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304 results for “monsoon”
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME): Net Primary Production Quadrat Data at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
The Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) is to understand changes in ecosystem structure and function of a semiarid grassland caused by increased precipitation variability, which alters the pulses of soil moisture that drive primary productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. The overarching hypothesis being tested is that changes in event size and variability will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. In particular, we predict that many small events will increase soil CO2 effluxes by stimulating microbial processes but not plant growth, whereas a small number of large events will increase aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and soil respiration by providing sufficient deep soil moisture to sustain plant growth for longer periods of time during the summer monsoon. To measure ANPP (i.e., the change in plant biomass, represented by stems, flowers, fruit and foliage, over time), the vegetation variables in this dataset, including species composition and the cover and height of individuals, are sampled twice yearly (spring and fall) at permanent 1m x 1m plots. The data from these plots is used to build regressions correlating biomass and volume via weights of select harvested species obtained in SEV157, "Net Primary Productivity (NPP) Weight Data." This biomass data is included in SEV206, "Seasonal Biomass and Seasonal and Annual NPP for the Monsoon (MRME) Study."
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME): Seasonal Biomass and Seasonal and Annual NPP Data at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
Begun in fall 2006, this long-term study at the Sevilleta LTER examines changes in net primary production (NPP) caused by increased precipitation variability within a semiarid grassland. Net primary production is a fundamental ecological variable that quantifies rates of carbon consumption and fixation. Estimates of NPP are important in understanding energy flow at a community level as well as spatial and temporal responses to a range of ecological processes. While measures of both below- and above-ground biomass are important in estimating total NPP, this study focuses on above-ground net primary production (ANPP). Above-ground net primary production is the change in plant biomass, including loss to death and decomposition, over a given period of time. Volumetric measurements are made using vegetation data from permanent plots (SEV188, "Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME): Net Primary Production Quadrat Data") and regressions correlating species biomass and volume constructed using seasonal harvest weights from SEV157, "Net Primary Productivity (NPP) Weight Data."
Supplementary data to: "A European Monsoon-like climate in a Warmhouse World"
<p>Supplementary information belonging to the manuscript titled "A European Monsoon-like climate in a Warmhouse World" by Nick van Horebeek and colleagues, containing the following information:</p> <ul> <li>"Campanile_D47_sample_data_calc.csv" - A file containing all clumped isotope measurements carried out for this study</li> <li>"Campanile_D47_season_data_calc.xlsx" - A file containing seasonal means and uncertainties of temperature and d18Osw based on clumped isotope measurements carried out for this study</li> <li>"Campanile_d18O_season_data_calc.csv" - A file containing all incrementally sampled oxygen and carbon isotope values with seasonal characterization.</li> <li>"Intra-growthline_variability_edit.png" - An image showing the variability in d18O values repeatedly measured in the same location in the shell</li> <li>"Campanile_Winter_growth_stop_images.zip" - A folder containing all shell images used in the publication</li> <li>"Campanile_Data_figure_S1.xlsx" - A file containing the dataset needed to produce the supplementary figure showing variability in oxygen isotope values (S1).</li> <li>"SI_Campanile_d18O_d13C_depth_rev1.png" - A plot showing the variability in d18O and d13C values along the shell</li> <li>"Campanile_clumped_season_plot_rev3.r" - Script used to process clumped isotope data for seasonal statistics and plotting</li> <li>"Campanile_clumped_d18O_plots_rev2.r" - Script used to process and plot seasonal statistics and isotope data + uncertainty against shell age.</li> </ul>
Monsoon low-pressure-system tracks over South Asia (1979-2019)
