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28 results for “monsoon forest”
The U-shaped pattern of size-dependent mortality and its driving factors in a subtropical monsoon evergreen forest
<p>1. Tree mortality is an important ecological process influencing multiple functions of forest ecosystems. Previous studies have shown two basic size-mortality patterns, including a competition-driven declining and a disturbance-driven increasing mortality rate with tree size. Subtropical forests, which have a high species diversity and subject to frequent monsoon disturbances, are widely distributed in eastern Asia. However, the tree size-mortality pattern in the mature subtropical forests remains unclear.</p> <p>2. Here we analyzed patterns of size-dependent mortality from tree species to forest community using a 5-year inventory data from 117 species and 163,612 individuals in a 20-ha forest dynamic plot in a mature subtropical monsoon evergreen forest in eastern China. To explain the spatial variability in mortality patterns, two major biotic drivers (competition and tree size) and multiple local-scale environmental factors were further analyzed.</p> <p>3. Our results showed that tree size was the best predictor of tree mortality at the scales of both species and community. A species-level analysis identified four size-mortality patterns that are shaped by species-specific attributes such as maximum size and life form. For 27 out of 92 species that comprised 59% of tree individuals, the relationship between size and mortality exhibited a U-shaped pattern of a first decline followed by an increase. An overall community-scale size-dependent mortality also showed a U-shaped pattern.</p> <p>4. Tree mortality was also influenced by the competition and environmental conditions, but the relative importance varied widely across tree sizes and species. The competition showed significant correlations with the mortality of small trees, while the effect of environmental conditions on mortality was strongest for large trees. A principal component analysis showed that a combination of biotic and abiotic factors explained 42.3% of the spatial variation in mortality at large sizes.</p> <p><i>Synthesis.</i> Our results reveal four identifiable size-dependent mortality patterns that differ across diverse species, jointly leading to a U-shaped mortality size pattern at the community level. This finding calls for the need to establish the details of every potential size-mortality pattern with consideration of the different effects of biotic and abiotic factors on tree mortality of specific size.</p>
Data from: How do functional traits influence tree demographic properties in a subtropical monsoon forest?
<p><span>1. </span><span>Functional traits are good predictors of plant responses and adaptations to ever-changing environments. However, forecasting forest community dynamics is challenging because the relationships among different tree demographic properties (growth, mortality, and recruitment) and how functional traits are associated with tree demography remain largely unknown.</span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>Here, in a 20-ha subtropical forest permanent plot, we quantified the rates of tree growth, mortality, and recruitment across 53 dominant tree species (diameter at breast height; DBH </span>≥<span> 1 cm) from 2005 to 2020. Functional traits that are closely related to plant photosynthesis, nutrients, hydraulics, and drought tolerance were measured. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>We found that tree growth rate (GR) varied independently from rates of tree mortality and recruitment. Hydraulic conductivity was positively correlated with GR (explaining 27% variation – the strongest relationship observed) whereas wood density was negatively correlated with GR. Leaf life span was negatively related to tree mortality. Species with high carbon assimilation rate, nutrient concentration and hydraulic conductivity had high recruitment rates. Leaf turgor loss point was unrelated to plant demography. Principal component analysis revealed that species with quick resource-acquisition rates had high rates of growth and recruitment. </span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Our results illustrate that the correlations among tree demographic properties were weak in this subtropical forest with monsoonal climate. Most notably, against expectations there was no observed tradeoff between growth and mortality. Individual functional traits explained up to 27% of each demographic rate. Variation in recruitment rate was aligned with traits indexing the leaf economic spectrum and also plant hydraulic variation. A better understanding of the role of disturbances on trait-demography relationships would help build a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the ecology of subtropical monsoon forests.</span></p>
FIGURES 1–5 in A new species of Urothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from canopy of monsoon forest in China
FIGURES 1–5. Urothrips humpus sp. n. (female): (1) Habitus, (2) head, (3) antenna, (4) abdominal tergites I–V, (5) fore legs
FIGURES 6–10 in A new species of Urothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) from canopy of monsoon forest in China
FIGURES 6–10. Urothrips humpus sp. n. (female): (6) pronotum, (7) prosternum, (8) meso- and metanotum, (9) meso- and metaster- num, (10) abdominal sternum I–V
FIGURE 3 in A new species of the genus Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from a lowland monsoon forest in Southern Vietnam
FIGURE 3. Holotype of Hemiphyllodactylus cattien sp. nov. (female; VRTC NAP-10586, formerly ZMMU Re-17039) in life. Photograph by Nikolay A. Poyarkov.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of the genus Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from a lowland monsoon forest in Southern Vietnam
FIGURE 5. Natural habitat of Hemiphyllodactylus cattien sp. nov. at the type locality in Cat Tien National Park. The large tree is Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br. (Tetramelaceae) near which the holotype was collected. Photograph by Andrey M. Bragin.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of the genus Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from a lowland monsoon forest in Southern Vietnam
FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood consensus tree of Hemiphyllodactylus with Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and Ultrafast Bootstrap support (UFB) value coding at the nodes. Group nomenclature follows Grismer et al. (2021). Colors marking the Indochinese species of clade 5 correspond to those in Figure 1. Photograph by Nikolay A. Poyarkov.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of the genus Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from a lowland monsoon forest in Southern Vietnam
FIGURE 1. Distribution of the Indochinese species of the Clade 5 of the genus Hemiphyllodactylus. Colors of the icons correspond to those in Figure 2. Localities: 1—Cat Tien National Park, Dong Nai Province, Vietnam (Hemiphyllodactylus cattien sp. nov.); 2—Dong Hua Sao National Protected Area, Pakxong District, Champasak Province, Laos (H. indosobrinus); 3—Makham District, Chanthaburi Province, Thailand (H. flaviventris); 4—Khao Yai National Park, Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand (H. flaviventris).
