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12 results for “montane meadows”
Dynamics of montane and subalpine meadows in the Three Sisters Wilderness Area and Biosphere Reserve, 1981-1993
The Three Sisters Wilderness Area is a Biosphere Reserve that represents the northern half of the Sierra-Cascade Province. It encompasses nearly 100,000 ha of essentially undisturbed landscape straddling the crest of the central Cascade Range, Oregon. Coniferous forests dominate the Three Sisters, although the Wilderness also supports a diversity of non-forested habitats including montane and subalpine meadows. The Three Sisters was given wilderness status in 1957 and was selected as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1974, to represent a "control" area for the nearby H. J. Andrews Biosphere Reserve. Integral to the establishment of a Biosphere Reserve is the documentation of existing ecosystems with baseline data. However, basic ecological research in theThree Sisters has been relatively limited. We conducted two types of studies: (1) phytosociological studies to characterize current vegetation patterns and to interpret relationships between community composition and major environmental and edaphic gradients, and (2) retrospective analyses of the invasion of montane and subalpine meadows by trees with a focus on the effects of recent climatic variation, grazing history, and site environment.
Ecology and restoration of montane meadows at Bunchgrass Ridge near the Andrews Experimental Forest, 1999-2013
In a region dominated by coniferous forests, montane meadows contribute greatly to landscape diversity, wildlife habitat, and other important ecological functions and societal values. Throughout the Pacific Northwest, suppression of fire and changes in climate and grazing pressure have led to rapid succession of meadow to forest. Faced by gradual loss of these habitats, land managers are experimenting with tree removal and prescribed fire as tools for restoration. Research at Bunchgrass Ridge explores the history of conifer encroachment, the consequences for meadow vegetation, and the potential to restore native meadows through tree removal and prescribed burning. Spatially explicit reconstructions of the invasion history provide the context for a large-scale restoration experiment testing the efficacy of tree removal, with or without prescribed fire. Measurements from the experimental plots include pre- and post-treatment data on plant species composition for subplots of known invasion history. Data from adjacent, uninvaded meadows serve as targets for assessing restoration success. Our ultimate goal is to determine whether tree removal is sufficient to reverse the effects of encroachment, whether fire is also necessary, and whether the duration or density of invasion pose barriers to meadow reassembly.
Earlier spring snowmelt drives arrowleaf balsamroot phenology in montane meadows
<p>Climate change is causing global shifts in phenology, altering when and how species respond to environmental cues such as temperature and the timing of snowmelt. These shifts may result in phenological mismatches among interacting species, creating cascading effects on community and ecosystem dynamics. Using passive warming structures and snow removal, we examined how experimentally increased temperatures, earlier spring snowmelt, and the poorly understood interaction between warming and earlier spring snowmelt affected flower onset, flowering duration, and maximum floral display of the spring flowering montane species, Arrowleaf Balsamroot (<em>Balsamorhiza sagittata</em>), over a seven-year period. Additionally, potential cumulative effects of treatments were evaluated over the study duration. The combination of heating with snow removal led to earlier flower onset, extended flowering duration, and increased maximum floral display. While there was year-to-year variation in floral phenology, the effect of heating with snow removal on earlier onset and maximum floral display strengthened over time. This suggests that short-term studies likely underestimate the potential for climate change to influence phenological plant traits. Overall, this research indicates that<em> Balsamorhiza sagittata</em>'s flowering onset responded more strongly to snow removal than to heating, but the combination of heating with snow removal allowed plants to bloom earlier, longer, and more profusely, providing more pollinator resources in spring. If warming and early snowmelt cause similar responses in other plant species besides<em> Balsamorhiza sagittata</em>, these patterns could mitigate phenological mismatches with pollinators by providing a wider window of time for interaction and resiliency in the face of change. This example demonstrates that a detailed understanding of how spring-flowering plants respond to specific aspects of predicted climatic scenarios will improve our understanding of the effects of climate change on native plant-pollinator interactions in montane ecosystems. Studies like this help elucidate long-term physiological effects of climate-induced stressors on plant phenology in long-lived forbs.</p>
Earlier spring snowmelt drives arrowleaf balsamroot phenology in montane meadows
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The contribution of Fe(III) reduction to soil carbon mineralization in montane meadows depends on soil chemistry, not parent material or microbial community
<p>The long-term stability of soil carbon (C) is strongly influenced by organo-mineral interactions. Iron (Fe)-oxides can both inhibit microbial decomposition by providing physicochemical protection for organic molecules and enhance rates of C mineralization by serving as a terminal electron acceptor, depending on redox conditions. Restoration of floodplain hydrology in montane meadows has been proposed as a method of sequestering C for climate change mitigation. However, dissimilatory microbial reduction of Fe(III) could lead to C losses under increased reducing conditions. In this study, we explored variations in Fe-C interactions over a range of redox conditions and in soils derived from two distinct parent materials to elucidate biochemical and microbial controls on soil C cycling in Sierra Nevada montane meadows. Differences in parent material were associated with different rates of Fe(III) reduction at increasing soil moisture levels, but not with differences in soil C mineralization. Known Fe(III)-reducing taxa were present in all samples but neither the relative abundance nor richness of Fe(III) reducers corresponded with measured rates of Fe(III) reduction. Under reducing conditions, our results suggest that Fe(III) reduction contributes to C mineralization only when Fe-bound C is present. However, Fe-bound C was not present in all of our soils and was below theoretical limits for C sorption onto Fe-oxides where it was found. Overall, our results suggest that meadow-specific soil chemistry drives Fe-C interactions and that the impact of Fe on C cycling in montane meadows may be smaller than in other ecosystems.</p>
The contribution of Fe(III) reduction to soil carbon mineralization in montane meadows depends on soil chemistry, not parent material or microbial community
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Data from: Montane meadows: A soil carbon sink or source?