<p>Monsoon LPS tracks over South Asia, computed using ERA-Interim reanalysis data.<br> Tracking algorithm described in Hunt and Fletcher (2018) [doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04744-x] and Hunt <em>et al.</em> (2016) [doi:10.1175/MWR-D-15-0138.1].<br> <br> Description of fields:<br> <em>point_id</em>: unique integer identifier for each point<br> <em>time</em>: string with format DD/MM/YY HH:MM, denoting time of detected track point<br> <em>lon</em>: longitude of detected track point<br> <em>lat</em>: latitude of detected track point<br> <em>track_id</em>: unique integer identifier for each track (constituting a group of points)<br> <em>vort</em>: relative vorticity at 850 hPa for the given point (units: s<sup>-1</sup>)<br> <em>circulation</em>: vorticity integrated over the blob of positive vorticity containing the track point (units: arb)<br> <em>eccentricity</em>: eccentricity of the vorticity blob containing the track point<br> <em>category</em>: integer from 0-6 denoting the category of the LPS at the given point, approximately matching IMD criteria. 0: low-pressure area, 1: deep low-pressure area, 2: depression, 3: deep depression, 4: cyclonic storm, 5: severe cyclonic storm, 6: very severe cyclonic storm (and above).</p>
Long-term species-level measurements of fall season aboveground net primary production in the Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME), Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, USA
Anticipated intensification of the North American Monsoon in the southwestern United States is predicted to shift growing season rainfall patterns, historically characterized by frequent small rain events, to a more extreme precipitation regime consisting of fewer, but larger rain events. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition is also increasing throughout this dryland region as a result of anthropogenic activities. Alterations in rainfall size and frequency, along with changes in nitrogen availability, are likely to have significant consequences for aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and plant community dynamics in drylands, where ecological processes are limited by water and nitrogen availability. This data package accompanies an associated manuscript in which we used fourteen years (2007-2020) of growing season ANPP measurements from the long-term Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME), located in the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, to investigate how changes in rainfall regimes, along with chronic nitrogen enrichment, impact ANPP in a northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland.
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME): Soil Carbon Dioxide Concentrations from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, NM
The Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) is to understand changes in ecosystem structure and function of a semiarid grassland caused by increased precipitation variability, which alters the pulses of soil moisture that drive primary productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. The overarching hypothesis being tested is that changes in event size and variability will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. These soil carbon dioxide data were collected at three depths.
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME): Soil Temperature Data from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, NM
The Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) is to understand changes in ecosystem structure and function of a semiarid grassland caused by increased precipitation variability, which alters the pulses of soil moisture that drive primary productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. The overarching hypothesis being tested is that changes in event size and variability will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. These data are soil temperature data collected at two depths.
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) Soil Temperature, Moisture and Carbon Dioxide Data from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
The Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) is designed to understand changes in ecosystem structure and function of a semiarid grassland caused by increased precipitation variability, by altering rainfall pulses, and thus soil moisture, that drive primary productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. The overarching hypothesis being tested is that changes in event size and frequency will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. Treatments include (1) a monthly addition of 20 mm of rain in addition to ambient, and a weekly addition of 5 mm of rain in addition to ambient during the months of July, August and September. It is predicted that changes in event size and variability will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. In particular, we predict that many small events will increase soil CO2 effluxes by stimulating microbial processes but not plant growth, whereas a small number of large events will increase aboveground NPP and soil respiration by providing sufficient deep soil moisture to sustain plant growth for longer periods of time during the summer monsoon.
