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21 results for “monotreme”
Fig 3 in New data on the Paleocene monotreme Monotrematum sudamericanum, and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars
Fig 3. Schematic occlusal view of two left lower molars (m1–m2) of an ornithorhynchid monotreme (Obdurodon dicksoni) (A), and a pre−tribosphenic peramuran (Peramus sp.) (B). Note the difference between the "gaps" in A and the "embrasures" in B. In the former the intermolar contact results by mesial and distal cingulids. Not to scale.
Fig. 2 in New data on the Paleocene monotreme Monotrematum sudamericanum, and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars
Fig. 2. Schematic occlusal view of the advanced ornithorhynchid Obdurodon dicksoni; RM2 (A), Rm1 (B). The only know m1 of Monotrematum sudamericanum is incomplete (Fig. 1D). As both genera show similar crown pattern, we figure here the homologous teeth of O. dicksoni. Not to scale.
Fig. 1 in New data on the Paleocene monotreme Monotrematum sudamericanum, and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars
Fig. 1. Monotrematum sudamericanum RM2 (MPEF−PV 1634) in occlusal (A) and posterior (B) views. C. Base of crown showing fragment of roots. Rm1(MPEF−PV 1635); occlusal view (D), posterior view (E). F. Base of crown showing fragmentary roots. Not to scale.
Fig. 4. Monotrematum sudamericanum. A in New data on the Paleocene monotreme Monotrematum sudamericanum, and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars
Fig. 4. Monotrematum sudamericanum. A. Stereopair of RM2, occlusal view. B. Stereopair of Rm1, occlusal view. Anterior is up in A and B.
Fig. 2 in First monotreme from the Late Cretaceous of South America
Fig. 2 Comparisons of the second lower molar of selected monotremaformes in occlusal view. a, Patagorhynchus pascuali (based in MPM-PV-23087); b, Obdurodon insignis2,19; c, Monotrematum sudamericanum17; d, Teinolophus trusleri20. Not to scale. Abbreviations: NC1, neoformation cusp 1.
Fig. 3 in First monotreme from the Late Cretaceous of South America
Fig. 3 Simplified calibrated cladogram showing the phylogenetic affinities of Patagorhynchus pascuali. Basal Monotremaformes44 are indicated in red and Monotremata in green. The Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) palaeogeographical map (based in Scotese35) indicates the fossiliferous sites that yielded fossil toothed monotremes and distribution of the extant platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus shaded in light brown. [1], occurrence of Patagorhynchus pascuali, La Anita farm, Chorrillo Formation (Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous); [2], occurrence of Monotrematum sudamericanum, Punta Peligro locality, Salamanca Formation (Danian, lower Paleocene); [3], occurrence of Obdurodon spp., different localities from South Australia, Queensland, and New South Wales Oligocene-Pliocene); [4], Pleistocene occurrences and geographic distribution of extant Ornithorhynchus anatinus.
Fig. 1 in First monotreme from the Late Cretaceous of South America
Fig. 1 Images of Patagorhynchus pascuali, MPM-PV-23087. Lower molar 2 and part of the right jaw, in a, occlusal view; b, medial/lingual view; c, lateral/labial view; d, posterior view; e, anterior view. Scale bar: length 2 mm. Abbreviations, ac, anterior cingulid; alv, alveolus; ant, anterior; ar, anterior root; hy, hypoconid; hl, hypoconulid; lapcc, labial posterior cingular cusp; liacc, lingual anterior cingular cusp; me, metaconid; mv, mid-valley; NC1, neomorphic cusp 1; pa, paraconid; pc, posterior cingulid; pr, protoconid; prt, posterior root.