Data from: How do functional traits influence tree demographic properties in a subtropical monsoon forest?
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
The U-shaped pattern of size-dependent mortality and its driving factors in a subtropical monsoon evergreen forest
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Supplementary material 3 from: Wang L, Chen J-z, Dong Z-m, Chen G-w, Sluys R, Liu D-z (2021) Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China. ZooKeys 1059: 89-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633
Table S2
Figure 5 from: Wang L, Chen J-z, Dong Z-m, Chen G-w, Sluys R, Liu D-z (2021) Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China. ZooKeys 1059: 89-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633
Figure 5 Dugesia circumcisaA transverse section of pharynx of paratype YWSZ11, showing musculature B sagittal section of paratype YWSZ8, showing poorly developed ovary C sagittal section of paratype YWSZ9, showing hyperplasic ovaries and poorly developed testes D sagittal section of paratype RMNH VER. 19974.a, showing hyperplasic ovaries E transverse section of paratype YWSZ11, showing openings of oviducts into bursal canal F sagittal section of holotype YWSZ2, showing musculature of bursal canal. Abbreviations: bc: bursal canal; ca: common atrium; cm: circular muscles; ho: hyperplasic ovaries; lm: longitudinal muscles; lod: left oviduct; lu: lumen; ov: ovary; rod: right oviduct; te: testis. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Figure 7 from: Wang L, Chen J-z, Dong Z-m, Chen G-w, Sluys R, Liu D-z (2021) Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China. ZooKeys 1059: 89-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633
Figure 7 Dugesia circumcisa Sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of holotype YWSZ2. Abbreviations: bc: bursal canal; cb: copulatory bursa; cg: cement glands; d1: first diaphragm; d2: second diaphragm; ed: ejaculatory duct; go: gonopore; lod: left oviduct; lvd: left vas deferens; mo: mouth; no: nozzle; ph: pharynx; pp: penis papilla; rod: right oviduct; rvd: right vas deferens; sg: shell glands; sv: seminal vesicle. Scale bar: 100 μm.
Figure 3 from: Wang L, Chen J-z, Dong Z-m, Chen G-w, Sluys R, Liu D-z (2021) Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China. ZooKeys 1059: 89-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633
Figure 3 Habitat and external appearance of Dugesia circumcisaA sampling site B habitat C sexually mature, live individual. Abbreviations: coa: copulatory apparatus; e: eye; ph: pharynx. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 2 from: Wang L, Chen J-z, Dong Z-m, Chen G-w, Sluys R, Liu D-z (2021) Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China. ZooKeys 1059: 89-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633
Figure 2 Phylogenetic tree obtained from Bayesian analysis of the concatenated dataset. Numbers at nodes indicate support values (pp/bs).*: Bootstrap value not applicable to the node, because of different topologies of trees obtained by BI and ML methods. Scale bar: substitutions per site.
Figure 14 from: Wang L, Chen J-z, Dong Z-m, Chen G-w, Sluys R, Liu D-z (2021) Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China. ZooKeys 1059: 89-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633
Figure 14 Dugesia verrucula Sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of paratype ZJYA11 A sagittal reconstruction of male copulatory apparatus B sagittal reconstruction of female copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations: bc: bursal canal; cb: copulatory bursa; cg: cement glands; d: diaphragm; db: dorsal bump; ed: ejaculatory duct; epg: extrabulbar penial glands; go: gonopore; lod: left oviduct; mo: mouth; pg: penial glands; ph: pharynx; pp: penis papilla; rod: right oviduct; sg: shell glands; sv: seminal vesicle; vd: vas deferens. Scale bar: 100 μm.