Understanding monsoon controls on the energy and mass balance of glaciers in the Central and Eastern Himalaya (Data Sets and Codes)
<p>This repository contains AWS datasets for the modelling periods considered in the analysis presented in the research paper, together with ablation measurements, pre-processed forcing data, T&C model codes, outputs and scripts for analysing outputs. When previously published elsewhere, references and links to the full, original datasets are provided under References.</p> <p>Matlab scripts for executing the T&C model are provided and should work stand-alone on any machine with a Matlab version 2019b or later installed.</p>
Tracks of Indian Summer monsoon Low-Pressure Systems from ERA5
<p>This repository contains the codes and dataset as explained below:</p> <p>1) This dataset contains downstream and in situ LPS tracks over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) classified using the algorithm developed by Srujan et al. (2021) from 1979-2017 using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset. The LPS are tracked from mean sea level pressure (MSLP) using the algorithm developed by Praveen et al. (2015).</p> <p>2) This also contains Principal components (PCs) of Rossby filtered OLR. </p> <p>3) The code to compute Transfer Entropy between PC1 of Rossby filtered OLR over West Pacific region and MSLP anomaly over BoB. </p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Praveen, V., Sandeep, S., & Ajayamohan, R. S. (2015). <strong>On the relationship between mean monsoon precipitation and low pressure systems in climate model simulations</strong>. <em>Journal of Climate</em>, <em>28</em>(13), 5305-5324.</p> <p>Srujan, K. S. S. S., Sandeep, S., & Suhas, E. (2021). <strong>Downstream and In Situ Genesis of Monsoon Low‐Pressure Systems in Climate Models</strong>. <em>Earth and Space Science</em>, <em>8</em>(9), e2021EA001741.</p>
Tracks of Indian Summer monsoon Low-Pressure Systems from ERA5
<p>This repository contains the codes and dataset as explained below:</p> <p>1) This dataset contains downstream and in situ LPS tracks over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) classified using the algorithm developed by Srujan et al. (2021) from 1979-2017 using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset. The LPS are tracked from mean sea level pressure (MSLP) using the algorithm developed by Praveen et al. (2015).</p> <p>2) This also contains Principal components (PCs) of Rossby filtered OLR. </p> <p>3) The code to compute Transfer Entropy between PC1 of Rossby filtered OLR over West Pacific region and MSLP anomaly over BoB. </p> <p>4) Codes and data to perform Kolmogorov Smirnov (KS) test.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Praveen, V., Sandeep, S., & Ajayamohan, R. S. (2015). <strong>On the relationship between mean monsoon precipitation and low pressure systems in climate model simulations</strong>. <em>Journal of Climate</em>, <em>28</em>(13), 5305-5324.</p> <p>Srujan, K. S. S. S., Sandeep, S., & Suhas, E. (2021). <strong>Downstream and In Situ Genesis of Monsoon Low‐Pressure Systems in Climate Models</strong>. <em>Earth and Space Science</em>, <em>8</em>(9), e2021EA001741.</p>
Black Carbon as residuals of monsoon clouds
<p>This data set is obtained from an aircraft campaign Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) conducted over the Indian subcontinent to measure cloud and aerosol properties. Data presented in the paper Black Carbon as residuals of monsoon clouds can be found. The data consist of in-cloud and ambient atmosphere Black Carbon measurements and cloud properties. </p> <p>The data set consists of the following:</p> <p>1. Mean Aerosol Size Distribution (#/cm**3 ) below cloud base<br> 2. Temperature (°C ), Total Droplet Concentration (#/cm*3 ), Refrectrory Black Carbon (rBC) concentration (#/cm*3 )<br> 3. rBC mixing state data<br> 4. Data for Figure1, rBC inside the cloud and ambient atmosphere (#/cm**3 ).<br> 5. Mean Relative Humidity (%) and coating thickness (nm) with standard deviations.<br> 6. Scattering Inacasdence Ratio- Scattering Incasdance Time_ Coating thickness<br> 7. Statistics of small drop, mid and large drop concentrations (#/cm**3 ) </p>
The North American Monsoon Climate System and its influence on Ponderosa pine water use and water use efficiency
All data in this package are presented as used in Strange et al. (2023). Earlywood (EW) and Latewood (LW) isotope chronologies are presented in the delta (d) notation relative to Vienna Peedee Belemnite (VPDB) standards. Further details regarding data collection, processing, α-cellulose extraction, etc. can be found in the Global Change Biology manuscript associated with these data.
