy as males, black coucals belong to the most extreme vertebrates with reversed sexual dimorphism. Higher variance in reproductive success in fiercely competing females suggests that sexual selection is stronger in females than males. In contrast, resident white-browed coucals bred at low densities and invariably in pairs. They were almost monomorphic and the variance in reproductive success was similar between the sexes. Black coucals were more likely to lose nests than white-browed coucals, probably facilitating female emancipation of parental care in black coucals. We propose that a combination of high food abundance, high population density, high degree of nest loss, and male bias in the adult sex ratio are ecological conditions that facilitate role reversal and polyandry in coucals and terrestrial vertebrates in general.
FIG. 3 in Spawning Behavior in a Non-Teleost Actinopterygian: Genetic Evidence for Both Monogamy and Polygamy in Amia
FIG. 3. Mating characteristics of bowfin relative to other nesting species with uniparental male care. Data represented by gray bars are from the review by Coleman and Jones (2011). Bowfin from this study are represented in black. Note that for bowfin relative to other species, the percentage of cuckolded nests is on the low side, that cases of multiple paternity are less common than for many species, and that the mean number of females spawning in a nest is relatively low.
FIG. 2 in Spawning Behavior in a Non-Teleost Actinopterygian: Genetic Evidence for Both Monogamy and Polygamy in Amia
FIG. 2. Bowfin eggs, larva, and fry from Big Bay Creek, New York. (A) Freshly laid bowfin eggs are about 2.2 mm in diameter and white for about the first 24 hrs (photo by Emily Funk using a Nikon D90 camera; scale bar ¼ 5 mm). (B) After about 24 hours, eggs turned greenish gray and are more cryptic (photo by Emily Funk using a Nikon D90 camera; scale bar ¼ 5 mm). (C) Bowfin larva, 7.8 mm long, which is largely translucent except for yolk, eyes, and early pigmentation (photo by Emily Funk using a DP25 camera fitted to an Olympus SZX16 dissection microscope; scale bar ¼ 1 cm). (D) Fully black, free-swimming fry in fry ball. Fry are approximately 40 mm in length (underwater photo by A. McCune using an Olympus Stylus Tough 8000 camera).
FIG. 1 in Spawning Behavior in a Non-Teleost Actinopterygian: Genetic Evidence for Both Monogamy and Polygamy in Amia
FIG. 1. Roving and guarding male bowfin in spawning coloration. (A) Male swimming in Big Bay Creek, New York. Note bright green fins and the prominent ocellus on the caudal peduncle, both characteristic of spawning coloration (photo copyright David O. Brown, using scuba). (B) Male lying on constructed nest with stripped roots (photo by A. McCune using an Olympus Stylus Tough 8000 camera). (C) Male guarding fry on his nest. Black fry are seen in contrast to the brown substrate and are in a round patch underneath the male from approximately the snout to just anterior to the pelvic fins (photo by A. McCune).
Data from: Genetic evidence for monogamy in the dwarf seahorse, Hippocampus zosterae
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Data from: Social monogamy versus polyandry: ecological factors associated with sex-roles in two closely related birds within the same habitat
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Data from: Adaptation to monogamy influences parental care but not mating behavior in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides
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Data from: No fitness benefits of early molt in a fairy-wren: relaxed sexual selection under genetic monogamy?
The evolution of male ornamentation has long been the focus of sexual selection studies. However, evidence is accumulating that sexually selected traits can also be lost, although the process is ill-understood. In male fairy-wrens (Malurus spp.), early molt into the seasonal breeding plumage is critical for obtaining extra-pair paternity (EPP), which reaches very high levels in these socially monogamous songbirds. A notable exception is the purple-crowned fairy-wren, Malurus coronatus, which, like its congeners, breeds cooperatively, but where EPP is very rare. Nevertheless, males develop a conspicuous seasonal breeding plumage at highly variable times. Based on 6 years of molt data collected for 137 individuals, we investigated the adaptive significance of pre-breeding molt timing as a sexual signal under (near) genetic monogamy. Molt timing varied between and within individuals with age and climate: molt was completed earlier in older males and after wetter years. Despite its potential to act as a sexual signal of male quality, fitness benefits and costs of early molt appear limited: molt timing did not correlate with 1) the likelihood of gaining a breeding position; 2) female mate preference (EPP/cuckoldry, divorce); 3) female reproductive investment (breeding timing, clutch size, number of clutches); 4) breeding performance (hatching success, fledging success, fledgling survival, annual reproductive success); and 5) male survival. However, although molt timing did not predict which subordinates would become breeders, breeders molted earlier than subordinates. The lack of EPP in this species might imply relaxed sexual selection on early molt with potential to lead to trait disappearance.
Data from: A key ecological trait drove the evolution of biparental care and monogamy in an amphibian
Linking specific ecological factors to the evolution of parental care pattern and mating system is a difficult task of key importance. We provide evidence from comparative analyses that an ecological factor (breeding pool size) is associated with the evolution of parental care across all frogs. We further show that the most intensive form of parental care (trophic egg feeding) evolved in concert with the use of small pools for tadpole deposition and that egg feeding was associated with the evolution of biparental care. Previous research on two Peruvian poison frogs (Ranitomeya imitator and Ranitomeya variabilis) revealed similar life histories, with the exception of breeding pool size. This key ecological difference led to divergence in parental care patterns and mating systems. We present ecological field experiments that demonstrate that biparental care is essential to tadpole survival in small (but not large) pools. Field observations demonstrate social monogamy in R. imitator, the species that uses small pools. Molecular analyses demonstrate genetic monogamy in R. imitator, the first example of genetic monogamy in an amphibian. In total, this evidence constitutes the most complete documentation to date that a single ecological factor drove the evolution of biparental care and genetic and social monogamy in an animal.
Data from: Experimentally evolved and phenotypically plastic responses to enforced monogamy in a hermaphroditic flatworm
Sexual selection is considered a potent evolutionary force in all sexually reproducing organisms, but direct tests in terms of experimental evolution of sexual traits are still lacking for simultaneously hermaphroditic animals. Here, we tested how evolution under enforced monogamy affected a suite of reproductive traits (including testis area, sex allocation, genital morphology, sperm morphology and mating behaviour) in the outcrossing hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum lignano, using an assay that also allowed the assessment of phenotypically plastic responses to group size. The experiment comprised 32 independent selection lines that evolved under either monogamy or polygamy for 20 generations. While we did not observe an evolutionary shift in sex allocation, we detected effects of the selection regime for two male morphological traits. Specifically, worms evolving under enforced monogamy had a distinct shape of the male copulatory organ and produced sperm with shorter appendages. Many traits that did not evolve under enforced monogamy showed phenotypic plasticity in response to group size. Notably, individuals that grew up in larger groups had a more male-biased sex allocation and produced slightly longer sperm than individuals raised in pairs. We conclude that, in this flatworm, enforced monogamy induced moderate evolutionary but substantial phenotypically plastic responses.
Data from: A key ecological trait drove the evolution of biparental care and monogamy in an amphibian
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Data from: Female social preference for males that have evolved via monogamy: evidence of a trade-off between pre- and post-copulatory sexually selected traits?
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Data from: Experimentally evolved and phenotypically plastic responses to enforced monogamy in a hermaphroditic flatworm
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Data from: The evolution of social monogamy in primates is not consistently associated with male infanticide
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