Figure 13 from: Wang L, Chen J-z, Dong Z-m, Chen G-w, Sluys R, Liu D-z (2021) Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China. ZooKeys 1059: 89-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633
Figure 13 Dugesia verrucula Sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of holotype ZJYA5. Abbreviations: bc: bursal canal; cb: copulatory bursa; cg: cement glands; d: diaphragm; db: dorsal bump; ed: ejaculatory duct; go: gonopore; lod: left oviduct; mo: mouth; pg: penial glands; ph: pharynx; pp: penis papilla; rod: right oviduct; sg: shell glands; sv: seminal vesicle; vd: vas deferens. Scale bar: 100 μm.
Figure 12 from: Wang L, Chen J-z, Dong Z-m, Chen G-w, Sluys R, Liu D-z (2021) Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China. ZooKeys 1059: 89-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633
Figure 12 Dugesia verruculaA sagittal section of holotype ZJYA5, showing the testes B transverse section of paratype ZJYA7, showing vasa deferentia and seminal vesicle C sagittal section of holotype ZJYA5, showing subterminal opening of ejaculatory duct at tip of penis papilla D sagittal section of holotype ZJYA5, showing dorsal bump and copulatory bursa E sagittal section of holotype ZJYA5, showing seminal vesicle, diaphragm in the ejaculatory duct, dorsal bump, and copulatory bursa F sagittal section of holotype ZJYA5, showing seminal vesicle, dorsal bump, and copulatory bursa G sagittal section of paratype ZJYA11, showing subterminal opening of ejaculatory duct and dorsal bump H sagittal section of paratype ZJYA11, showing gonopore, ejaculatory duct, and diaphragm. Abbreviations: bc: bursal canal; ca: common atrium; cb: copulatory bursa; d: diaphragm; db: dorsal bump; ed: ejaculatory duct; go: gonopore; lvd: left vas deferens; mo: mouth; pp: penis papilla; rvd: right vas deferens; sv: seminal vesicle; te: testis; vd: vas deferens. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Figure 6 from: Wang L, Chen J-z, Dong Z-m, Chen G-w, Sluys R, Liu D-z (2021) Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China. ZooKeys 1059: 89-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633
Figure 6 Dugesia circumcisaA sagittal section of holotype YWSZ2, showing bursal canal and copulatory bursa B sagittal section of holotype YWSZ2, showing opening of the right vas deferens into seminal vesicle, and two diaphragms C transverse section of paratype YWSZ11, showing left vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct D transverse section of paratype YWSZ11, showing right vas deferens E sagittal section of holotype YWSZ2, showing ejaculatory duct F sagittal section of holotype YWSZ2, showing small nozzle at tip of penis papilla G sagittal section of paratype YWSZ9, showing small nozzle at tip of penis papilla and the duct connecting male and common atrium H horizontal section of paratype YWSZ12, showing small nozzle at tip of penis papilla. Abbreviations: bc: bursal canal; ca: common atrium; cb: copulatory bursa; d: diaphragm; ed: ejaculatory duct; go: gonopore; lvd: left vas deferens; ma: male atrium; no: nozzle; ph: pharynx; pp: penis papilla; rvd: right vas deferens; sv: seminal vesicle. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Figure 11 from: Wang L, Chen J-z, Dong Z-m, Chen G-w, Sluys R, Liu D-z (2021) Two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the tropical monsoon forest in southern China. ZooKeys 1059: 89-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1059.65633
Figure 11 Dugesia verruculaA sagittal section of paratype RMNH VER. 19975.a, showing the musculature of the pharynx B sagittal section paratype RMNH VER. 19975.a, showing an ovary C transverse section of paratype ZJYA7, showing asymmetrical openings of the oviducts D sagittal section of paratype ZJYA11, showing musculature of bursal canal E sagittal section of paratype ZJYA11, showing copulatory bursa F sagittal section of paratype ZJYA11, showing wide portion of bursal canal, with its pleated walls. Abbreviations: bc: bursal canal; ca: common atrium; cb: copulatory bursa; cm: circular muscles; lm: longitudinal muscles; lod: left oviduct; lu: lumen; ma: male atrium; ov: ovary; rod: right oviduct; vd: vas deferens. Scale bars: 100 μm.
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