Native seedlings recorded on field plots with and without invasive buffel grass during the monsoon season of 2013 near Tucson, Arizona, USA
Although buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) invasions on several continents have significant ecological impacts, little information is available on its effect on seedling emergence and establishment of native vegetation. In highly impacted areas of the Sonoran Desert of North America, perennial plants are particularly vulnerable during their seedling stage. We studied the impact of buffel grass on the emergence and early survival of native seedlings in a field experiment. We marked out 2m x 2m field plots at three locations near Tucson, Arizona, with and without buffel grass. We removed the buffel grass from half of those with the invasion, and censused and marked native perennial seedlings that emerged in each plot for ten weeks during July-September (monsoon season) of 2013. Emergence and survival of native perennials in the field were both significantly higher where mature buffel grass was removed or had never invaded than where it remained. Our results highlight the need for more manipulative studies of density to improve mechanistic understanding of population dynamics, and to forecast how populations and communities will respond in the long term to perturbations such as invasion.
Mega-Monsoon Experiment (MegaME) Vegetation Sampling Data from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
Shrub encroachment is a global phenomenon. Both the causes and consequences of shrub encroachment vary regionally and globally. In the southwestern US a common native C3 shrub species, creosotebush, has invaded millions of hectares of arid and semi-arid C4-dominated grassland. At the Sevilleta LTER site, it appears that the grassland-shrubland ecotone is relatively stable, but infill by creosotebush continues to occur. The consequences of shrub encroachment have been and continue to be carefully documented, but the ecological drivers of shrub encroachment in the southwestern US are not well known. One key factor that may promote shrub encroachment is grazing by domestic livestock. However, multiple environmental drivers have changed over the 150 years during which shrub expansion has occurred through the southwestern US. Temperatures are warmer, atmospheric CO2 has increased, drought and rainy cycles have occurred, and grazing pressure has decreased. From our prior research we know that prolonged drought greatly reduces the abundance of native grasses while having limited impact on the abundance of creosotebush in the grass-shrub ecotone. So once established, creosotebush populations are persistent and resistant to climate cycles. We also know that creosotebush seedlings tend to appear primarily when rainfall during the summer monsoon is well above average. However, high rainfall years also stimulate the growth of the dominant grasses creating a competitive environment that may not favor seedling establishment and survival. The purpose of the Mega-Monsoon Experiment (MegaME) is twofold. First, this experiment will determine if high rainfall years coupled with (simulated) grazing promote the establishment and growth of creosotebush seedlings in the grassland-shrubland ecotone at Sevilleta, thus promoting infill and expansion of creosotebush into native grassland. Second, MegaME will determine if a sequence of wet summer monsoons will promote the establishment and gro
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) Meteorology Data from a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
The Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) is to understand changes in ecosystem structure and function of a semiarid grassland caused by increased precipitation variability, which alters the pulses of soil moisture that drive primary productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. The overarching hypothesis being tested is that changes in event size and variability will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. In particular, we predict that many small events will increase soil CO2 effluxes by stimulating microbial processes but not plant growth, whereas a small number of large events will increase aboveground NPP and soil respiration by providing sufficient deep soil moisture to sustain plant growth for longer periods of time during the summer monsoon. Â These data were collected at a meteorological station at the Monsoon Site.
Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME): Soil Nitrogen Data from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2007 - 2020)
The Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) is designed to understand changes in ecosystem structure and function of a semiarid grassland caused by increased precipitation variability, by altering rainfall pulses, and thus soil moisture, that drive primary productivity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. The overarching hypothesis being tested is that changes in event size and frequency will alter grassland productivity, ecosystem processes, and plant community dynamics. Treatments include (1) a monthly addition of 20 mm of rain in addition to ambient, and a weekly addition of 5 mm of rain in addition to ambient during the months of July, August and September. We predict that soil N availability with interact with rainfall event size to alter net primary productivity during the summer monsoon. Specifically, productivity will be higher on fertilized relative to control plots, and productivity will be highest on N addition plots in treatments with a small number of large events because these events infiltrate deeper and soil moisture is available longer following large compared to small events.