Data from: Echidna venom gland transcriptome provides insights into the evolution of monotreme venom
Monotremes (echidna and platypus) are egg-laying mammals. One of their most unique characteristic is that males have venom/crural glands that are seasonally active. Male platypuses produce venom during the breeding season, delivered via spurs, to aid in competition against other males. Echidnas are not able to erect their spurs, but a milky secretion is produced by the gland during the breeding season. The function and molecular composition of echidna venom is as yet unknown. Hence, we compared the deeply sequenced transcriptome of an in-season echidna crural gland to that of a platypus and searched for putative venom genes to provide clues into the function of echidna venom and the evolutionary history of monotreme venom. We found that the echidna venom gland transcriptome was markedly different from the platypus with no correlation between the top 50 most highly expressed genes. Four peptides found in the venom of the platypus were detected in the echidna transcriptome. However, these genes were not highly expressed in echidna, suggesting that they are the remnants of the evolutionary history of the ancestral venom gland. Gene ontology terms associated with the top 100 most highly expressed genes in echidna, showed functional terms associated with steroidal and fatty acid production, suggesting that echidna "venom" may play a role in scent communication during the breeding season. The loss of the ability to erect the spur and other unknown evolutionary forces acting in the echidna lineage resulted in the gradual decay of venom components and the evolution of a new role for the crural gland.
FIGURES 85, 88 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860
FIGURES 85, 88. Pelecitus roemeri (Linstow 1905) Bartlett & Greiner, 1986 from Onychogalea unguifera, Queensland. 85, Caudal end male, latero-ventral view. 88, Left spicule, latero-ventral view. FIGURES 86–87, 89. Pelecitus cf roemeri from Macropus rufus Western Australia. 86, Caudal end male, latero-ventral view. 87, Caudal end male, latero-ventral view. 89, Left spicule, latero-ventral view. Scale bars = 50 µm.
FIGURES 78–81 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860
FIGURES 78–81. Breinlia (Johnstonema) woerlei (Spratt & Varughese, 1975) Chabaud & Bain, 1976. 78, Vulva and vagina uterina, lateral view. 79. Anterior end female, lateral view. 80, Caudal end female, ventral view. 81, Posterior end female, lateral view. FIGURES 82–83. Breinlia (Breinlia) spelaea (Leidy, 1875) Chabaud & Bain, 1974. 82, Microfilaria from vagina uterina of Petrogale inornata. 83, Cephalic end, apical view, from Petrogale sharmani. FIGURE 84. Breinlia (Breinlia) pseudocheiri (Spratt & Varughese, 1975) Chabaud & Bain, 1976. 84, Caudal end female from Petauroides volans. Scale bars: Figs. 78, 79, 81 = 500 µm, Fig. 80 = 50 µm, Figs. 82–84 = 20 µm.
FIGURES 69–77 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860
FIGURES 69–77. Breinlia (Breinlia) zyzomyos sp. nov. 69, Cephalic end, apical view. 70, Cephalic end, lateral view. 71, Anterior end female, lateral view. 72, Cuticular ornamentation male, 3.7mm from tail tip, bosses most dense ventrally and posteriorly. 73, Vulva, vagina and uterus of female filled with microfilariae, lateral view. 74, Oesophago-intestinal junction female, lateral view. 75, Posterior end male, lateral view. 76, Caudal extremity male, latero-ventral view. 77, Posterior end female, lateral view. Scale bars: Figs 69, 70, 72,75,76 = 50 µm, Figs 71, 73, 74, 77 = 100 µm.
FIGURES 59–68 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860
FIGURES 59–68. Breinlia (Breinlia) tricondylus sp. nov. 59, Cephalic end female, lateral view. 60, Anterior end female, lateral view. 61, Vulva, vagina and uterus of female, lateral view. 62, Posterior end female, lateral view. 63, Right spicule and gubernaculum, right lateral view. 64, Left spicule, left lateral view. 65, Posterior end male, lateral view. 66, Caudal end female, lateral view. 67, Caudal end male, lateral view. 68, Cloacal region male, ventral view. Scale bars: Figs 59-61, 63, 64, 66, 67 = 20 µm, Figs 62, 65, 68 = 50 µm.