<p>As the largest biogeochemically active terrestrial reserve of carbon (C), soils have the potential to either mitigate or amplify rates of climate change. Ecosystems with large C stocks and high rates of soil C sequestration, in particular, may have outsized impacts on regional and global C cycles. Montane meadows have large soil C stocks relative to surrounding ecosystems. However, anthropogenic disturbances in many meadows may have altered the balance of C inputs and outputs, potentially converting these soils from net C sinks to net sources of C to the atmosphere. Here, we quantified ecosystem-level C inputs and outputs to estimate the annual net soil C flux from 13 montane meadows spanning a range of conditions throughout the California Sierra Nevada. Our results suggest that meadow soils can be either large net C sinks (577.6 ± 250.5 g C m−2 y−1) or sources of C to the atmosphere (− 391.6 ± 154.2 g C m−2 y−1). Variation in the direction and magnitude of net soil C flux appears to be driven by belowground C inputs. Vegetation species and functional group composition were not associated with the direction of net C flux, but climate and watershed characteristics were. Our results demonstrate that, per unit area, montane meadows hold a greater potential for C sequestration than the surrounding forest. However, legacies of disturbance have converted some meadows to strong net C sources. Accurate quantification of ecosystem-level C fluxes is critical for the development of regional C budgets and achieving global emissions goals.</p>
Restoring function: positive responses of carbon and nitrogen to 20 years of hydrologic restoration in montane meadows
<p>Montane meadows are highly productive ecosystems that contain high densities of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). However, anthropogenic disturbances that lead to channel incision and disconnected floodplain hydrology have altered the C balance of many meadows, converting them from net C sinks to net sources of C to the atmosphere. Restoration efforts designed to reconnect floodplain hydrology may slow rates of soil C loss from degraded meadows and restore conditions for C sequestration and N immobilization, yet questions remain about the long-term impact of such efforts. Here, we used a 22-year meadow restoration chronosequence to measure the decadal impact of hydrologic restoration on above- and belowground C and N stocks and concentrations. Increases in herbaceous vegetation biomass preceded changes in soil C stocks, with the largest gains occurring belowground. Root biomass (0-15 cm) increased at a rate of 270.3 g m<sup>-2</sup> y<sup>-1</sup> and soil C stocks (0-15 cm) increased by 232.9 g C m<sup>-2</sup> y<sup>-1</sup> across the chronosequence. Increases in soil C concentration (2.99 g C kg<sup>-1</sup> y<sup>-1</sup>) were tightly coupled with increases in soil N concentration (0.21 g N kg<sup>-1</sup> y<sup>-1</sup>) and soil C:N did not vary with time since restoration. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy results show that the fraction of labile aliphatic C-H and carboxylate C-O (COO) compounds in the soil increased with age of restoration and were positively correlated with soil C and N concentration. Our results demonstrate that restoration of floodplain hydrology in montane meadows has significant impacts on belowground C and N stocks, soil C and N concentration, and soil C chemistry within the first two decades following restoration.</p>
Data from: Forests do not limit bumble bee foraging movements in a montane meadow complex
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Restoring function: positive responses of carbon and nitrogen to 20 years of hydrologic restoration in montane meadows
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Data from: Does environmental heterogeneity drive functional trait variation? A test in montane and alpine meadows
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Data from: Montane meadows: A soil carbon sink or source?
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