Effects of Altered Precipitation on Biological Soil Crusts, Fungi, and Soil Nitrogen Availability at the Monsoon Rainfall Manipulation Experiment (MRME) in the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2016)
Microbial activity in drylands is mediated by the magnitude and frequency of growing season rain events that will shift as climate change progresses. Nitrogen is often co-limiting with water availability to dryland plants, and thus we investigated how microbes important to the nitrogen (N) cycle and soil N availability varied temporally and spatially in the context of a long-term rainfall variability experiment in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Specifically, we assessed biological soil crust (biocrust) chlorophyll content, fungal abundance, and inorganic N in soils adjacent to individuals of the grassland foundation species, Bouteloua eriopoda, and in the unvegetated interspace at multiple time points associated with an experimental monsoon rain treatment. Treatments included small weekly (5 mm) or large monthly (20 mm) rain events, which had been applied during the summer monsoon for nine years prior to our sampling. Additionally, we evaluated target plant C:N ratios and added 15 N-glutamate to biocrusts to determine potential for nutrient transport to B. eriopoda. Biocrust chlorophyll was up to 67% higher in the small weekly or large monthly rainfall regimes compared to ambient controls. Fungal biomass was 57% lower in soil interspaces than adjacent to plants but did not respond to rainfall regime treatments. Ammonium and nitrate concentrations near plants declined through the sampling period but varied little in soil interspaces. There was limited movement of 15 N from interspace biocrusts to leaves but high 15 N retention in the soils even after additional ambient and experimental rain events. Plant C:N ratio was unaffected by rainfall treatments. The long-term alteration in rainfall regime in this experiment did not change how short-term microbial abundance or N availability responded to the magnitude or frequency of events, suggesting a limited response of N availability to future climate change.
Soil seedbank analysis under experimental drought and delayed monsoon treatments in blue grama and black grama grassland at Sevilleta
This study investigated the question, "Does climate change affect vegetation and seed bank composition in desert grasslands?" The work was done in the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico, USA, in in the Extreme Drought in Grassland Experiment (EDGE). Vegetation and seed bank species composition were recorded in black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) and blue grama (B. gracilis) grasslands at Sevilleta. At each site, two rainfall manipulations and ambient controls were established in 2013 (n=10). Treatments included extreme drought (-66% rainfall reduction) and delayed monsoon (precipitation captured during July-August and reapplied during September-October). Aboveground species composition was assessed and composite soil samples were collected in 2017, five years after the experiment started. Seed bank composition was evaluated using the seedling emergence method. Rainfall treatments increased aboveground species richness at both sites, and seed bank richness only in the blue grama community. Vegetation cover was reduced by both rainfall manipulations, but seed bank density increased or remained the same compared with controls. In aboveground vegetation, cover of annual and perennial forbs increased, and dominant perennial grasses decreased. In the soil seed bank, species composition was similar among all treatments and was dominated by annual and perennial forbs. The seed bank was more resistant to drought than aboveground vegetation. Because seed banks enhance long-term community stability, their drought resistance plays an important role in maintaining ecosystem processes during and following drought in these grassland communities.
CAIRT FL2S Results of Case Study Scenario 10 (CSS10) for Asian Summer Monsoon
<p>Results of the fast level-2 simulator (FL2S) of CAIRT developed within the Earth Explorer 11 Phase 0 Science and Requirements Consolidation Study (SciReC) – CAIRT. The files contain altitude-time cross-sections of atmospheric parameters along simulated CAIRT-orbits. The variable extensions denote the original field ('_ori'), the application of the averaging kernel ('_ak'), additional application of noise ('_aknoi'), application of systematic uncertainties ('_sys'), and application of all effects ('_aknoisys'). Further information is available from the authors.</p>
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