FIGURES 48–58 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860
FIGURES 48–58. Breinlia (Breinlia) presidentei sp. nov. 48, Cephalic end, apical view. 49, Anterior end female, dorsal view. 50, Vulva, vagina and uterus female, lateral view. 51, Posterior end male, lateral view. 52, Diagrammatic representation of distribution of cloacal papillae in male from Mesembriomys macrourus, 53, from M. gouldii, 54, from Conilurus penicillatus. 55, Anus female, lateral view. 56, Cuticular bosses on ventral surface male. 57, Caudal extremity male, ventral view. 58, Caudal extremity female, latero-ventral view. Scale bars: Figs 48–51, 55–58 = 50 µm.
FIGURES 21–28 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860
FIGURES 21–28. Breinlia (Breinlia) dorcopsis sp. nov. 21, Cephalic end, lateral view. 22, Anterior extremity male, lateral view. 23, Vulva, vagina and intestine female, ventral view. 24, Cuticular bosses on ventral surface male, lateral view. 25, Caudal extremity male, lateral view. 26, Diagrammatic representation of distribution of cloacal papillae in 3 males. 27, Caudal extremity male, latero-ventral view. 28, Caudal extremity female, latero-ventral view. Scale bars: Figs 24, 27, 28 = 25µm, Figs 21, 23, 25 = 50 µm, Fig 22 = 100 µm.
FIGURES 1–6 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860
FIGURES 1–6. Breinlia (Breinlia) beveridgei sp. nov. 1, Cephalic end, lateral view. 2, Oesophago-intestinal junction, lateral view. 3, Anterior extremity, male, lateral view. 4, Right spicule and gubernaculum, lateroventral view. 5, Posterior end male, lateral view. 6, Left spicule, lateral view. Scale bars: Fig. 1 = 20 µm, Figs. 2–5 = 50 µm, Fig. 6 = 100 µm.
FIGURES 29–37 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860
FIGURES 29–37. Breinlia (Breinlia) melomyos sp. nov. 29, Cephalic end, apical view. 30, Vulva and vagina, lateral view. 31, Posterior extremity female, lateral view. 32,. Anterior extremity female, lateral view. 33, Caudal end female, lateral view. 34, Posterior end male, lateral view. 35, Right spicule, lateral view. 36, Oesophago-intestinal junction female, lateral view. 37, Cuticular ornamentation and lateral cord, male, 3.2 mm anterior to cloaca. Scale bars: Figs. 29, 37 = 25 µm, Figs. 30–34, 35 = 50 µm, Fig. 36 = 100 µm.
FIGURES 7–20 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860
FIGURES 7–20. Breinlia (Breinlia) bigenera sp. nov. 7, Cephalic end, apical view. 8, Cephalic end, lateral view. 9, Anterior extremity, male, lateral view. 10, Microfilaria. 11, Right spicule and gubernaculum, lateral view. 12, Distal extremity left spicule, latero-ventral view. 13, Left spicule, lateral view. 14, Vulva, vagina and intestine female, lateral view. 15, Caudal end male, lateral view. 16, Posterior extremity male, latero-ventral view. 17, Cloacal papillae male, ventral view. 18, Caudal end female, lateral view. 19, Caudal extremity female, lateral view. 20, Caudal extremity female, ventral view. Scale bars: Fig. 10 = 20 µm, Fig. 16 = 25 µm, Figs. 7, 8, 11–13, 15, 17, 19, 20 = 50 µm, Figs 9, 14, 18 = 100 µm.
Data from: Echidna venom gland transcriptome provides insights into the evolution of monotreme venom
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Data from: Monotreme ossification sequences and the riddle of mammalian skeletal development
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FIGURES 90–98 in New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860
FIGURES 90–98. Sprattia spearei sp. nov. 90, Cephalic end, apical view. 91, Cephalic end, lateral view. 92, Anterior end female, lateral view. 93, Caudal end, male, showing fine cloacal alae, one pair of pedunculate papillae and papillae clustered around cloacal opening, ventrolateral view. 94, Caudal end female, lateral view. 95, Caudal end male, lateral view. 96, Left spicule, lateral view. 97, Right spicule, lateral view. 98, Vulva and vagina uterina, female, lateral view. Scale bars: Figs 90, 91 = 20 µm. Figs 92–98 = 50 µm.
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